Abstract: Enterprise is the micro-subject of independent innovation. For small and medium-sized enterprises, independent innovation is mainly achieved through integrated innovation and re-innovation on the basis of introduction. That is, through Industry-University-Research's ideological integration mechanism, venture capital mechanism and industry strategic alliance, we will build a road of innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises with independent brands and China characteristics.
[Keywords:] small and medium-sized intellectual property enterprises independent innovation leap-forward development
First, the main body of independent innovation and its self-positioning
1. Enterprises are the micro-subjects of independent innovation.
Enterprise innovation is accompanied by the whole process of enterprise development. Innovation is the integration process of internal and external resources of each enterprise. The process of enterprise innovation is the organic combination of the effective organization process of internal resources and the social process of constantly mobilizing social resources. It can be considered that enterprise innovation is an organic integration process of monetary resources, human resources and social resources. Among them, knowledge and capital can be connected to create new value for enterprises and society.
As a micro-subject, enterprise independent innovation can be mainly divided into management innovation and technological innovation. Relatively speaking, management innovation has lower cost and less risk than technological innovation, which is a common way for entrepreneurs. Technological innovation is mostly discouraged by entrepreneurs because of its uncertain success and uncontrollable risks. But it is this iron law of opportunity and risk, excess profit and market competition that induces enterprises to persist in the competitive stage of technological innovation.
2. Independent innovation orientation of SMEs
China's small and medium-sized enterprises should take introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation as the main forms of innovation. Original innovation has high cost and low probability of success. For China, which is still a developing country, we can try original innovation moderately, but it is not appropriate to place the development opportunity mainly on original innovation. In fact, the introduction, digestion, absorption and re-innovation means that developing countries introduce advanced technology to developed countries, which can realize the leap-forward development of science and technology and economy at a higher starting point, shortening the innovation time and relatively reducing the innovation risk. After the war, Japan relied on the technological policy of digestion, absorption and innovation, and introduced a large number of foreign advanced technologies, becoming the second largest economic power in the world in just 30 years. In the late 1980s, South Korea also took the route of technological progress of digestion, absorption and innovation, and now its technological innovation capability has leapt to the fifth place in the world. On the basis of fully digesting and absorbing foreign technology, Japan and South Korea have shortened the gap with developed countries in technology and industry through innovation, and rapidly improved their independent innovation capability. China's IT, home appliances, communication technology and other fields have achieved remarkable results by introducing digestion, absorption and integrated innovation. A large number of typical models such as Lenovo, TCL, Konka, Midea, Huawei and ZTE have emerged. Changzhou Black Peony Group has also formed its own core competitiveness and competitive advantage through digestion, absorption and integrated innovation. The textile equipment imported from Germany in 1990s, through the collective research of Deng Jianjun's scientific research team, has successively overcome many technical problems such as automatic control of denim dyeing and stable shrinkage rate, and obtained national patents, which has aroused widespread concern in the international denim production industry. The company has become one of the three major brands in the American cowboy market.
Second, the specific mode of independent innovation of SMEs
The successful experience of Japanese and Korean enterprises to give full play to the advantages of technological backwardness and realize the leap-forward economic development has given us important enlightenment. Independent innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises can be based on the second innovation after digestion and absorption on the basis of introducing other people's intellectual property rights. It not only introduces hardware equipment, but also introduces software in all directions, with special emphasis on digesting and absorbing other people's technology and improving their own core technology. Introduction and innovation are a continuous dynamic process. When introducing advanced technology, we should respect the intellectual property rights of others, digest and absorb innovative achievements, and be good at using the intellectual property mechanism for effective and powerful protection.
1. Introduction, digestion and absorption
According to macroeconomic theory, production capacity depends on the input and technical level of production factors, and the increase of factor input and technical progress can improve production capacity. There are two sources of technological progress: technological imitation and technological innovation. Technological progress in advanced countries can only be achieved through technological innovation. In addition to technological innovation, backward countries can also take advantage of technological differences with advanced countries through technological imitation and technology introduction. Compared with independent innovation, the cost of technology imitation and introduction is much lower, and the cost of purchasing patents is only one-third of the cost of new technology invention. Moreover, technology imports beyond the patent protection period do not need to be purchased at all, and backward countries can take advantage of this advantage to achieve rapid economic growth through imitation and introduction of technology, so as to maximize the use of technology imitation. The purpose of technology introduction is to learn from and innovate after introduction, so that the imported technology can be transformed into core technologies with independent intellectual property rights and products and brands with strong international competitiveness after innovation.
2. Re-innovation
The emphasis of independent innovation in technology introduction should highlight the innovation of core technology. Japan after World War II and South Korea after 1980s, their experience of digesting and absorbing foreign advanced technologies tells us that we must rely on independent innovation and highlight the innovation of core technologies today. Because the core technology includes exclusive intellectual property rights and domestic and foreign markets, only by making innovative breakthroughs in the core technology can we break the technological blockade of multinational companies and make innovative products enter the international market. In order to achieve this goal, on the one hand, it is necessary to establish a guarantee and incentive mechanism for government, society and enterprises to invest in many ways; On the other hand, we should timely and effectively protect the re-innovation achievements in technology introduction. Legally dividing the ownership boundary between the innovation achievements obtained by Chinese enterprises and the imported technology not only eliminates the malicious infringement prosecution brought by the technology blockade of multinational companies; It is also conducive to the rapid realization of industrialization and the occupation of the commanding heights of the international market through the introduction, digestion, absorption and innovation.
Third, the path choice of independent innovation of SMEs
Enterprise innovation is an open socialization process under the linkage of ideas, capital, products and services. Enterprises use external ideological resources and venture capital resources to realize their extension and docking within the enterprise, and finally produce innovative results of products and services. This kind of innovation has won excess profits and competitive advantages in the product and service market. To this end, if enterprises want to achieve independent innovation, they can start from the following aspects.
1. Market-oriented, take the road of Industry-University-Research Thought integration.
Enterprises are the shapers of innovative "ecological environment" and the advocates of innovative humanistic ideas. In order to cultivate independent-minded, reflective, rational-critical and tolerant innovators and innovative teams beyond their humanistic traditions, enterprises should create an environment in which innovative ideas constantly flow and innovative talents stand out. That is, an equal environment that does not presuppose authority, a free environment that gives independent space to ideas, an open environment that allows new ideas to fully communicate, and an environment that tolerates trial and error.
2. Solve the problem of innovative investment and financing through venture capital mechanism.
Venture capital refers to the investment behavior of providing equity capital to high-growth start-ups mainly belonging to science and technology, and providing them with management and consulting services in order to obtain medium and long-term capital appreciation benefits through equity transfer after the invested enterprises mature. Investment and financing are the key issues for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises, especially innovative enterprises, are difficult to obtain loan support directly from commercial banks because of their uncertain development and asymmetric information, which do not conform to the centralized fund management model and prudent management principle of banks. However, the development cycle of science and technology is long, the investment is large and the risk is high, so the government cannot bear heavy financial investment. Judging from the economic development track of developed countries, venture capital and capital market have played an important role in every large-scale technological innovation. Small and medium-sized enterprises should be good at and dare to use the venture capital market to raise funds for key innovation projects of R&D to make up for the lack of funds within enterprises.
3. Establish industry strategic alliances to resolve the market risks of innovative products and services.
The market mechanism itself has the inherent advantage of resolving risks. For the innovative products and services to be launched soon, an industrial strategic alliance can be established, in which * * * bears risks and * * * enjoys benefits. In the fierce market competition environment, small and medium-sized enterprises will face great market risks in terms of development cycle and input cost if they want to complete a complex technological innovation independently. It is an important aspect of small and medium-sized enterprises to shorten the research and development cycle of new products and technologies, reduce research and development costs and spread innovation risks. Alliance can be vertical integration of industrial fields, cross-industry alliance, alliance and cooperation with scientific research institutions and universities, and cooperation with large enterprises. Especially in some areas where industries are relatively concentrated, small and medium-sized enterprises in the same industry can set up R&D alliances or joint development centers with the same investment according to each other's R&D needs, gather technical resources, carry out joint research and enjoy the research results; Or * * * set up a talent training center and a technical information center to share resources. Small and medium-sized enterprises can make use of their own characteristics of specialization and flexible operation, actively carry out product innovation to find the gap in market segments, establish their own brand advantages in market segments, and thus grasp the pricing power of this market segment. Small and medium-sized enterprises unite to fight for pricing power. It can not only be in the same position in the competition with large enterprises, but also gain considerable pricing power in the price competition, which helps it compete directly with large enterprises. Therefore, joining the industrial chain, forming industrial clusters and supporting them can drive a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises, thus forming cluster advantages, which is the inevitable trend of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises.
First, we should establish and improve the incentive mechanism for technological innovation. Establish enterprises as the center of technology investment, R&D and the main position of benefit distribution. In the process of reform of small and medium-sized enterprises, we should not only pay attention to the evaluation and management of tangible assets, but also pay attention to the core position and role of intellectual capital in enterprises. Admit the excessive contribution of enterprise managers and scientific and technological personnel, and allow their knowledge and innovative products and projects to have corresponding equity income in enterprise capital. Second, we should boldly try * * * raw marketing. * * * Healthy marketing is to cooperate in resources and projects through two or more independent enterprises with contracts as the link. The first way is the combination of competitive enterprises, and the second way is the combination between complementary enterprises. Third, we should promote industrial clusters. Through the research on the situation of small and medium-sized enterprises, it is found that the industrial clusters of small and medium-sized enterprises are mostly concentrated in two types: one is decentralized industries, which basically exist in service industry, retail industry, wholesale industry, wood processing and metal assembly industry, agricultural products, risk-oriented enterprises and so on. The other is emerging industries, including IT, NT, new materials and new energy enterprises. A large number of small and medium-sized enterprises gather in a certain area through the externalization of internal division of labor, and divide the work in the upstream and downstream production chains of a certain product, forming the form of enterprise clusters. In the cluster, enterprises can enjoy resources and reduce transaction costs, thus improving the competitiveness of the whole cluster and individual enterprises. Fourth, strengthen credit mutual assistance. Small and medium-sized enterprises are complementing each other's advantages, establishing a mechanism of mutual trust and long-term cooperation, integrating credit resources with each other, forming credit interaction, jointly controlling dishonesty, standardizing credit behavior and shaping credit image.
4. Strengthen management innovation and marketing innovation, and build your own brand.
Independent innovation includes not only conceptual innovation and technological innovation, but also management innovation and marketing innovation. In the basic value activities of enterprises, including material supply, product development, production and operation, finished product storage and transportation, marketing and after-sales service, if enterprises effectively manage all links in the value chain and improve efficiency, they can also improve their international competitiveness. Wal-Mart is a typical case. Its success depends not on the creation of core technology, but on management innovation and marketing innovation. As the largest retailer in the world at present, Wal-Mart rented an IBM360 computer at 1969 to manage the goods distribution, and in the early 1980s, it spent $24 million to launch an artificial satellite for the management of its own enterprise information system. The investment in informatization and excellent management have brought great returns to Wal-Mart. China's export enterprises should abandon the usual price competition strategy as soon as possible, learn to use various non-price competition means such as management, brand, packaging, public relations and advertising, and improve the added value of export products through management innovation and marketing innovation.
To sum up, enterprises are the micro-subjects of independent innovation. For small and medium-sized enterprises, independent innovation is mainly achieved through integrated innovation and re-innovation on the basis of introduction. On the basis of drawing lessons from the existing advanced technologies at home and abroad, we should carry out secondary innovation, respect the intellectual property rights of others while drawing lessons, and form a virtuous circle of introduction-digestion and absorption-innovation-re-introduction-re-innovation, so that independent innovation becomes a systematic, continuous and dynamic process. Finally, the research and control of core technologies that have a significant impact on the development of the industry, the independent pricing power of products and services, and the right to speak and lead in the process of market value distribution will be realized. In the path selection, enterprises organically integrate monetary resources, human resources and social resources, realize the extension and docking of ideas and capital within enterprises, and finally produce innovative results of products and services. That is, through Industry-University-Research's ideological integration mechanism, venture capital mechanism and industry strategic alliance, we will build a road of innovation for small and medium-sized enterprises with independent brands and China characteristics.
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