After the prince of Wu left, ministers talked about it in succession. "What can we do? At this time, it is absolutely impossible to crusade against Chu. If Yue attacks China, it will be over. " "Yes, yes, but if you violate the king's name and age, you will be beheaded."
"hey!" Ministers and roared off. One of the servants of the king of Wu knew that the king of Wu was going to cut the Duke of Chu and began to worry.
He thought that if neighboring countries took the opportunity to invade Chu, our country would be lost at this time. What shall we do? One day, in the back garden, he considered how to make the king of Wu change his mind.
He looked up and saw a cicada in the tree. Behind the cicada is an approaching mantis. More interestingly, a yellowbird flew in. "I see." The young man smiled.
He came to the back garden with a slingshot in his hand, and the dew wet his clothes for three mornings. As it happens, the prince of Wu passed by and saw the young man soaked to the skin. He asked him, "Why did you do this?" The young man replied, "there is a tree in the garden, and there is a cicada on the tree." Cicada is singing beautifully in the tall tree, drinking dew, and has no idea that mantis is behind. Mantis bent down to try to catch cicada, but didn't know that yellowbird was behind. Yellowbird craned its neck, but didn't know the projectile was under it.
These three small animals only think about immediate interests, regardless of the disasters behind them. "Hearing this, the prince nodded thoughtfully and thought that this man was right. If I attack Chu, the city will be empty, and neighboring countries will inevitably occupy our country.
I can't be the mantis in the story! So he said to the young man, "You are right!" He ordered the soldiers to call off the attack on Chu. The ministers cheered happily when they knew it, and the whole state of Wu was immersed in a happy and peaceful atmosphere.
2. Mantis catching cicadas, rewriting and expanding composition teaching plans. When the king of Wu wanted to attack the state of Chu, he said to his men, "Anyone who dares to persuade me will die!" The ministers turned pale and bowed their heads, but I could see that they didn't agree with the prince's idea, but no one dared to say it. After the prince of Wu left, ministers talked about it in succession. "What can we do? At this time, it is absolutely impossible to crusade against Chu. If Yue attacks China, it will be over. " "Yes, yes, but if you violate the king's name and age, you will be beheaded." "hey!" Ministers and roared off.
One of the servants of the king of Wu knew that the king of Wu was going to cut the Duke of Chu and began to worry. He thought that if neighboring countries took the opportunity to invade Chu, our country would be in danger at this time. What shall we do? One day, in the back garden, he wondered how to make the king of Wu change his mind. He looked up and saw a cicada in the tree. Behind the cicada is an approaching mantis. More interestingly, a yellowbird flew in. "I see." The young man smiled. He came to the back garden with a slingshot in his hand, and the dew wet his clothes for three mornings. As it happens, the prince of Wu passed by and saw the young man soaked to the skin. He asked him, "Why did you do this?" The young man replied, "there is a tree in the garden, and there is a cicada on the tree." Cicada is singing beautifully in the tall tree, drinking dew, and has no idea that mantis is behind. Mantis bent down to try to catch cicada, but didn't know that yellowbird was behind. Yellowbird craned its neck, but didn't know the projectile was under it. These three small animals only think about the immediate interests, regardless of the disaster behind them. "
Hearing this, the prince of Wu nodded thoughtfully and thought that what this man said was also reasonable. If I attack Chu, the city will be empty, and neighboring countries will inevitably occupy our country. I can't be the mantis in the story! So he said to the young man, "You are right!" He ordered the soldiers to call off the attack on Chu. The ministers cheered happily when they knew it, and the whole state of Wu was immersed in a happy and peaceful atmosphere.
3. How to unfold the composition? The expansion of composition material is to expand and enrich the fragments of a short article or a long article.
Expanding writing is conducive to developing imagination and cultivating descriptive ability. To expand writing, we should pay attention to the following points: First, on the basis of being familiar with the original text, we should think deeply and imagine reasonably.
Because the expansion is based on the original text, the main characters and events have been determined, and we can't make up the process without the original text, let alone change the central idea of the original text. Therefore, when expanding writing, we should first be familiar with the content of the original text. On this basis, we can closely follow the central idea of the original text, grasp the main plot, think deeply about the places where the original text is not clear or not specific enough, ask more "how" and make reasonable imagination to enrich the content of the article.
Second, the expanded article is more specific, vivid and vivid than the original. In order to make the article more concrete, vivid and vivid, it is generally necessary to change the narrative of the original text into description.
Can increase the description of the environment and the description of the appearance, manner, movement and psychological activities of the characters. You can also add some details according to your own imagination, and you can also add some discussion or lyric content appropriately.
Third, we should prevent the content from being crammed or the language from being repeated because of the need to lengthen the space. At the same time, when writing, you can regenerate the branches of the original text and generate new branches. However, the backbone of the original text generally does not need to be moved, so as not to change the original intention and lose the meaning of expansion.
For example, the development of "The Mantis Catching Cicada" can describe the detailed process of mantis catching cicada in detail, personify the animals and make the movements vivid. The key is to write a good psychological description of mantis. If you write a good article, you will be able to shine and deepen the theme of the article.
Expanding writing requires expanding imagination, being good at digging and expanding capacity. A common problem of primary school students' composition is that their ideas are not broad and their methods are single, and they often finish in a few words from one direction, one angle and one level. Therefore, we should make great efforts to clarify our thinking and describe it.
(1) Read the original text and make sure that the development of the central idea can't be separated from the meaning of the question and the main content and central idea of the original text, and start a new stove. Therefore, it is necessary to guide students to carefully analyze the requirements of the topic and the materials provided: whether to remember people or write scenery.
On the basis of clarifying the basic elements and main contents, grasp the central idea of the material and take it as the central idea of the expanded text. (2) Divide the levels of the original text and determine the focus of expansion, which is paragraph expansion or article expansion.
It is necessary to divide the levels in a certain order as the basis for amplifying paragraphs, and pay attention to the key levels. Let the students understand that the expansion of the original text is not to be carried out everywhere, but to determine the focus of the expansion according to the central content.
For example, on Sunday, Xiaoming went to Xinhua Bookstore to buy Modern Chinese Dictionary. Unfortunately, however, Xiao Ming was very anxious just after reading the book.
Aunt Liu, the shop assistant, asked Xiaoming to leave her address, saying that she would look for it in the warehouse and inform Xiaoming if there was any. In the evening, it began to rain heavily.
Aunt Liu sent a modern Chinese dictionary to Xiaoming's family, and Xiaoming was very moved. There are two related things in the material: one is that Xiaoming went to the bookstore to buy books, and the other is that Aunt Liu came to deliver books. This article mainly praised Aunt Liu's painstaking efforts and excellent quality of serving readers wholeheartedly.
Therefore, the focus of expansion should be "Aunt Liu delivers books in the rain". (3) Expand imagination, learn to describe and determine the center, level and expansion point of the original text, and then expand imagination.
Generally, the expanded materials are general, so students should be inspired to integrate their daily experiences and feelings into the expanded content based on the central idea of the original text, and associate relevant plots or details according to their own life experiences. When expanding writing, students can be guided to grasp key words and key sentences, and narrate or describe them by decomposing or asking questions.
When writing things, we should fully develop the main plot and write out the cause and effect, development and changes; When writing a character, we should express the character characteristics by describing the appearance, manner, language, action and psychology of the character. When writing a scene, we should grasp the shape, state, color and sound of the scene to describe it in detail and express the characteristics of the object.
4. Composition Guidance for Senior Primary School Students [Composition Guidance for Senior Primary School Students] Lecture 4: Enlarging, Narrowing and Changing-Writing in Thinking 1. Learning guidance amplification, abbreviation, continuation and rewriting are common forms of practice in primary school composition, which is of positive significance to expanding students' thinking and cultivating their independent writing ability.
These forms of practice are to work hard on expansion, contraction, continuation and word change respectively. Although they have their own characteristics and emphases in writing, the nature and composition steps are almost the same.
First of all, they are all written according to some known materials, not completely independent compositions. Secondly, they must read the known materials, master their basic contents and refine the center.
Third, based on the known materials, we should carry out various associations and imaginations around the center, enrich the characters in the text and weave vivid and interesting stories. Finally, everyone is required to write articles with clear central meaning.
1 extension. Extended writing is to expand the original text into a longer paragraph or article.
Enlarged writing does not change the genre, nor does it change the basic content, central meaning and basic plot of the original text. It just enriches and supplements the original text, just like before, and it is like adding branches and leaves to a big tree. The main ways to expand writing are: (1) The original text is generally short and the content is relatively simple.
The shorter the article, the more attention should be paid to every sentence in order to master its basic content. (2) Determine the expansion point and carry out rich and reasonable imagination.
To determine the extension point, we need to further analyze the original * * *. Such as the time, place and characters of the story, the cause, process and result of the matter; Who are the characters, who are the main characters, what are their characteristics and so on.
After the analysis, look at the shortcomings of the composition and what needs to be enriched and supplemented. These shortcomings are to expand the writing point.
Imagination should be reasonable, which mainly refers to the reasonable communication between people with different identities, ages and personalities. Rationality means that the development process of things should be reasonable.
The reasonable standard is whether it can truly reflect life. Therefore, we should imagine from our own life experiences and experiences, and we can also use the knowledge in books, and we can't take it for granted to make things up.
(3) conceive an outline and start according to it. The expanded outline consists of the original text and the contents of the expanded point. When writing, you should write according to the unfolded outline.
2 abbreviation. Abbreviation is to compress a long article into a short article without changing the writing object, central meaning and writing focus of the original text, just like compressing cookies.
The general steps and methods of abbreviation are: (1) Read the original text carefully and deeply understand the main content and central meaning. (2) Draw up an outline of reservation and deletion around the original center.
(3) compare with the original text, compress according to the outline, seize the branches and leaves, and seize the key to spread the story; Change specific narrative into general narrative, and change detailed description into simple narrative. (4) After the full text is abbreviated, read it together to see whether the sentences are coherent and whether the paragraphs are coherent.
When writing, try to keep the original language accurate, vivid and vivid. 3 continue to write.
Continuation is to write a complete article for a part of the article (beginning, end or central part) as required. Sometimes an article is given, so we can write another continuous article as required, which is a bit like a serial story and a TV series, and it is also a continuation.
Practice writing, pay attention to the following points. (1) Understand the known parts of reading articles (including known articles) and grasp the essence.
This is the preparation before the continuation. The so-called essence refers to the central meaning, basic plot, main characters and characteristics, as well as the relationship between characters and so on.
Some of them are the beginning and the end, so we should grasp the understanding of key words and the direction of continuation, just like the examination before writing a propositional composition. (2) according to the content and requirements of the known part, mobilize life accumulation and expand rich imagination and thinking.
Imaginative thinking has different emphasis because of different contents and requirements. It doesn't take any imagination to add a beginning and an end to the central part. Mainly consider how to add an appropriate beginning and end after mastering the central part to make the article more attractive. In this regard, we can consider several schemes and choose one from them.
Add a central part at the beginning and end. This is based on the beginning and end of the text restrictions, within the prescribed scope, from the selection of materials, materials, centering and other aspects to think, to mobilize their own life accumulation, to determine the specific materials and centers, organize materials.
In this sense, continuation writing is basically the same as proposition writing, but it is more restricted than proposition writing. It is more difficult to write the sequel to the article than to write the central part.
First, we must master the essence of the original text, not just a few requirements. The second is to weave a new plot and conceive a new story on the basis of the original plot, which must be a new combination and development of the characters in the original text.
This requires not only grasping the characteristics of characters, but also imagining new plots and realizing logical development. Of course, this requirement is relatively high. From another point of view, such training will be of great help to improve students' thinking ability, imagination ability and expression ability.
(3) Make a writing outline, but think it over before you start writing. You don't need an outline to add a beginning and an end, but you should think about it before writing.
Writing a central part, writing a sequel, like a proposition composition, should make a writing outline. Writing an outline also plays a role in continuity, because there are many restrictions on continuity. If there is no outline restriction, it is easy to deviate from the subject.
Therefore, making a writing outline is an essential and important step and method to continue writing. In addition, it should be noted that the continued article should be divorced from and contradictory to the original, and the language should be as close as possible, just like one person's writing, and it cannot be made into two skins.
4 rewrite. Rewriting is a form of composition practice according to the genre, person, structure or expression of the original text.
Rewriting is like modifying clothes. You can change your coat into a vest and change your long coat into a short coat. There are several types of rewriting.
(1) Stylistic rewriting: It is common to change poetry into prose and stories into textbook dramas. (2) Personal rewriting: changing the first person into the third person, and vice versa.
(3) rewriting of writing: change the order to.
5. How to write a narrative material composition refers to a written material composition. That is, the questioner gives a written material and asks to write a composition based on or for this material.
The characteristics of the questions in the material composition are:
(1) The title has written materials.
(2) Candidates are required to write according to the materials, or rewrite the materials, or continue to write materials, or expand the materials, or write a review according to the materials, or write a brief comment on the "phenomena" in the materials, and the examination angles are varied.
(3) There are many forms of "topic", which can be a proposition or a free proposition; It can be semi-propositional or non-propositional (for example, it is required to write to the person who gives the material), in which the most is to give a piece of material and a proposition. There are also propositions based on the reading materials in the middle school papers as the composition materials in the examination room.
The style is relatively simple, or narrative, or argumentative, or explanatory, and the writing requirement of "unlimited style" rarely appears.
Material composition examines the ability of reading and writing. To complete the writing task, candidates have to read, analyze, refine, associate and express. From the examination point of view, it is an excellent question type, because it can avoid teachers and students guessing and betting, and it can make all candidates have evidence to tell, some people discuss and some people feel, so it is an excellent question type, but now it has begun to be ignored.
Material composition writing guidance
First, we must "read":
1 Look at the title. It is necessary to study the topic, define the scope of the exam and understand the writing requirements.
2 reading materials. Understand the content of the material roughly, understand the meaning initially, and be confident. Second, the second is "analysis":
Analysis of reading materials is an essential step, which requires careful chewing, taste, association and refining.
Because "analysis material" is a key part of material composition, the following reading methods can be adopted:
① Discovery method. Mainly used for materials with clear meaning and clear center. The goal of discovery is the central sentence of the material, the hint about the center in the title and the hint about the center in the material. After discovering these contents, we found a breakthrough, and our ideas can be based on this.
Make an idea. Mainly used for materials with a head and no tail or a tail and no head, such as continuation materials. The content of the idea, or the plot reasonably related to the material, or the discussion reasonably related to the material. The process of imagination is the divergence of thinking, so we should pay attention to the rationality of divergence.
③ induction. It is mainly used for one or more materials with clear meaning but no central sentence or prompt sentence. By summarizing its central meaning, the idea has a foothold.
(4) refining. Mainly used to compare materials with opposite meanings. Extract the intention to be expressed in the material from positive and negative contrast, contradictory opposition and right and wrong opposition, and make a basis for conception.
⑤ Extraction method. It is mainly used for multi-stage materials, extracting part of the content needed for the topic from a series of materials that coexist with each other, and cleaning up writing clues accordingly.
6 find a way. Mainly used for figurative, connotative and symbolic materials. Through repeated appreciation and comparison, the metaphorical meaning, philosophy and viewpoints of the materials are evaluated, and then their corresponding opinions are formed.
Third, the proposition of material composition:
Prevent mistakes in the following six aspects:
(1) after the expansion of the narrative remains the same, the technique is monotonous, and the narrative is boring, just adding a few bytes.
② The rewritten narrative is far from the original intention because of its application, or the added details are contrary to the common sense of life.
(3) after citing materials in argumentative papers, abandon the materials and "start a new stove", and the materials are not used or applied.
(4) Due to the emphasis on materials, the key words in the topic are indifferent, and the written article deviates from the center of the required expression.
⑤ Because the understanding of the material is not deep, the essence can't be extracted, and the idea of the article is too shallow.
⑥ Wrong style and format.
6. composition guidance for the senior high school entrance examination [composition guidance for the senior high school entrance examination] This is a traditional way of proposition, and it is the composition guidance for the senior high school entrance examination. A few years ago, some people said that there was a crisis in propositional composition, but in recent years, from the perspective of college entrance examination, propositional composition has shown vitality. Especially in the senior high school entrance examination, propositional composition is more common. This is because it can better examine students' ability of examining questions and selecting materials than giving materials and making their own questions. This is its outstanding advantage. As far as imagination and expressive ability are concerned, its examination function is not inferior to giving materials and self-made questions. Its only drawback is that it is easy to be guessed. If the proposer wants to use the form of a proposition and try not to be guessed, he will change some topics. If he is used to writing about my class group or I love my class group, he will change it to me and my class group. I am used to writing "between classes" and having an "after class"; I am used to writing about such topics as setbacks and failures, but it may not be so easy to change to a small twist I experienced. It should be noted that the whole proposition is characterized by a whole word. Take the topic of a small turning point I experienced as an example. The prefix is twists and turns, and three attributes are added in front of it: it is a small turning point rather than a * * * fold, and it is time. That's not what I heard. It can also be distinguished from some similar topics by defining different levels of examination questions. There is also a kind of propositional composition, which is not only full of propositions, but also has hints. The purpose is to inspire students' thinking and help them choose materials, such as' 94 Wuhan topic "Life gives me thoughts" and' 94 Nanjing topic "Applause", all of which have such hints, and they delimit the scope for candidates in material selection. Some also put forward specific requirements. This is a new form of all-proposition composition, which reduces the difficulty of examination and represents the new trend of all-proposition composition. B. Semi-propositions, such as "I want to …" and "I understand _ _", allow candidates to fill in appropriate words at ellipsis and horizontal lines; There is also a semi-proposition that provides alternative words, such as 1994 Guiyang's "Remember a lesson". Alternative words are vivid, unforgettable, impressive, interesting and instructive. In fact, these two methods are to help candidates to establish centers and choose materials, with greater freedom and wider scope, so that candidates can express their deepest feelings at will, because the centers and materials are chosen by themselves. One is to write a narrative for the material-some are continued, some are rewritten, and some are neither continued nor rewritten, but let the candidates use their imagination to write a narrative according to the material; There is also an explanatory text for materials. The materials for writing materials are different from the tips of full-proposition or semi-proposition compositions. The hint is just an inspiration, and does not provide a story or some specific situations. Narration or discussion can only be based on this. Giving materials is different, or giving stories or specific situations (facts, figures, remarks, etc.). ). It is not the introduction of narration or discussion, but the basis of narration or discussion-according to it, either narration and broadening the artistic conception with imagination or discussion with practice. D. give materials+propositions+tips. For example, the material composition of Anhui Province in 1994 is as follows: Give one first. Turning night into day, there will be 50 solar sails in space by the end of this century, and imagination is needed according to the materials. If there are solar sails where you live at the end of this century, how will you and the people around you spend that wonderful and magical night? The title is Magic Night. It is also suggested that you can write about traditional festival nights, weekend nights, quiet mountain village nights ... you may be in the observatory, in the laboratory, in the university campus. In the commercial building, on the country road ... this combination of materials, propositions and hints helps candidates to take imagination as the basis, hints as the introduction and topics as the narrative scope, thus guiding the composition of the senior high school entrance examination. If we can pay full attention to these points, it will not be easy to stray from the topic when writing. There are both restrictions and freedom, which can better examine students' imagination and expression ability. It is the product of the combination of propositional composition and material composition. (2) Three elements of composition A. Content, including conception, material selection and center. The relationship between them is inseparable. Intention determines the selection of materials, which should obey the needs of the center; The conception needs to be supported by materials, and the center needs to be highlighted by materials. Without the selection of materials, the idea and the center are empty. Conception is the key, material selection is the guarantee, and the center is the gripper. Meaning is thought, that is, viewpoint: material is deeds or examples, including truth; center is the scope of topic definition. For example, writing a flag-raising activity (Shenyang title' 94) shows that patriotic thoughts and feelings are ideas. The patriotic speech under the national flag is the selection of materials, and the center is the flag raising. You can't write the national flag without raising the word, or you will be out of the center. Another example is "talking about setbacks" ('94 Xi' an topic). Setbacks can make people fall into the pit, gain wisdom and make fewer mistakes. That's the idea. List examples of people around you rising from setbacks and typical examples and speeches of celebrities at home and abroad. These materials must be setbacks selected from different sides. Enumerating examples is not the purpose, but the purpose is to expound the viewpoint of learning through dialectical analysis. If the selected deeds or examples are not setbacks, or some setbacks are listed without talking about them, they are all off the center and irrelevant. The former will lead to the donkey's lips not the horse's mouth, while the latter will make the article write like a narrative rather than an argumentative one. The intention should be profound. The materials should be rich, at least specific, and the center should be prominent, at least clear or basically clear, relevant or basically relevant. This is the basic requirement for content. B. structure. The basic requirements of the structure are: rigorous, complete, organized, economical, well-defined and appropriate in details. The specific requirements of rigorous structure are: explanation in advance and care afterwards; Sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph are closely connected, and the transition is natural, consistent and consistent. Integrity means having a beginning and a end, without incomplete sentences or paragraphs. Being organized means that the order of sentences and paragraphs is properly arranged. What to say first, then what to say.
7. To write an English composition, it is best to write the fifth question of 80 words by yourself, about the urgent needs of parents. Thank you, my parents.
I have a busy father and a kind mother.
My father is a businessman. He is 42 years old. He is short. He likes reading newspapers after dinner. He watches TV at night. He drives to work. He has a beautiful black car. He often plays golf with his friends on weekends. He doesn't often have dinner with us.
My mother is a housewife. She doesn't work. She stayed at home. She's beautiful. She has long hair. She does housework in the morning. She often goes shopping in the afternoon. She is very kind, but she is very strict with my study. She likes reading. She also watches TV in the evening.
I love my parents. They love me too.