At the beginning of the 20th century, geologists realized the importance of the interaction between water and rocks in the process of studying volcanism and volcanic petrology. 19 1 1 year, Alderworth of the United States made an important summary of the heat balance and gas evolution in the magma system when studying volcanic activity in Hawaii. He calculated the heat dissipated by conduction and radiation on the surface of lava: assuming the temperature of molten lava is 65,438+0,200℃ and the temperature of non-thermal crust is 450℃, it is estimated that the heat generated by radiation is 50 times that of heat conduction, and he concluded that it will take thousands of years for bubbles dissolved in magma chamber to escape from magma chamber, and the exothermic reaction inside a crater and between gas and liquid can keep the temperature of lava continuously. In 1930s, Cherbuliez and W eibel explained the content of sulfur in volcanic water and the result of the reaction between sulfur and water in sulfur-containing mineral springs in a suitable environment below 100℃. Perrin Rene and Roubault Marcel of France pointed out that water is one of the most important factors affecting the reaction rate of minerals during metamorphism.
In 1960s, some scholars considered the water-rock reaction in their mineralogical research, mainly focusing on the sequence of mineral reactions. Osborn studied the crystallization sequence of magma theoretically and established the Bowen reaction sequence in weakly alkaline rocks. He designed two reaction sequences, and studied the reaction sequences of MgO-CaO-FeO-Fe2O3-SiO2 system at different oxygen pressures by using the latest phase equilibrium data. The first reaction sequence can be applied to the study of mineral crystallization sequence in calc-alkaline rock series of orogenic belt: in the process of partial crystallization of basaltic fluid, when the oxygen pressure is kept at a very high level, magnetite precipitates with other series components, and the residual liquid is rich in silicon. The second reaction sequence can be applied to the evolution series of gabbro and layered intrusion types: at low oxygen pressure, fayalite crystallizes instead of magnetite, and the residual fluid is rich in iron. Evans found the equilibrium condition for the decomposition of muscovite in reversible reaction by measuring the change of reaction rate with temperature under fixed pressure. Engels and vogel studied the garnet reaction boundary between plagioclase and hypersthene. Mahon discussed the interaction between sedimentary rocks and schists and water at 200℃ and 300℃, compared the composition of solution and hydrothermal solution before and after the reaction, and discussed the mineral solubility and ion exchange reaction in the reaction solution under the condition of chemical equilibrium. When Yui Shunzo was studying the lead-zinc deposits in Shengang, Japan, he studied the lead-zinc deposits at 300℃ ~ 500℃,100 ~ 2000 bar1bar (bar) =1ookpa by experimental methods.
Behavior of carbonaceous materials during post-magmatic mineralization in graphite-H2O-CO2 system.
In 1970s, the research on water-rock interaction developed rapidly. 1During the international conference on hydrogeochemistry and biogeochemistry held in Tokyo in September, 1970, the late Professor Mikhail G.Valyashko, director of the Department of Geochemistry of Moscow University, proposed to set up a water-rock interaction working group under the International Association of Geochemistry and Astrochemistry (IAGC), referred to as WRI working group for short. Its work goal is to "study the water-rock interaction under different temperature and pressure conditions, write key programs, develop methods, and determine the migration form of chemical components". Its appearance makes "water-rock interaction" become a professional research field in geology, attracting more people's attention and research, thus expanding the research scope of water-rock interaction. The first International Conference on Water-Rock Interaction (WRI) was held in Czech Republic from 65438 to 0974. Since then, it has been held every three years, and it has been held 12 times in 2008. From the key topics of each meeting, we can see the hot spots of water-rock interaction research at that time (Table 2- 1). It can be seen from the table that "water-rock interaction" has penetrated into petrology, mineralogy, materials science, hydrogeology, environmental geology, economic deposit science, marine geology, engineering geology, nuclear waste disposal and other fields.
In the 1990s, with the continuous emergence of new technologies and methods, scientific exploration began to March into the deep part of the earth. Geologists realize that the physical and chemical dynamic processes on the earth (such as crust-mantle evolution, mantle convection and submarine hot springs) may be strongly influenced by water. The American scientific community thinks that the fluid inside the earth is a very important scientific frontier (NRC, 1993). The American Science Council believes that the most important research field to solve the resource problem is the study of the fluid inside the earth. The study of water-rock interaction and its dynamics takes the fluid inside the earth as the research goal and goes deep into the frontier field of fluid research. In the study of fluid problems, the chemical kinetics of water-rock interaction is put in the first place. Water-rock interaction is one of the important topics in earth science research.
2 1 century, the research field of water-rock interaction has been expanding, and the application scope has become wider and wider. 200 1 At the 10th International Conference on Water-Rock Interaction held in Italy, * * * received 400 papers from 45 countries, and 380 papers were selected as conference papers. The paper is divided into 14 topics. Many authors have applied advanced techniques and methods in the study of water-rock interaction, including isotopes, geochemical codes and analytical techniques, and people are increasingly interested in the comprehensive study of water-rock system. There are quite a few papers on every topic involved. In addition to traditional fields, such as water-rock interaction simulation, thermodynamics, weathering, magma and geothermal, it is worth noting that the conference received more than 65,438+000 papers from developed and developing countries to solve problems related to water quality, including natural water and polluted water. With people's attention to global environmental problems, water-rock interaction has also extended to the environmental field. "Geochemical Cycle, Global Change and Natural Disasters" as a special topic alone, * * * received 35 articles. There are 95 articles on "Pollution and Treatment" and "Waste Storage and Disposal", which shows that water-rock interaction has a good application prospect in this field.
Table 2- 1 Themes of the 8th to 11th International Conference on Water-Rock Interaction
sequential
In 2004, more than 300 scientists from more than 35 countries, including geochemists, biogeochemistries, hydrogeochemistries, geologists, volcanic geologists and environmental chemists, attended the 1 1 International Conference on Water-Rock Interaction held in the United States. The conference received 330 papers. This paper includes the latest progress of water-rock interaction in the fields of theory, analytical technology, experiment, basic research of low-temperature-high temperature field and abiotic and biological interaction. Compared with previous conferences, the special topic of the conference not only maintains the high research in the traditional research field, but also extends the water-rock interaction to a new research field. As the main factor affecting global change, the study of carbon dioxide has been paid more and more attention. Due to the needs of production and scientific and technological development, the study of mineral surface properties has received great attention. The research scope of water-rock interaction is also expanding, and the research on weathering has expanded from the initial surface and Quaternary to all geological spaces and geological time scales. Geochemical simulation has been extended from small molecular field to global scale. The role of microorganisms has been paid more and more attention, and "Geological Microbiology" is discussed separately as a special topic.
From these key topics, the study of water-rock interaction includes almost all geochemical processes from the surface to the deep underground and the water-rock interaction involved in the process of human exploitation and transformation of nature. It can be seen that water-rock interaction is not only an important geoscience research topic, but also has great practical application value.