First, the requirements of thesis writing
The following are described in turn according to the structural order of the paper.
(1) Thesis-Topic A scientific paper has a topic and cannot be "untitled". The topic of the thesis is generally about 20 words. The size of the topic should be consistent with the content, with no subtitle, 1 report and secondary report as far as possible. Thesis topics are all in a direct narrative tone, without exclamation marks and question marks, and scientific and technological paper topics cannot be written as advertisements or news reports.
(2) Papers-scientific papers signed should be signed with real names and real work units. Mainly reflects the responsibility and achievement attribution, which is convenient for future generations to follow up. Strictly speaking, the author of the paper refers to the person who is responsible for the whole process of the paper, such as topic selection, argumentation, literature review, scheme design, compilation method, experimental operation, data arrangement, induction and summary, writing, etc., and should be the person who can answer the relevant questions of the paper. Nowadays, people who take part in the work are often listed, so they should be arranged according to the contribution. The signature of the paper should be recognized by myself. According to the actual situation, academic tutors can be listed as paper authors or general thanks. Administrative leaders generally do not sign their names.
(3) Paper-Introduction is a fascinating statement of the paper, which is very important and should be written well. A good paper introduction can often let readers know the development of your work and its position in this research direction. The basis, foundation, background and research purpose of the thesis. It is necessary to review the necessary literature and state the development of the problem. Use concise words.
(4) Paper-Materials and Methods Experimental objects, equipment, animals and reagents and their specifications, experimental methods, indicators, judgment standards, experimental design, grouping and statistical methods. These can be done in accordance with the magazine's submission rules.
(5) Paper-The experimental results should be highly summarized, carefully analyzed and presented logically. We should choose the best from the rough, discard the false and retain the true, but we should not make subjective choices because it does not meet our own intentions, let alone resort to deceit. Only the data obtained in the period of unskilled technology or unstable instrument, technical failure or operational error, and data obtained when experimental conditions are not met can be discarded. Moreover, when problems are found, the reasons must be indicated on the original records, and it is not allowed to eliminate them at will due to anomalies during summary processing. When discarding this kind of data, we should discard the experimental data under the same conditions at the same time, not just those that are not what we want.
The arrangement of experimental results should be closely related to the theme, and some data may not be suitable for this paper and can be used for other purposes. Don't cram it into a paper. Articles should use technical terms as much as possible. Don't use charts for those who can use tables, and it is best not to use charts for those who can use tables, so as not to occupy more space and increase the difficulty of typesetting. Words, tables and charts do not repeat each other. Special circumstances such as accidental phenomena and unexpected changes in the experiment should be explained as necessary and should not be discarded at will.
(VI) Discussion is the key and difficult point of the paper. We should look at the overall situation, grasp the main controversial issues, and discuss from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge. It is necessary to analyze and reason the experimental results instead of repeating them. We should focus on the achievements and opinions in the relevant literature at home and abroad, and show our own views, especially the opposing views. In the discussion of the paper, you can put forward assumptions and ideas about the development of this topic, but the discretion should be appropriate, and it should not be written as "science fiction" or "imagination".
(7) Thesis-conclusion or conclusion The conclusion of the thesis should be written with clear and reliable results and conclusive conclusions. The text of the paper should be concise and can be written item by item. Don't use such vague words as "summary".
(8) Paper-Reference: This is a very important and problematic part of the paper. The purpose of listing the references of the thesis is to let readers know the ins and outs of the research proposition of the thesis, to facilitate the search, and to respect the work of predecessors and to have an accurate positioning of their own work. So there are both technical problems and scientific moral problems here.
A paper has references that need to be cited almost from beginning to end. For example, the most important and directly related documents should be cited in the introduction of the paper; In terms of methods, the methods adopted or used for reference should be cited; In the results, it is sometimes necessary to quote data to compare with literature; In the discussion, various supporting or contradictory results or viewpoints related to the paper should be cited.
All careless, do not check the literature; Deliberately not quoting, boasting innovation; Degrade others and raise yourself; It's wrong to pose lightly while avoiding weight. However, this phenomenon still appears from time to time in many papers, which should be regarded as a taboo for researchers. Among them, mistakes such as not consulting documents, omitting important documents, deliberately not quoting other people's documents or deliberately belittling other people's work are obvious and easy to find. Some practices are subtle, such as introducing what should be in the introduction and introducing it into the discussion. This will be the basis or forerunner of your thesis, and put it on an equal footing with your thesis. For another example, scientific research always develops in depth, and your work always develops on the basis of previous work. The correct writing should be, what did someone do on this topic in a certain year, and what did someone do on this basis in a certain year? Now I have finished this research on the basis of them. This is an attitude of seeking truth from facts, and this expression will not harm your contribution at all. Some authors don't say this, but say that someone did this problem for a year and didn't do it for a year, and now I have done it. This is not a realistic attitude. This can sometimes fool some laymen who don't know the truth, but only one insider needs to poke it, and the paper tiger will be broken, and the result will be self-defeating and lose credibility. This phenomenon is not uncommon in real life.
(9) Papers-The directors, technical assistants, providers of special reagents or equipment, funders and people who have made important suggestions on the thank-you papers belong to the thank-you objects. Paper thanks should be sincere and true, not vulgar. Don't thank the professor in general, and don't just thank others. Before writing a paper to thank you, you should get the consent of the person being thanked, and you should not pull the banner into a tiger skin.
(10) Paper-abstract or abstract: Briefly summarize the full text of the paper in about 200 words. Always put the first one. The abstract of the paper needs to be carefully written and attractive. Let the reader read the abstract of the paper just like seeing the miniature of the paper, or want to continue reading the relevant parts of the paper after reading the abstract of the paper. In addition, several key words should be given, and the key words should be written in real key academic vocabulary, not in general terms.
Second, the key to writing a good paper
(a) Thesis writing-materials, ideas and words
Materials are the basis of writing a good paper, opinions are the soul of the paper, and words are the external expression of the paper. Materials and opinions are the content of the paper, and words are the form of the paper. Form is the expression of content, and content should be expressed through form. The perfect combination of the three is the unity of content and form.
The materials come from experiments. The quality of design directly affects the efficiency and quality of material acquisition. The whole paper consists of several work units, and each work unit is accumulated from each experimental material. So be kind to daily experiments. Every day, we should consider the possible position of this data in future papers, and carefully collect and save every image record. The materials should be true and reliable, and the data should be sufficient. If there is any abnormality, it should be analyzed and handled in time to ensure the credibility of the obtained results and eliminate the illusion. There are always new phenomena, new treatments, new effects and new viewpoints in a paper.
Views should be clear, objective and dialectical. Don't and can't avoid different opinions. From the title of the paper to the conclusion, there are opinions everywhere, so opinions are the soul of the paper and run through it. Don't argue irrationally when discussing opinions, don't justify yourself, and try to avoid one-sidedness, subjectivity and randomness. It is necessary to compare with the viewpoints in domestic and foreign literatures, and also with the past viewpoints of our own laboratory. Analyze similarities and differences in comparison and raise awareness. Don't be afraid of wrong opinions, but correct them. A hundred schools of thought contend, and we know the truth in contention.
The text of the paper should be natural and smooth, "there are words without sentences, not far away." But don't be gorgeous, the purpose is to "carry the road with the text." The narrative of the paper should be logical, clear, simple and true, and have appropriate discretion.
(2) Thesis writing-preparation and writing.
The key to writing a thesis is preparation. People who can write papers are generally a three-step process. Think carefully before writing a paper, focusing on the overall situation; Fully lay a good paper, start writing, and do it in one go; After writing the first draft of the paper, leave it for a period of time, read and practice repeatedly.
People who can't write papers are the opposite. My stomach is empty, my brain is messy, and my words are heavy. They picked up the pen and began to write, and then stopped a few strokes. Write and stop, stop and write. Sometimes looking for information, sometimes looking up information, and sometimes making experiments. Tear off a page and copy a few words. Suddenly, I groaned, scratched my head and touched my ears, bit my pen and paced. The difference between these two people lies in the different preparation conditions, which many people who write papers for the first time don't realize. Good preparation for writing a thesis should have three stages.
1. Paper writing-preparation in the near future (when writing)
It refers to the preparation from the end of the experiment to the beginning of writing a paper. We should collect all materials, process data, prepare charts and complete statistical processing. Then make a good draft of the paper, list the outline of the paper, and clarify the basic points and main conclusions. Discuss with lecturers and collaborators to gain knowledge. After careful consideration, it was done in one go. Among them, "making a draft with your heart" is the key stage of writing a paper. At this time, all the work and data should be considered comprehensively, and the overall situation should be in the chest. This is the most tense moment of the author's mental work, just like the strategy hat before the battle begins.
2. Thesis writing-mid-term (while doing) preparation
People who can write papers don't start thinking about writing papers after finishing experiments, but are thinking about writing papers throughout the research work. The "title" and "introduction" of the paper are the condensation of various thoughts in the process of argumentation. "Materials and methods" are formed when looking for methods and construction methods. When writing a paper, you just need to describe it truthfully. The "experimental results" are accumulated and sorted out in the process of experimental design, experimental operation, stage induction and data collation. "Discussion" is a combination of usual thinking, frequent discussions with people around, consulting and analyzing literature and other processes, and finally summed up. It is to express several main points of view in the form of discussion on many problems that have been considered at ordinary times. "Conclusion" only needs to summarize the final result. Therefore, people who can write papers are constantly and naturally forming the final papers in the whole process of doing research. This whole process is the mid-term preparation of the thesis. It can be seen that the mid-term preparation begins with the topic of the paper and ends with the topic. The end of the topic, that is, when the mid-term preparation of the paper is completed.
3. Thesis writing-Long-term (class) preparation
If we only focus on short-term preparation and medium-term preparation, we often can't write excellent papers, which depends on the author's long-term preparation, that is, the basic preparation in the learning stage. This preparation refers to the mastery of research trends, the accumulation of professional foundation and the overall level of logical thinking, written expression, analysis and synthesis. This can never be done overnight, but the lifelong accumulation of training. This is why we should emphasize "reading thousands of books, writing like a god" and "Erguotou should learn poetry, and kung fu should be outside poetry" These accumulated efforts determine the writing level of the author's thesis, and then affect the spread of the thesis. This ability is not cultivated when it is used, but needs the author's efforts from an early age.
Thesis writing-review and revision
After writing the manuscript in one breath, it needs to be revised and tempered repeatedly. We should not only exercise ourselves repeatedly, but also ask relevant personnel to make suggestions, and finally ask relevant experts to review through the editorial department. When revising a paper, all the problems in writing norms and length should be revised according to the requirements stipulated in the publication. As the author of the paper, I certainly cherish the experimental data I have worked so hard to obtain, and I always hope to express it as much as possible in my paper. However, the reviewers of the papers are discerning people, and often make some suggestions for merger or deletion. At this time, the author should calmly consider whether to include the paper. Only by "simplifying the complex and simplifying the Sanqiu tree" can writing a paper produce "February flowers".
Reviewers of papers often express their opinions on opinions. This needs careful consideration to decide whether to adopt the amendment. After all, the author of the paper has had long-term practice and thinking about his work, and gradually formed his own views. It should be said that these views are quite well founded. As long as it is reasonable and well-founded, you can explain the reviewer's point of view and keep your own point of view. But sometimes the author finds himself in a corner, and his thoughts are getting deeper and deeper. It is also true that the reviewers of the paper point out the problems in the arguments and viewpoints of the paper from a higher angle. At this point, the author of the paper should seriously think about the essence of the opinion, adjust the train of thought, scrutinize it repeatedly and decide the choice. Neither stubborn nor accommodating. With the attitude of exploring truth, communicate with each other and improve together.
The paper has passed the review, and some opinions are not big, so it can be published with a little modification. Some can only be published after major changes have taken place. Some papers even think that the basic facts are unreliable or the basic viewpoints are wrong and cannot be published. The author of the paper should calmly analyze these opinions and handle them properly. We must adhere to a scientific and realistic attitude in everything.