We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.
(1) example. Cite practical examples to explain things, make the things to be explained specific and make readers understand. This interpretation method is called example method.
For example, most people always think that when they are old, their memory ability must be poor. Actually, it's not. Please look at the experimental results. The International Linguistic Society made a comparison between young people aged 9 to 18 and adults over 35 when learning Esperanto, and found that the former was inferior to the latter in memory. This is because adults are rich in knowledge and experience, and it is easy to establish extensive contacts on the basis of existing knowledge.
This connection is called "association" in psychology. People's memory is based on association. The more knowledge and experience, the easier it is to establish associations, and the memory will be improved accordingly.
Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties. After half a year, he has been able to read the original works of famous poets and writers Pushkin, Nikolai Gogol and Schederin with relish. This is due to rich language knowledge and ability to understand many modern and ancient languages.
The point of this article is that memory is not necessarily bad when you are old. To illustrate this point, the author first provides the experimental results and analyzes the reasons.
So far, it's all right, but it's not specific enough and convincing. So, let's take another example: when Marx was in his fifties, it took only six months to master Russian. This way, the content is specific and the persuasion is enhanced.
Illustration in expository text and illustration in argumentative text can make the content concrete and enhance persuasiveness. But there are differences between them.
Examples in argumentative essays are used to prove points, while examples in expository essays are used to introduce knowledge. To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
(2) classification. According to certain standards, the interpreted objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This method of explanation is called classification.
Classification is an important way to clarify complex things. When using classification methods, we should pay attention to the classification standards, and only one standard can be used at a time to avoid overlapping.
For example, "the collection of books in the library includes China, classics, foreign countries, science and technology, literature, modern times and political economy." There is more than one standard used here, so it is not clear.
The correct statement should be: according to the country, there are two kinds of books in the library; According to the times, there are classical and modern; By nature, there are science and technology, literature and political economy. In this way, only one standard is used for each classification, which is clear at a glance.
The characteristics and essence of some things need to be divided into several points or aspects, which also belongs to classification. Please note that by using the classification method, there should be no omissions in the listed categories.
(3) Column data. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand.
It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate. (4) Make a comparison.
Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.
When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically. (5) draw a chart.
In order to explain complex things clearly, we can also use charts to make up for the lack of simple words and explain some things more directly and concretely. (6) definition.
Defining the essential characteristics of a concept in concise language is called definition. Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion.
When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description. Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science".
Man is an advanced animal, who can make tools and use them for labor. Fertilizer is a substance that can provide nutrients to make plants grow.
③ Overall planning method is a mathematical method to arrange the work process. Engineering technology, called applied science, is the knowledge of applying the basic theories of natural science to solve problems in production practice.
No matter from what angle, no matter in what way, as long as a definition is made, it is necessary to reveal the essence of things, and only such a definition is scientific. For example, someone said, "Man is an upright animal with two feet."
This definition is unscientific because it does not reveal the essence of things. "Man is an advanced animal that can make tools and use them for labor."
This is the definition of science, because it reveals the essence of human beings. (7) interpretation.
Explain some characteristics of things from one side. This method is called hermeneutics. Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so".
The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation. For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged.
The sentence "Snow is the solid precipitation formed in the cloud" cannot be changed to "The solid precipitation formed in the cloud is snow". It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation.
(8) For example. Using the similarity between two different things to compare, highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation is called analogy.
The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that figurative rhetoric includes simile, metaphor and borrowing.
2. Composition 100 How to write an instruction is a statement that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, reasons, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, plants, stationery, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.
The basic requirements of explanatory writing language are scientific, rigorous, accurate, true, thorough, concise and clear; Literary discourse also requires vividness and vividness. Proper use of interpretation methods can improve the scientificity and accuracy of interpretation language, make the object of interpretation more concrete and vivid, make readers understand and understand the author's meaning more clearly, enhance persuasion, and sometimes enhance readers' reading interest and highlight the theme.
3. How to write a composition with explanation? Time flies in Unit 3, Grade Five last semester. Looking back suddenly, I have lived in the primary school campus for nearly six years and feel ashamed of the past. Countless firsts on the road of life, like rough waves, ripple in my heart. It is so kind and familiar. It's so beautiful and harmonious. I can't forget my first performance on stage. That was when I was five years old. When I came on stage, I felt uneasy and couldn't adjust my good mood. At the beginning of the performance, the intense spotlight came down directly, just like a pair of sharp eyes, which made me breathless. I'm more nervous. I was worried when I saw so many people's eyes gathered on me. The spotlight is a sharp arrow that has entered my heart. Fortunately, at this moment, the teacher has been encouraging me by the curtain and whispering, "You can do it!" " "I took a deep breath and soon calmed down. I walked onto the stage with a smile and confidence. As soon as I stepped onto the stage, I felt myself in a pool of clear water, my body became so stretched, and every dance movement was so skillful and natural. Music is like a gurgling stream, and spotlights are like the warm sun. My dance is like a proud white swan swimming on the lake. Like a ray of pure sunshine, clean and warm; More like a vibrant sunflower, it is trying to grow upward. Finally, he withdrew from the competition in the applause of the audience. Afterwards, I kept thinking: self-confidence may not be successful. However, if you are confident, there is hope of success. Self-confidence is the wing that flies to the blue sky, and the paddle that sails far and wide. At any time, self-confidence will help you reach the other side of success. Make yourself a confident person.
4. Write a composition about fruit by means of explanation. Tall, big eyes and bright coat are my refrigerator. The refrigerator is a member of my family. It can hold a lot of food. I like them very much. My refrigerator is "Haier" brand, and it is silver-gray. The refrigerator is a cuboid, about one meter high and ninety centimeters wide. In the middle of the refrigerator door, you can adjust the temperature of the refrigerator, and you can also display the temperature of the freezer, fresh-keeping room, beverage room and room, which not only allows us to know whether the temperature of the food stored in it is appropriate, but also allows me to wear what clothes. My refrigerator is divided into three layers: the upper layer is the fresh-keeping room, the middle layer is the beverage room, and the lower layer is the cold room. The best fresh-keeping room has four shelves, two fruit and vegetable boxes and one by the door. Food in plates and pots can be put on shelves, fresh vegetables can be put in fruit and vegetable boxes, and there is a small cover on the egg box to avoid breaking eggs when opening the door of the fresh-keeping room. The beverage box is filled with bottled food. There is also a lamp at the top of the fresh-keeping room, which can make the fresh-keeping room bright when opening the door. There is a shelf for storing drinks in the middle drink room, and there is a drink box by the door. The shelf in the cold drink room can hold some drinks, such as milk. Can make cold drinks more delicious. If you want to store fruit, you can keep it fresh within two months, and it will not go bad within three months. If you can't finish a bottle of drinks, you can put them in the beverage box in the beverage room. The lower floor is the refrigerator. When you open the door, you will feel a thin layer of gauze-like "fog" coming at you, making you feel cool and very fresh. You can put ice cream, chicken, duck, fish, meat and other foods, and there are two refrigeration plates inside. In summer, I often make ice cream with my mother. Almost every family has a refrigerator. With the development of science and technology, the appearance and brand of refrigerator are constantly updated, but my refrigerator, like our old friends, has stayed in my living room for many years and has been reluctant to change it.
5. How to write several ways to explain the composition, narrative-four paragraphs to strengthen the description?
First, "choose to go deep": describe people, things and things in detail, not just mention them; It is better to describe a few things in detail than to mention a lot hastily. For example, if someone is fat, don't mention such unimportant things as his long hair.
2. "Make good use of metaphors": use "For example, he is very tall. His extraordinary height almost touches the ceiling, and even the longest bed is not big enough. It is simply a personal tower. 」
Third, "idioms and proverbs": can enrich the article. Adding idioms or proverbs at appropriate times can make the finishing point. Of course, remember not to overdo it. There is no other way to add idioms to the whole article, but to recite idioms, proverbs, celebrity quotations, meditation, poems and so on.
Fourth, "make good use of examples": there are many explanations, so it is better to give an actual example. For example, after describing how much Xiao Mingcan ate, I immediately gave an example: "Once, Xiao Ming and I went to the night market after dinner, and found that he ate three plates of stinky tofu, a bowl of pig blood soup, a cup of mung bean paste and a pack of egg cakes. Oh, my God, when he got home, his mother asked him if he wanted to have a midnight snack. He nodded and said, "OK, OK, I'm hungry again! 』」
In this way, the article must be much more vivid and interesting!
B. Argument-explanation syllogism
1. The characteristic of the explanatory text is to explain what the topic is. Take "my troubles" as an example to explain what my troubles are.
2. Explanatory text can be divided into three parts: solving problems, explaining and summarizing expectations.
Third, the first paragraph is to solve the problem, that is, to roughly explain the topic, give examples, and associate it all around. Taking this topic as an example, it is necessary to explain what "worry" is, what different troubles different people have, and what influence it will have.
Fourth, the second paragraph is explanation, which should be explained in depth according to your own ideas, viewpoints, experiences and solutions. It can be divided into several items according to your personal opinion. Take this topic as an example, we might as well break it down into several small paragraphs to elaborate. After explaining, don't forget to add solutions and strategies, such as:
What worries me most is playing the piano. Every time I practice ... I think I have to do this ... in order to overcome this "sound barrier". (First worry and solution strategy)
Secondly, the application problem of mathematics, for me. The teacher suggested that I ... (the second worry and solution strategy)
The last small worry is that the height is too short. I'm in the sixth grade. I can't believe it. After seeing the doctor several times, I decided. (The third worry and solution strategy) "
In the last paragraph, talk about your thoughts, feelings and expectations.
On the practical four-paragraph theory of text
First, there is a filial piety teacher, which means that children in China must be full of love and hate. Love is: this is our unique social system in China, the beginning of social welfare system and the best demonstration of social division of labor; What I hate is that this kind of essay is the easiest to flow, the same, and there is no place. However, many people have written about this "sour" topic, but not many people can write it well.
Second, the biggest taboo of essays is "insincere". Say something you don't necessarily think is right, and cobble together an unintelligible article. It's about thinking with your brain and really thinking from your own point of view.
Third, practice the four-stage theory:
(1) Problem solving: What does this topic mean? Need I explain more? What are the sayings in ancient and modern China and abroad? What idioms, proverbs and allusions are there?
(2) Reflection: What is the status quo of the general public and myself? Are there any good examples at all times and in all countries?
(3) Strategy: How to practice this topic? Can I do that? What can be done?
(4) Expectation: What do I expect from this topic? How do you feel? Do you have any heartfelt words? Who can you quote to encourage yourself and become the motto of continuing to work hard?
Fourthly, this four-paragraph article on law is stable and rich in structure. If some ingenious ideas are added to the connection of large sections, people will feel that Kan Kan is talking, and some history or allusions will be more interesting. But what's the last step? It is to have "sincerity, truthfulness and true feelings" behind it.
6. Write a favorite composition, use a composition that explains the method, and use my favorite globe.
Recently, I have a new guest on my desk-a globe. It looks round. If you touch it with your hand, it will rotate slowly like in the universe.
This globe is really knowledgeable! There are many lines on its body. Those lines that pass through the north and south are called longitude lines, and those that go around the earth are called latitude lines. The most obvious line in the middle of the earth is the equator. The globe also indicates which continent, country and place each place is, and the mineral deposits on the mainland can be seen at a glance. Moreover, the globe also introduces the area of four oceans on seven continents, the perimeter of meridian and equator, and the major cities in various time zones in the world. Ah, the little globe, so much geographical knowledge, really opened my eyes!
I am a person who likes reading. When I see a strange country name and a strange island in the book, I will ask this "silent teacher" and the globe will tell me the answer without reservation. On it, I saw the thriving motherland. I also learned about the world-famous America and France. It didn't take long for me to find the famous Amazon River and Nile River, the endless Pacific Ocean, the frozen North and South poles, the hot Sahara desert and many other places whose names have long been heard. The book said that China is rich in mineral resources, which I immediately confirmed, because coal, oil, gold and other mineral resources are clearly marked on the globe, how convenient it is!
There is another important reason why I like globes, and that is that the earth is our home. On the globe, you seem to see beautiful and vast land, towering peaks and undulating mountains, which aroused my strong interest. You know, I like studying this. After school, the globe became my good partner.
Train of thought analysis: Small articles have their own characteristics, different origins, different forms and different functions, but the love and pity of small authors are consistent. The little globe is no stranger to everyone, and the author has become the writing subject within reach. The article well describes the purpose of the globe-it brings a lot of knowledge to the author and expresses the feeling of liking the globe.
7. How to write the composition of the white rabbit has a certain explanation method? The white rabbit is a lovely animal. It is not only clever and docile, but also pleasing. It eats clean and dry green vegetables, such as leaves, grass and radish. The white rabbit's hair is not only pure white, but also furry, like a beautiful white fur ball. The little white rabbit was viviparous and grew up on the mother's milk. This means that they are mammals. They are 5-8 or 7- 1 1 at birth, almost the same as squirrels and whales. The life span of rabbits is very short, usually around 5- 12 years. Rabbit's eyes are very red, as red as blood. They always jump forward, and their long jump ability is not generally good. Rabbits can jump 1.25- 1.5 meters. Rabbits are cheerful and like warm seasons best. According to Baidu's records, rabbits have 26 expression languages: cooing, spraying, screaming, grinding their teeth, whining, hissing, barking and so on. Rabbits have sharp claws that can scratch when they are strong.
8. There are 65,438+00 common explanation methods for compositions using explanation method, such as giving examples, classifying, listing data, comparing, drawing charts, defining, explaining, analogy, imitating appearances, quoting materials, etc.
We should choose the best method according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.
(1) illustrate things with examples, so as to make the things to be explained concrete and easy for readers to understand. This interpretation method is called example method. To illustrate things or things through examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness and appropriateness of examples.
(2) Citation In order to make the content of the explanation more substantial and specific, you can cite materials to explain. The quoted materials range from classic works, famous sayings, formulas and rules, allusions and proverbs.
(3) Contrast shows that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.
When comparing, you can compare things in the same category, things in different categories, things can be compared horizontally or vertically. (4) Column data In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data to make readers understand.
It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures should have reliable basis and try to be approximate. (5) Classification classifies the objects to be explained into different categories according to certain standards and explains them one by one. This method of explanation is called classification.
Classification is an important way to clarify complex things. (6) Metaphor compares two different things in order to highlight the characteristics of things and enhance the vividness and vividness of explanation.
The interpretation method of metaphor in explanatory text is consistent with that in rhetoric. The difference is that there are similes, metaphors and metaphors in figurative rhetoric, while similes and metaphors are mostly used for description, while metaphors are inappropriate.
(7) Imitation In order to make the explained object more vivid and concrete, we can imitate the appearance, which is called imitation. (8) Defining the essential features of a concept in concise language is called definition.
Definition can accurately reveal the essence of things and is a common method in scientific and technological discussion. When defining, we can consider it from different angles according to the purpose of description.
Some emphasize characteristics, such as the definition of "person"; Some emphasize functions, such as the definition of "fertilizer"; Some explain both characteristics and functions, such as the definition of "master planning method" and "applied science". (9) Explaining something from one side is called hermeneutics.
Definition and explanation often adopt the language form of "what is so-and-so". The form is the same, how to distinguish it? Generally speaking, the words on both sides of the word "yes" are interchangeable, which is the definition; If it is not interchangeable, it is interpretation.
For example, the sentence "Man is a senior animal who can make tools and use them to work" is changed to "The senior animal who can make tools and use tools to work is a man", and the meaning remains unchanged. The sentence "Snow is the solid precipitation formed in the cloud" cannot be changed to "The solid precipitation formed in the cloud is snow".
It can be seen that the former sentence is a definition and the latter sentence is an explanation. (10) Drawing charts In order to explain complex things clearly, you can also use charts to make up for the lack of words and explain some things more directly and concretely.
One explanation method is rarely used in an explanatory text, and many explanations are often used comprehensively. On the one hand, it obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom of choice.
Whether to adopt one interpretation method or multiple interpretation methods, one interpretation method is another interpretation method, which can be flexible and not static.