For reference only, I hope it will help you. The new speculative course "Democratic Politics in Ancient Greece and Authoritarian Centralization in China" is about the democratic politics in ancient Greece. When studying this unit, we will of course talk about the positive role of democratic politics. But after learning this lesson, students often come to the conclusion that the democratic politics in ancient Greece is better, more civilized or more in line with the historical development trend than the autocratic centralization in China. There are "reasons" for students to come to this conclusion: first, our attitude today is to criticize autocracy and admire democracy; Second, when studying this lesson, few teachers have feelings without connecting with reality; Third, when reviewing this lesson, teachers often compare it with China's autocratic centralization; Fourthly, the ranking of this topic (curriculum standard and some versions) is behind the topic of modern political diplomacy in China and before the topic of modern democratic politics in the West, which easily leads to the ambiguity of students' comparison objects. Because the students' conclusions are related to the trend of China's ancient civilization, and of course they are also related to national pride and other issues. Therefore, as a teacher, it is the responsibility to make this issue clear. The first definition is time (in fact, this is also the most critical definition): ancient times is a comparison between ancient Greece and ancient China. Then, we can analyze the reasons and conditions for the formation of the two systems along the political, economic, cultural and geographical factors. Then, we talk about the influence of the two, which can be analyzed from the perspective of then and later generations or positive and limited. Finally, we can draw a higher conclusion on this issue: the democratic politics in ancient Greece and the autocratic centralization in China were the products of social conditions, natural environment and the development level of productive forces at that time, both of which had their rationality of existence, were the civilized achievements of managing the country created by people at that time, and both played an important historical role in the development of human society. First of all, the problem itself is not rigorous, because the comparison object is not "equivalent", because today, it is ok to use "democracy" for "autocracy", but it is not appropriate to use "centralization" because "centralization" is right for "decentralization" and it has no necessary causal relationship with autocracy. However, it is really difficult to completely separate "absolutism" and "centralization" in ancient China, and this problem has its own reasons for being widely circulated. The second point is that democratic politics (and the ancient Greek humanism mentioned in compulsory 3) is not the whole of ancient Greece, or even the mainstream. Sparta, for example, is an authoritarian system. At the same time, when talking about the influence on later generations, we can also point out the historical fact that the democratic politics of ancient Greece was interrupted in Western Europe for more than a thousand years. The political system is the product of the development of human society to a certain stage, which combines the essence and form of the country and is the sum of the country and the political power. The most basic political system in ancient China was autocratic centralization with imperial power as the core. This system lasted for more than two thousand years in the history of China, and had a far-reaching impact on the history and social politics of China. The ancient western political system was represented by the democratic system in ancient Greece, the harmonious system and the head of state system in ancient Rome. What are the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western ancient political systems? Political system: Ancient China: As far as political system is concerned, there are two main forms: 1. During the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties from 2070 BC to 476 BC, the early political systems such as internal and external servitude system, enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system were mainly implemented. 2. Authoritarian centralization system: it sprouted in the Warring States, established in the Qin Dynasty, consolidated in the Western Han Dynasty, perfected in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, strengthened in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, strengthened in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and ended in 19 12. Gusi: 1. Ancient Greece: ① monarchy (2000 ~12nd century BC): including Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization. (2) The Dark Age (BC 1 1 century to the 9th century): Homer's Age. (3) City-state polity: the main types are aristocracy, democracy (the most popular of the two), monarchy, oligarchy and tyranny. Sparta, as the largest city-state in Greece, practiced aristocratic oligarchy; Athens is the birthplace of democracy. Solon reform put the country on the track of democracy, and Cristini reform finally established democracy in Athens; Perikles brought Athenian democracy into a "golden age". 2. Ancient Rome: ① monarchy (753 BC), ② aristocratic harmony (from the end of the 6th century to the first 27 years): it was mainly composed of three layers: consul, Senate and citizens' assembly. (3) The head of state system (from the 27th century to the 3rd century): absolute monarchy in the cloak of * * * *. (4) Absolute monarchy (3rd century ~ extinction): Diocletian practiced an open monarchy. Second, the characteristics of the political system: ancient China: 1. The characteristics of China's early political system are: ① the combination of theocracy and kingship; (2) the political structure of the country is formed by blood relationship, and the supreme ruling group has not yet achieved a high degree of concentration of power. 2. The characteristics of autocratic centralization ① The supremacy and indivisibility of imperial power; (2) life tenure and hereditary system of the throne; (3) Officials at all levels from the central government to the local government are directly appointed and removed by the emperor, and they are not hereditary; (4) The emperor acted arbitrarily from decision-making to the exercise of legislative, administrative and judicial power; ⑤ With the help of divine right, imperial power preaches the theory of "divine right of monarchies"; ⑥ Cultural autocracy is a by-product of political autocracy; ⑦ The contradiction and unity between central and local governments, monarchical power and relative power is always accompanied by the development of centralization; The autocratic small centralized machine system reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and became reactionary. Gusi: 1. Greek city-state: The main characteristics are that the country is small and the population is small, and each state has long been independent and autonomous. The basic characteristics of Athenian democracy are people's sovereignty and rule by turns. 2. Ancient Rome: From * * * to the empire, Roman law has left the most extensive influence on later generations. Third, the reasons for the formation of the system: China's agricultural society has produced a self-sufficient agricultural economy, and industry and commerce, at its end, have been despised and neglected, and naturally underdeveloped. Correspondingly, it is a closed, conservative and repressive patriarchal system. This kind of politics attaches great importance to ethics. Oppose personal freedom, self-interest and enjoyment, emphasize the dignity endowed by heaven, the unity of the country, the sanctity of the hierarchy and the importance of moral cultivation, and oppose the development of personal freedom and suppress all kinds of human nature. The commercial economy and society in ancient Greece produced a corresponding democracy, and adult citizens could participate in the discussion of major bills. Democratic politics makes westerners advocate individual freedom, equality and personality development. Everyone is born equal, personal wealth, personal love, personal adventure and personal struggle. Fourth, the difference between politicians' political reform and legal system formulation: Most of the political reforms of China's ancient reformers such as Qin Shihuang, Han Wudi and Wang Anshi aimed at solving social crises and strengthening autocratic monarchy, while the famous ancient Qin Law and Daming Law also aimed at maintaining feudal autocracy and strengthening control over the people. Ancient Greece: Solon, Cleisthenes, Perikles and other reforms and the promulgation of a series of Roman laws all promoted the process of democracy to varying degrees and had a far-reaching impact on later generations. 5. Continuity of civilization: The ancient civilization of ancient China can maintain continuity for a long time without breaking: China is one of the cradles of ancient civilization in the world. Under the autocratic centralization, it has maintained a culture with roughly the same territory and the same subject for a long time, taking itself as the main body and absorbing many foreign cultures, and there has never been a fault in cultural development. Decline of ancient Greek civilization: The ancient Greeks directly inherited and carried forward the ancient cultures of Egypt, Babylon and the Mediterranean coast, and reached its peak in a short time, but without strong centralization, the Roman Empire soon split. With the demise of the Western Roman Empire, Europe entered a dark age. 6. Influence on later generations: The autocratic centralization in ancient China mainly played a progressive role in the early and middle feudal society. It played a negative or even hindering role in the later period of feudal society. It has seriously stifled social creativity and slowed down the pace of social development, which is one of the main reasons why China lags behind the West. Democracy in ancient Greece is the source of modern western democracy and one of the most important contents of modern European civilization. The democratic politics of ancient Greece and the legal system of ancient Rome represent the highest achievements of ancient western political civilization, and have become two unique and complementary lighthouses in the Mediterranean region, providing valuable political and cultural heritage for later generations and valuable wealth for the development of human civilization. Ancient China: Under the autocratic monarchy, the rulers pursued the policy of cultural autocracy, such as burning books and burying Confucianism in the Qin Dynasty, stereotyped writing by literati in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and promoting literary inquisition, which stifled ideas, destroyed culture and hindered social progress. The Athenian democracy in ancient Greece has its limitations in times and classes, and the result of its adoption is not always a fair form of citizens' direct participation in politics and taking turns to sit in the village. Moreover, although Athens is very democratic both at home and abroad, especially the allies of the alliance, it is extremely cruel, there is no democracy at all, and the scope of citizens has narrowed, which hinders Athens' political self-expansion of Zhang Zhilu.