~ ~ three elements of argumentative writing ~ ~ the purpose of argumentative writing is to put forward one's own views or opinions on a topic in order to convince others to believe one's own views. Therefore, writing an argumentative essay must be convincing. To write a persuasive argumentative essay, a work must include three basic elements: argument: the author's views, positions and opinions on the topic. Argument: The arguments or examples used by the author to support an argument can be divided into factual arguments and theoretical arguments. Argument: the process by which an author uses arguments to illustrate an argument. Because arguments and arguments are the basis of arguments, if the article only has arguments and lacks arguments or arguments, it will be impossible to convince readers of your point of view, just like in court, the prosecution lawyer can only charge the prisoner, but can't support his allegations with evidence. If there are only arguments and arguments without clear arguments, readers can only see piles of facts or examples, but can't clearly understand your views and opinions on the topic. Therefore, arguments, arguments and arguments are all indispensable elements in argumentative writing. ~ ~ The general structure of argumentative writing ~ ~ The argument is established, and the arguments supporting the argument are ready. Then, think about how to organize these materials into a complete article. Argumentative writing has many different structural methods. Generally speaking, we will adopt the following structural methods: Introduction->; Positive argument-> Refutation-> Conclusion picture reference: geocities/leolmc/images/icon29 introduction: introduce topics and establish arguments. -& gt； See writing methods for details. Photo reference: geocities/leolmc/images/icon29 positive argument: use various argumentation methods to support the argument. -& gt； See the demonstration method for details. Photo reference: geocities/leolmc/images/icon29 Refutation: List the arguments or excuses of people who disagree with their own opinions, and then refute them. -& gt； See the rebuttal method for details. Picture reference: geocities/leolmc/images/icon29 Conclusion: Reiterate your argument. -& gt； See the conclusion and reasoning method for details ~ ~ How to start writing ~ ~ I don't know if you have such a writing experience: after reading the composition topic, you have conceived a rich content in your mind, but you just can't think of an attractive introduction paragraph, which makes you unable to write. If you encounter such difficulties in writing an argumentative essay, you may wish to refer to the following methods of starting an argumentative essay: go straight to the subject and start writing an argument; In the first paragraph or even the first sentence of the article, you will show the full text of the argument. For example, there are many reasons for what we see, hear and touch every day. Because we often see, hear and come into contact with them, we all think those things are bland and don't mind. In fact, this is a loss. The truth of the matter is no better than the text and the teacher's explanation. After listening, you will understand. This truth is like a treasure in a secret room and a stone cabinet, and we need a key to open it. The key is the spirit of questioning. (Fan Qi's Spirit of Questioning) The downfall of the six countries was not bad for soldiers, but bad for war. (Su Xun's Six Kingdoms) Talking about the situation and background: When getting down to business, talk about the situation or related background to be discussed, thus leading to discussion. For example, more and more students from China and Hongkong study abroad. Maybe I can talk about it as a person who has been there ... (Zhou failed to study abroad) "Mother tongue teaching, get twice the result with half the effort" is the slogan of the education department to promote mother tongue teaching. In recent months, mother tongue teaching has become a topic in China, and the education department, parents and schools are arguing endlessly about it ..... (My Opinion on Mother Tongue Teaching by Mai Lianfa) Explain the topic: first make clear the main points of the topic. For example, there is an old saying: "The contented are always happy." It originated from Laozi's theory that "knowing enough is not humiliating, Zhi Zhi can stay still for a long time". It means that if a person knows how to be content, he will always be happy. It is used to educate those who are insatiable ... (He Jianyan is always satisfied) Question: Ask questions related to the topic, arouse readers' interest and introduce discussion. For example, what is the hardest thing in life? Poor? Not depressed? No. Old? Dead? Neither. I said that the hardest thing in life is to carry an unfinished responsibility on your back. (Liang Qichao's "The most bitter and joyful") Quote a famous saying: Quote the words of the ancients or authoritative people into the topic. For example, the ancients said, "* * * always thinks about yourself, and a gossip doesn't complain." Although this sentence sounds a bit pedantic, if you think about it carefully, it is still worth emulating. Geocities/leolmc/w_intro argument! ? ! (

Reference: Heart of Heaven

Argument: it shows the author's views, opinions and attitudes on the argument, and it is also the main body of the argument, explaining why it should be demonstrated. The author often uses clear and affirmative or negative sentences to express it. 2. Arguments: Based on arguments, it is the basis for the author to make a correct judgment, which can be divided into factual arguments and theoretical arguments. 3. Argumentation: It is the process that the author proves the argument with arguments, which plays a role in revealing the reasoning process in the article. It is the main part of the discourse structure and ideological content of argumentative writing. 4. Conclusion: Summarize the whole paper. 5. Inference: From conclusion and explanation. Demonstration method 1. Inductive demonstration method from the analysis and research of many individual things, summed up a conclusion with * * *. 2. Deductive argumentation is to analyze specific things according to general principles and synthesize the conclusions of this specific thing. 3. Analogical argument is to infer or prove the correctness of another truth from near to far by using similar characteristics or relationships between things. 4. The direct argument method directly proves the correctness of the argument from the front with sufficient arguments. 5. Indirect argument method indirectly proves the correctness of one's argument by proving the error of the enemy's theory (that is, the argument opposite to one's own argument). 6. Illustrative demonstration method selects typical cases as arguments to prove the argument. 7. The method of citing argument refers to axiom, great man's speech, etc. As an argument to prove an argument. 8. Comparative argument is to compare the positive and negative views and facts, so that some attributes of the things being argued are more distinct, prominent and easy to understand. 9. Metaphorical argumentation uses easy-to-understand things and allusions as metaphors to demonstrate arguments. 10. Causal argument explains the emergence, development and existence of the things to be demonstrated from a scientific point of view, so that people can overcome the blindness and one-sidedness in understanding. 1 1. The extended argument method is to extend a new viewpoint based on the existing correct viewpoint. 12. circumstantial evidence method proves the author's point of view with other relevant materials. Argumentation and refutation are the author's own theories, and refutation is the author's refutation of some arguments of the other side. Common rebuttal methods are as follows. 1. rebuttal point: first point out the wrong argument of the other party, or expose the contradiction between the other party's argument and objective facts.

Then refute the other party's argument with correct truth and conclusive facts. 2. Refutation: Argument is the basis of argument. If the argument is refuted, it will naturally be untenable. Methods of refuting arguments: A. Refuting theoretical arguments. Refute factual arguments. Refute argument: point out that there is no inherent logical relationship between the other party's argument and the argument. Summarizing a persuasive argumentative essay contains many elements: arguments, arguments, arguments, conclusions and inferences. The author establishes his own position, that is, after putting forward an argument, he can refute the other party's argument, which is called rebuttal. Whether it is an argument or a rebuttal, the author must support his argument in different ways.

Reference: cmiu/ref/article/article10/index

First, the significance of argumentative essays is a style that takes argumentation as the main expression and is used to analyze things and clarify opinions and opinions. Ye Shengtao's article speech: "The success of argumentative writing is to convince people" explains the basic characteristics of argumentative writing. In the process of discussion, whether discussing one's own views and opinions from the front or refuting others' views from the back to clarify one's own views, it is to express feelings and convince others, so as to give up prejudice and accept one's own views. Second, the argument of the paper is the author's views, viewpoints and attitudes on the issues discussed, which is the center of the whole paper. Argument is the basis of selecting and organizing materials, and it is the starting point and foothold of argument. An argumentative essay has only one central argument, and there are some sub-arguments under this central argument, which play a role in highlighting the central argument. Argument is the center of argumentative writing, which shows the ideological tendency of the article and determines its value. The argument must be correct, vivid, fresh and meaningful. "It can be displayed in the title, pointed out at the beginning and end of the article or in some key places, or naturally revealed in the analysis and discussion of the article. The main task of argumentative writing is to publicize the truth rather than simply express subjective opinions. So we need to choose the necessary arguments to prove it. The materials used for argumentation should be true, conclusive and typical, and can prove the reasons and basis of argumentation. There are two kinds of arguments: fact and theory; The factual argument is that it is most convincing to use facts, concrete realistic materials, historical facts and statistical data to illustrate the point of view. Theoretical arguments include ideas, theories, science, definitions, rules, laws, axioms and idioms. It is also very convincing to use these materials to illustrate the argument. Four. In addition to correct and distinct viewpoints and reliable arguments, argumentative essays should have scientific arrangements and intensive arguments in order to form convincing articles. Argumentation is the process and method of proving an argument with arguments. In argumentative writing, the argument is "what to prove", the argument is "what to prove" and the argument is "how to prove". Organizational argument is an important link in writing argumentative papers. There are two ways to discuss: one is to argue and the other is to refute. (1) To put forward an argument is to prove one's point of view from the front with solid examples and sufficient reasons, thus proving that the argument is correct. (2) Refutation is to refute each other's arguments, thus establishing their own arguments. Argumentation and refutation will be used in argumentative writing. Some are mainly refutation, some are mainly argumentation, some are both, and some are broken. As for how to apply it, it depends on the content of the article. V. Basic Structure of Argumentative Papers In the teaching of mathematics and physics, students can calculate similar problems by learning a formula and learn a complete set of theoretical formulas to solve many problems. In argumentative writing, students can also practice hard with some basic structures. These basic structures should be typical and universal, accurately reflect the characteristics of article layout, and reveal the law of rebuttal writing. The basic structure of an argumentative essay can be divided into three parts and four parts: the three parts refer to the three procedures of "from the middle to the end", in which the first part begins, then describes the main body and finally draws a conclusion. The three paragraphs are clear and clear, which is in line with Liu Xie's "beginning with the end, and then the love is in place;" "If you are learning, take classes as appropriate; If you go back to the end, you will sum up and give the main idea. " Three points can be divided into three types: total score, questioning and refuting arguments: 1. Total score: ask questions at the beginning, analyze problems in many ways in the middle, and finally summarize the article. Structural form: summary table-sub-table-summary table 2. Question-setting style: define the topic at the beginning, ask why in the middle, and point out how to achieve the goal at the end. Structural form: what-why-how. 3. Refutation type: put forward the wrong argument at the beginning, set the goal, then refute it in a targeted manner, and finally establish the correct point of view. Structure: The "quartile" of "putting first, refuting later and standing later" refers to the four procedures from beginning to end. It is an introduction; Inheritance and transformation are theories; Combination is the conclusion. Quartile can be divided into two types: 1. ※. Narrative: extract an appropriate theme from a concrete and concise example; Then, from this theme, contact other examples for further discussion; Then from this theme, around a real problem, in-depth analysis. And the end of the article should echo the case at the beginning. Structural form: talk-talk-talk about yourself-talk back. 2. pros and cons: in order to highlight the center, the introduction part can only introduce positive views. The second part lists specific examples and expounds positive views from multiple levels. The third part discusses the refutation of wrong views, causing sharp contrast, highlighting positive examples, affirming positive views at the end and highlighting the central idea. Structural form: Introduction ―― positive discussion ―― negative discussion ―― Conclusion The basic structural forms of argumentative essays listed above should not only pay attention to layout; The characteristics of the conclusion layer should also consider the requirements of topic review, conception, material selection and organization, which can be said to be a comprehensive type of content and structure. Beginners only need to ponder carefully and choose a model essay to prove it, which is helpful to improve their writing level.

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