Abstract (abstract)

Objective reading of veterinary literature reveals the long-term health risks and benefits associated with female/male dog sterilization. Evidence shows that sterilization will bring positive and negative health effects to dogs. This also makes us realize that we don't know enough about this issue.

First, the male dog (reproduced to add a classification)

In short, it seems impossible to cite a convincing case that most male dogs, especially immature male dogs, are sterilized to prevent future health problems. In most cases, the health problems caused by male dog sterilization may outweigh the health benefits. ?

(A) the positive impact of male dog sterilization

1.？ Eliminate the slight risk of dying from testicular cancer (possibility

2. Reduce the risk of non-cancerous prostate diseases.

3. Reduce the risk of perianal fistula.

It may reduce the risk of diabetes (the data is inconclusive).

(B) the negative impact of male dog sterilization

1. If the operation is performed before 1 year, the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) will increase significantly. Osteosarcoma is a common cancer in medium and large dogs with poor prognosis.

2. The probability of cardiac hemangioma increased by 1.6 times.

3. The risk of hypothyroidism is increased to 3 times.

4. Increase the risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly.

5. The risk of obesity has tripled. Obesity is a common health problem in dogs, which can lead to many other health problems.

6. The risk of prostate cancer has increased to 4 times (the probability of prostate cancer in dogs is very small, yes.

7. The risk of urinary tract cancer has doubled (the probability of urinary tract cancer in dogs is also very small, yes.

8. Increase the risk of orthopedic diseases.

9. Increase the risk of adverse immune reactions.

(The normal adverse reaction rate is 0.32%, and it is 27%-38% after sterilization).

? Second, the bitch (reproduced the first-level classification added)

For bitches, the situation is much more complicated. The health benefits of sterilization may outweigh the health problems of some dogs (not all dogs). Generally speaking, the probability that sterilization will improve or reduce the overall health may depend on the age of the bitch and the relative risk of various diseases to different dog breeds.

?

(A) the positive impact of female dog sterilization

1. If the operation is performed before the age of 2.5, the risk of breast tumor will be greatly reduced. Breast tumor is the most common malignant tumor in bitches.

2. The risk of uterine empyema can be almost eliminated. However, the probability of uterine empyema in unsterilized bitches is about 23%. About 1% of unsterilized bitches died of pyometra.

3. Reduce the risk of perianal fistula.

4. Eliminate the risk of uterine tumor, cervical tumor and ovarian tumor (the probability of female dogs suffering from such diseases is very low, 0.5%).

5. Prevent uterine empyema

(B) the negative impact of female dog sterilization

1. If the operation is performed before 1 year, the risk of osteosarcoma (bone cancer) will be greatly increased. Bone cancer is a common cancer in larger dog breeds with poor prognosis.

2. The risk of splenic hemangioma increased to 2.2 times, and the risk of cardiac hemangioma increased to >: 5 times. Hemangioma is a common cancer in dogs, and it is also the main cause of death in some breeds of dogs.

3. The risk of hypothyroidism is increased to 3 times.

4. The risk of obesity increased to 1.6-2 times. Obesity is a common health problem in dogs, which can lead to many other health problems.

5. Causing 4-20% of bitches to suffer from "sterilized urinary incontinence".

6. The risk of persistent or recurrent urinary tract infection is increased to 3-4 times.

7. Increase the risk of vulvar depression, vaginal dermatitis and vaginitis, especially for bitches sterilized before puberty.

8. Low risk of urinary tract tumor (

9. Increase the risk of diseases of the skeletal system.

10. Increase the risk of adverse immune reactions.

One thing is clear-the information obtained by the public about dog sterilization is incomplete and contains many exaggerated or unfounded assertions. This information did not educate pet owners, but led to some common misunderstandings, which made people misunderstand the health risks and benefits related to sterilization.

Traditional sterilization timing (6 months) and modern sterilization in early childhood may make dogs more susceptible to illness, which could have been avoided, if 1) wait until the dog is mature; Or 2) For many male dogs, don't do sterilization at all, and wait until you need to see a doctor.

The long-term health risks and benefits of sterilization vary from person to person. Dog breed, age and sex are all variable factors and should be considered as non-medical factors of each dog. The research results of veterinary literature do not support the suggestion of sterilization for all pet dogs across the board.

Note: the serial number in the text is reproduced and arranged, and the original text is not written.

References:

Excerpted from Sina blog-the blog of dog trainer Lan Jiong? /s/blog _ 69d2b 9 190 102v 18v . html

Original source:

1. The source of the paper is Wikipedia, translated by Lan Jiong.

2. 1 ... Thesis title (English original): Long-term health risks and benefits related to spay/neutral in dogs.

2.2. Long-term health risks and benefits of female ovariectomy and male castration.

3. Author: Laura J. sanborn, Master/Laura J. sanborn, Master of Surgery.

Release date: May 2007 14/May 200714.