First, the concept of argumentative writing: also known as argumentative writing, it is an article that takes argumentation as the main expression and uses logical thinking to comment on things.
Second, the classification of argumentative papers: In a broad sense, argumentative papers can generally be divided into political papers and academic papers. Generally speaking, argumentative essays mainly refer to political essays.
Third, the characteristics of argumentative writing: the content is theoretical, the structure is logical, and the language is general and rigorous.
Fourth, the elements of argumentative writing: arguments, arguments, arguments.
1. argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed and the soul of argumentative writing. Only by accurately grasping the arguments of the article can we understand the viewpoints and problems to be solved in the article. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. It is not difficult to distinguish the central argument from the sub-argument. Sub-arguments are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these arguments, we can see which is the master, which is the slave, which is the outline and which is the purpose.
Presentation of arguments: some argumentative arguments are expressed in clear sentences in the article, and we only need to find them out; Others are not directly expressed in clear sentences and need to be refined and summarized by readers themselves.
Attention should be paid to the proposition and establishment of the argument: ① correctness. ② Significance. What is for and what is against should be very clear, not ambiguous. 3 novelty. The argument should be as original and profound as possible, and it can transcend other people's views.
How to find the central argument? Argument should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and a complete sentence in form. Location can be divided into: article title, article beginning, article end, article middle, and some need to be summarized by readers.
Note: rhetorical questions and figurative sentences cannot be used as arguments.
2. Argument: It is the material to prove the argument. It is dominated by argument. It provides arguments. There are two types of arguments commonly used-factual argument and rational argument.
Factual evidence: the factual materials used as arguments can be: a. specific cases, b. summary facts, c. statistical data, d. personal experiences and feelings. Reliable historical facts.
Rationality argument: refers to the theoretical materials for argument, which can be a. classic works and wise sayings of predecessors; b. folk proverbs and sayings, famous sayings, fables, etc. C. scientific principles, laws, formulas, etc.
Requirements for using arguments: ① certainty. ② Typical. The cited examples should be widely representative, representing the general characteristics and properties of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. The argument is to prove the argument, so the two should be closely related.
3. Argumentation: refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, which is the link between arguments and arguments. Argumentative writing solves the problem of "what needs to be proved", argumentative writing solves the problem of "what to prove" and argumentative writing solves the problem of "how to prove". There are many ways to demonstrate, and the common ones are as follows:
(1) Illustration: Give conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument.
(2) Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings and aphorisms at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument.
(3) Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison.
(4) Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove the argument.
⑤ Citation arguments: Citation arguments are complicated and related to the specific cited materials, such as quoting famous sayings, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and anecdotes. , its role should be analyzed in detail. For example, quoting famous sayings, aphorisms and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness and authority of the argument; Citing celebrity anecdotes and anecdotes can enhance the interest of the argument and attract readers to read.
In addition, reduction to absurdity and reduction to absurdity are often used in refutation. It is often used comprehensively in most argumentative papers.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Structure of argumentative essay: Generally speaking, the most basic structure of argumentative essay is: raising questions (also called introduction)-analyzing questions (also called ontology)-solving problems (also called conclusion). It can be divided into two categories: one is to discuss the structure layer by layer, which is called "vertical"; The first is the parallel development of discourse structure, which is called "horizontal body". In a word, to analyze the structure of argumentative writing, we should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to transitional paragraphs, transitional sentences and transitional words that serve as a link between the preceding and the following.
Sixth, the way of argumentation: argumentative essays are generally divided into two types: argumentation and refutation.
1. argumentative essay: argumentative essay is an argument method that expounds the author's views and opinions on certain events or problems from the front. When expressing attitude, we should pay attention to the following three points:
(1) These views and opinions must be based on careful thinking or certain practice, and they are truly unique and correct, or ideas that can effectively solve practical problems. Let readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.
(2) It must be demonstrated around the issues discussed and the central argument. What kind of question is raised at the beginning, and the conclusion comes down to this question. In the process of argumentation, we should not deviate from Wan Li, give full play to it at will, or change the topic at will. If there are several sub-arguments, each sub-argument should be related to and subordinate to the central argument. All arguments should revolve around the central argument. Only in this way can readers clearly understand the sub-argument and the central argument.
2. Refutation: Refutation refers to expressing opinions on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or opinions.
(1) refute the argument. Refutation mainly refutes arguments, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to expound opinions and express opinions. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, we should refute and deny them in various ways and point out their absurdity or fallacy. A rebuttal argument is a direct refutation of the other party's argument. ?
(2) refute the argument. Find out the loopholes in the other party's argument (or prove the falsity of the other party's argument), and the other party's point of view is naturally untenable.
(3) rebuttal. We should find out the imprecision of our opponent's theory in order to refute his argument.