2. Table of Contents: A table of contents is a brief list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)
3. Abstract: It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and pithy content. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and it is advisable not to exceed 300 words.
4. Keywords or subject words: keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, and are words with substantive significance to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".
Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, the paper should have a theme, and according to the indexing and collocation rules, it should be converted into standardized words in the subject glossary.
5. Text of the document:
(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.
(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:
A. Propose-demonstrate;
B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments; C. solving problems-demonstration and steps;
D. conclusion.
6. The references of the paper refer to the main documents listed at the end of the paper that can be referenced or quoted in writing. References should be marked on a new page according to GB77 14-87 "Description Rules of References at the End of Documents".
English: Title-Author-Publication Information (Edition, Publisher, Publication Date): Author-Title-Publication Information
The requirements of the listed reference documents are:
The references listed in (1) should be official publications for readers' textual research.
(2) The listed references shall be marked with serial numbers, titles of works or articles, authors and publication information.
Question 2: How to write an undergraduate thesis? What format is it? First, the order of graduation thesis (design) materials (1) cover: including thesis (design) title, instructor (including professional title), student name, student number, name of secondary college, major, grade, total score of thesis, time, etc. The cover of the paper is uniformly printed by the school. (2) Seal 2: Instructor examines the form. (3) thesis. (4) Seal III: Cross-examination Form. (5) Seal 4: defense record form. Second, the graduation thesis printing and binding graduation thesis (design) generally uses computer printing, using A4 paper type and double-sided printing. The (1) page is set to print graduation thesis (design) vertically, and the margin is required to be (t): 2.5cm ... and the bottom (b): 2.5cm.. Left (L): 2.5cm. Right (R): 2.5cm. Binding line (T): 0.5cm. Location of binding line (T): left. The rest adopt the system default settings. (2) Layout and text graphics should be written horizontally from left to right. Text is always edited in columns. The paper uses Song-style characters, but generally does not use traditional characters except for special reasons. Times New Roman font is generally used in foreign languages. (3) Paragraph spacing setting value is 1.5 times spacing. The rest adopt the system default settings. (4) No header or footer is set. Set the page number in the footer, and the page number should be No.5 small bold and centered: the format is as follows: Page 65438 +0, 2, 3, ... III. Content, structure and requirements of graduation thesis (design) The thesis consists of a front part and a body. (1) Preface: title, author, abstract, keywords 1, title, that is, the title of the paper. No more than 20 Chinese characters, no more than 10 foreign content words. In the middle, number three in bold. 2. Author's name and unit. The author's name and title are separated by a line, in the middle, the font is small. The unit starts from another line, centered, and the number five is Song Ti. Unit Description: (Zhanjiang Normal University ×× College Zhanjiang 524048). 3. Chinese abstract. Chinese abstract is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and comments, which is independent and instructive, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper (design), mainly describing the views or conclusions of the paper (design). No subjective comments, no words like "author" and "I", within 300 words. There is a line between the abstract and the company name, with two spaces at the beginning, and the top line is changed to imitate the word "Song Dynasty No.5", and the word "Abstract" is preceded by a colon and bold. 4. Key words. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the theme, content and items of the full text. Generally, 3-5 words are selected as keywords for each paper. On the other line, after summarizing the key words, imitate the word Song Ti No.5, with two spaces in each line. After the keyword, separate it from the keyword with a colon and make it bold. Keywords are separated by semicolons. 5, English title, author's name, unit, abstract, keywords, corresponding to the Chinese part. English uses Times New Roman font. (2) Text: text, notes, references, appendix 1. The text of the text is generally in small four-song style, and the key sentences can be bold. English and * * * numbers are in Times New Roman font. (1) Science and engineering at title level: titles at all levels are written continuously with * * *; Different job titles are separated by ","(put a dot in the lower right corner of the number), and no dot is added after the last digit; Such as "1", "1. 1" and "1. 1", the numbers should be written in the top box from the left. If there is a title after the number, write the number first, then write the title, with a space in the middle; Then start a new line and indent two spaces from left to right to write the specific content; If there is no title after the number, write the specific content in the blank space after the number. Liberal Arts: The titles at all levels are empty, starting from the left. The first-level title is "one, two, three ...", the second-level title is "(1) (2) (3) ...", the third-level title is "1,2,3, ..." and the fourth-level title is "(1) (. (2) Units of measurement All units of measurement adopt the national standard GB3 100-GB3 102-93. Units of non-physical quantities can be composed of Chinese characters and symbols. (3) Punctuations Punctuations should be used correctly in accordance with the uniform provisions of the Measures for the Use of Punctuations promulgated by the State Press and Publication Administration. Chinese full-angle punctuation marks; Half-angle punctuation in English. (4) Nouns and names The terminology of scientific and technical terms adopts the standard words or national standards published by the National Natural Science and Technology Terminology Examination Committee ..... >>
Question 3: How should I write my graduation thesis? Your instructor didn't explain it to you? There is no writing standard for graduation thesis (design) in our school. Please refer to the following: Writing standard for undergraduate graduation thesis (design) This standard is formulated in order to further standardize the writing of undergraduate graduation thesis (design) and improve the quality of undergraduate graduation thesis (design). I. Composition of Graduation Thesis (Design) Undergraduate graduation thesis (Design) should include the following parts: 2. The writing requirement of each part of graduation thesis (design) is 1, and the title of graduation thesis (design) reflects the most important content of the thesis in concise words (generally no more than 20 words) appropriately and accurately. Thesis topics are usually composed of noun phrases, so we should try to avoid using uncommon abbreviations, acronyms, characters, codes and formulas. If the content of the paper is multi-layered and difficult to simplify, the method of combining the title and subtitle can be adopted, in which the subtitle plays a role in supplementing and clarifying the title. The title and subtitle should be consistent when they appear in different places throughout the graduation thesis. 2. Abstract is a brief statement of the content of the paper. It is an independent and complete essay, usually written in the third person tone, without comments or supplementary explanations. Should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. Generally, the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions. Generally, the number of Chinese abstracts is 300~600 words, while the number of substantive English abstracts is about 300 words, which can be slightly more if there is special need. As far as possible, unknown and common figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms should be avoided. 3. Keywords keywords (including Chinese and English keywords) are words or terms that express the content information of the paper, which should reflect the characteristics of the paper, have semantics and have a clear source in the paper. The number of keywords is generally 3-8, and each keyword is separated by a semicolon. There is no punctuation after the last keyword, and Chinese and English keywords should correspond to each other one by one. Chinese keywords should be marked with "Keyword:" and English keywords with "Keyword:". 4. The table of contents is a sequential list of chapters in graduation thesis (design). Graduation thesis (design) should be compiled in a table of contents, marked with page numbers, so as to facilitate reading and mastering the main contents of graduation thesis (design), and the level of the table of contents should not exceed 3 levels. 5. The text includes: introduction (or preface, preface), this theory and conclusion. (1) Introduction: It is the beginning of the graduation thesis, including the following contents: ① Explain the purpose and significance of the thesis writing and the understanding of the research questions; 2 ask questions. (2) This theory is the main body and the most important part of the paper, and the whole argumentation process is carried out here. This theory generally includes: ① according to the needs of the central argument, determine the sub-arguments and arrange the levels and paragraphs of the article; (2) Put forward arguments and discuss them. (3) Conclusion: It is the end of the paper, which mainly includes three parts: ① the conclusion put forward or emphasized; (2) Prospect of the future development trend of the research; (3) A brief description of relevant issues. (science and engineering majors and grammar majors of economic management require 10000~ 15000 words; English majors write papers in English, requiring more than 6000 real words). 7. Appendix According to the content requirements of graduation thesis (design), determine whether an appendix is needed. Including the formula derivation that is too lengthy in this paper, the auxiliary mathematical tools that others need to read easily, the repeated data charts, the symbolic meanings, abbreviations, the full text of the program and related explanations used in the paper. 8. Foreign Literature and Translation
Question 4: How to write the abstract of undergraduate graduation thesis is an important part of the thesis. The purpose of writing an abstract is to introduce the main contents of the research work in the most concise words, and to help readers quickly and roughly understand the purpose, design and research results of the work. At present, abstracts of sci-tech journals are generally required to be written in the form of structured abstracts, that is, the purpose, methods, results and conclusions are clearly written. Structured abstract has a fixed format, and its writing format conforms to the thinking method of scientific research design, which helps the author to clear his mind and express it accurately, and even urges the author to make all the contents clear at the beginning of experimental design, making all parts more rigorous and reasonable, so as to draw correct conclusions and facilitate reprinting and dissemination. Therefore, whether the abstract is well written directly affects readers' understanding and application of the paper. The author of the paper must pay attention to the writing of abstract. Different journals have different requirements for writing abstracts, so Journal of Tobacco adopts structured abstracts. In view of the problems existing in the writing of some abstracts of contributions to this journal, the writing methods and matters needing attention of structured abstracts are introduced as follows. Problems in the Abstract Writing of 1 The abstract of 1. 1 is too simple and lacks information to reflect the main contents of the paper. 1.2 abstract is not refined, unorganized and unorganized; The abstract of 1.3 is inaccurate, which contains subjective opinions, explanations or comments on the contents of the paper; 1.4 is not written according to the requirements of national standards, such as "this article", "author" and other first person appearing in the sentence as the subject; ..... structure and purpose: the background and purpose of the research should be briefly explained, which should be summarized in 1 ~ 2 sentences, and should not be too lengthy. The text of the target part is better than a simple repetition of the information already in the title. Methods: The research materials (objects), methods, design schemes, data collection and processing, statistical analysis methods, etc. Results: the main results should be listed briefly, and the results should be described with specific data as far as possible, not too general. Try not to use general expressions such as "higher than", "lower than", "greater than" and "less than", use specific figures to explain how high or how low it is, and indicate the results of statistical analysis. Conclusion: We should draw objective and appropriate conclusions according to the purpose and results of the study, and point out the value of the study and the problems to be discussed in the future. 3 Matters needing attention in writing an abstract Problems that should be paid attention to in writing an abstract of a paper: ① objectively and truly reflect the research or work done, without adding the author's subjective opinions, explanations or comments; (2) Focus on the new content and the author's special viewpoint; (3) exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject; ④ Don't use the first person as the subject, such as "this article", "we" and "author". Instead, use the third-person writing, such as "researching and reporting the current situation of …" and "investigating …" (5) use standardized terms (including place names, organization names and names); ⑥ Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes should be given in Chinese and English when they first appear, unless the readers of this major can clearly understand them; ⑦ The legal units of measurement promulgated by the state should be adopted; Pay attention to the correct use of simplified words and punctuation; Pet-name ruby generally don't need to quote (unless the paper confirms or denies others published works); Attending generally without paragraphs. The number of words in the abstract should be appropriate, and the main purpose of writing the abstract is to facilitate readers to obtain the main information about the research in the shortest time. It is difficult to explain the problem with a small number of words, and it is unnecessary to have a large number of words. The number of words in the abstract of the paper should be appropriate. Generally speaking, the Chinese abstract is less than 300 words, and the English abstract can be longer, because the English abstract is mainly for readers from non-Chinese countries and regions, and most of them cannot read the full text of reading chinese. English abstracts can be more detailed than Chinese abstracts, and the number of words generally does not exceed 400 English words. The contents of Chinese and English abstracts should be basically the same.
Please accept it, thank you!
Question 5: How to write a good undergraduate thesis? What to write depends on the topic of the paper. You can consult relevant papers and see how others write them.
Question 6: How should I write my graduation thesis? Steps to write an outline
The steps to write an outline are as follows:
(1) Determine the abstract of the paper, and then supplement the materials to form a summary of the full text.
Abstract is the prototype of content outline. General books and teaching reference books have abstracts reflecting the contents of the whole book, so that readers can know the general contents of the book as soon as they turn over the abstracts. When writing a paper, we also need to write an abstract first. List the title, headline and subtitle of the paper before writing, and then delete the selected materials to form a summary of the content of the paper.
(2) The distribution of pages of the original paper
After writing the abstract of graduation thesis, we should consider the length of the thesis and the number of words to be written in each part of the article according to the content of the thesis. If you plan to write an original paper of 20 pages (300 words per page), you can consider using 1 page for the preface, 17 page for the paper and 1-2 page for the conclusion. Part of this theory will be reissued. If this theory has four items, the first item can be 3-4 pages, the second item can be 4-5 pages, the third item can be 3-4 pages, and the fourth item can be 6-7 pages. With this allocation, it is convenient to equip and organize materials, and writing can be more planned. The length of graduation thesis is generally 5000-6000 words, because it is too short, it is difficult to explain the problem thoroughly, and it should not be too long as a graduation thesis, which is the theoretical basis of ordinary colleges and universities.
Basic and practical experience.
(3) Write an outline
Thesis outline can be divided into simple outline and detailed outline. A simple outline is highly generalized, which only shows the main points of the paper, and how to develop it is not involved. Although this outline is simple, it can be written fluently because of its thoughtfulness. Without this preparation, it is difficult to write fluently while thinking. Take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example, you can write a simple outline as follows:
I. Introduction
Second, this theory
(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market
(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market
(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market
Three. conclusion
A detailed outline is a detailed list of the main arguments and expanding parts of the paper. If you prepare a detailed outline before writing, you will be able to write more fluently. Let's take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example to introduce the writing method of the detailed outline:
I. Introduction
1. Put forward the central topic;
2. Explain the writing intention.
Second, this theory
(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market
1. The establishment of the market economic system has created a macro environment for the emergence of the construction labor market;
2. The formation of construction product market puts forward realistic requirements for the cultivation of construction labor market;
3. The deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the construction labor market;
4. The establishment of the construction labor market is the inherent requirement of the employment particularity of the construction industry.
(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market
1. A buyer's market where supply exceeds demand;
2. An invisible market with a market and no market;
3. It is easy to enter the deformed market that is difficult to exit;
4. Spontaneous market of disorderly trading.
(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market
1. unify thinking and understanding, and change spontaneous trading into conscious supervision;
2. Accelerate the establishment of rules and regulations, and change disorderly transactions into standardized transactions;
3. Improve the market network and change intangible transactions into tangible transactions;
4. Adjust the management structure and change personal flow into team flow;
5. Deepen employment reform and change one-way flow into two-way flow.
Three. conclusion
1, outlining the current market situation of construction services and our tasks;
2. Echo the preface at the beginning.
The simple outline and detailed outline mentioned above are the skeleton and main points of the paper. Which one to choose depends on the author's needs. If you are thoughtful and meticulous, it is not a big problem to use a simple outline; However, if the investigation is not well thought out, a detailed outline must be used, otherwise it will be difficult to write a qualified graduation thesis. In short, it will be much more convenient to write an outline before writing a graduation thesis.
Third, the drafting of graduation thesis outline
How to draw up the outline of graduation thesis? First of all, we should grasp the principle of writing the outline of graduation thesis, and therefore we should master the following four aspects:
(A) to have a global concept, starting from the whole to check the status and role of each part in the paper. See whether the proportion distribution of each part is appropriate, whether the length of each part is appropriate, and whether each part can serve the central argument. For example, there is a paper on the dialectical unity of deepening reform and stability in enterprises. Taking an enterprise in XX City, Zhejiang Province as an example, the author indicated that as long as cadres set an example in the reform ... >>
Question 7: How to write 1 for self-taught undergraduate thesis? General self-taught undergraduate 8000- 12000. Specific colleges and universities have regulations that you can communicate with the tutor in charge of the thesis.
2. The topic of the paper must be self-drawn, but it should be communicated with the tutor and revised according to the teacher's opinion. After the topic is drawn up, it is best to search in Baidu. If it is repetitive, you'd better change a few words with the same meaning.
No matter whether others are original or not, as long as you get the diploma, you will live in peace, and no one has investigated this matter, so there is no way to study it.
4. It can be deepened on the basis of the original academic works. Thesis in Chinese universities is just a form. It's okay, it's over. There are grading standards for writing papers. It's easy to pass by when it comes to it. Don't give yourself too much pressure.
5. The paper has a certain reference degree, that is, 30% can be cited, and if it is cited too much, it will fail. Imagine that the whole article is someone else's opinion. What makes you write it?
6. Whether it is strict or not is related to the atmosphere of the college, but the self-study exam has always been very strict. The defense is to express the general idea of writing this paper to the teacher.
Question 8: How to write the conclusion of graduation thesis? How many words do you need? The conclusion of graduation thesis is generally to summarize the previous events, and then put forward the future development prospects, existing problems and how to improve them.
Question 9: How to write the introduction of undergraduate graduation thesis mainly includes research background, research origin, research progress, current research hotspots and shortcomings, and the purpose and significance of this research.
Question 10: how to write a literature review of undergraduate graduation thesis, also known as research review, refers to a paper formed by analyzing, summarizing, sorting out and commenting on the existing research results and existing problems of an academic issue (or research field) in a certain period of time on the basis of comprehensively grasping and analyzing the relevant literature of academic issues (or research fields). Generally speaking, literature review should objectively describe and comment on the research status quo, so as to predict the development, research trend or seek new research breakthroughs. It belongs to an important type of academic papers. Learning to write a literature review correctly is a basic ability of researchers and an important way to avoid low-level and high-repetition research.
Writing requirements of literature review
Literature review is an important academic paper, which plays an irreplaceable role in postgraduate thesis writing, project declaration and writing, and scientific research writing ability training. Therefore, mastering this writing skill is of great benefit to improving scientific research ability. Only by reconstructing the theoretical system of literature review related knowledge according to the basic characteristics of literature review can we write a literature review with clear thinking, informative content and concise language, and provide reference for scientific research. Therefore, according to the concept and characteristics of literature review, the author puts forward some requirements for writing literature review. But when writing a literature review, you need to answer the following basic questions first:
1. What research have domestic and foreign researchers done on a certain topic (or content)? Answer the question "What did you learn?" .
Second, how do domestic and foreign researchers study a certain topic? This is the answer to the question "How to learn".
Third, what is the relevance of the research results of domestic and foreign researchers? That is to answer, "What are the differences and connections between correlation studies?" .
Fourth, what is the outstanding contribution or effect of this research? What did later generations say about this research? Answer the question "How was the research?" .
The above issues are the core issues in the conceptual literature review. If you can answer clearly, the main content of this literature review will basically take shape. However, to write a high-quality and high-level literature review, we should pay attention to the following principles.
(A) the "three most" principle of selecting documents
When writing literature review, the collection and selection of literature is the premise. Based on the author's experience, this paper summarizes the "three most" principles when selecting documents, that is, the "most authoritative, classic and latest" principles. "The most authoritative" refers to the most influential and well-known works, papers, conference papers and other documents at home and abroad, mainly academic papers; "The most classic" refers to world famous books, mainly books, which have stood the test of history and society in the process of historical and cultural development at home and abroad. "Latest" refers to all kinds of articles published in recent years (generally 5 years by default). The "latest" information is mainly reflected in newspapers, because the information updating speed and information carrying capacity of newspapers are relatively large, and they are updated every day.
Let's take the literature review of "Higher Education" as an example. The "most classic" literature is the world famous higher education book published by Zhejiang Education Press in 2000 12, such as John? s？ Brubeck's philosophy of higher education. Such a masterpiece is an academic monograph that can stand the test of history and the world, so it has great cultural and ideological value. If you don't even collect this very important document when thinking and writing literature review, then your research lacks important theoretical support, and its research results can be expected and known. The "most authoritative" papers are academic papers published in Higher Education Research and Educational Research, which represent the research development status and the most cutting-edge academic trends in this field. The "latest" documents are educational knowledge or reports spread by People's Daily, Guangming Daily, China Social Science Online, Education Newspaper, Teacher's Newspaper and other newspapers. Following this "three most" principle will provide the most precious and valuable literature for the follow-up research, which is beneficial to the research.
(B) the principle of loyalty in literary reading
After selecting the document, it is to read the document. Literature is not only the material of research, but also the object of criticism. When reading documents, we can read them in the order of "history-writing-theory", so that we can get closer to the understanding of the original text and distinguish who is the author's viewpoint, who is the predecessor's viewpoint, which is descriptive and which is argumentative. In particular, some researchers advocate the reading method of On History, and the author slightly adjusts the order of the three and advocates the adoption of History->; & gt