Summary 18, 19 century, due to the development of physics, chemistry and biology, in the medical field, due to the development of internal medicine and surgery, dermatology developed correspondingly on the basis of these sciences and became an independent discipline. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, a few scholars began to pay attention to dermatology. The representative figures of this period are:
Turner of Britain (D. 1667 ~ 1740) compiled the books written by Julial in 1572, and published the first English dermatology in 17 14.
France's Astrucci (J. 1684 ~ 1766), whose works describe in detail the relationship between the anatomical location of skin diseases and the skin layers and their affiliated organs, and wrote a book "Morbus Venercis".
French Laurie (A.C. 1726 ~ 1783) inherited the Greek Hippocratic theory, emphasized the etiology and pathogenesis, and classified skin diseases according to physiology, pathology and etiology.
Plaenker (,j von1732 ~1807) is a surgeon and has written papers on sexually transmitted diseases and dermatology. According to the morphology of skin diseases, skin diseases are divided into fourteen categories.
The above-mentioned four scholars made certain contributions in the embryonic period of dermatology in the18th century. Because of the times, they have a wide range of work and only focus on dermatology.
Willand (Willan, R.1757 ~1812) in Britain comprehensively sorted out the names, symptoms, causes of various skin diseases and their relationships with other tissues and organs according to Plaenker's morphological classification and Lori's physiological, pathological and etiological classification, which laid a relatively orderly foundation for dermatology. Willand is a dermatologist. His works were merged into a book Dermatology on 1900, which was a novel monograph of dermatology at that time.
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, European dermatology gained a series of new creations, and academic research centers and schools appeared.
The European academic research center of dermatology is the first to promote the Paris St. Louis Center founded by Alibert (J.L. 1769 ~ 1837). 1799, Alibert took over a St. Louis hospital located in the suburb of Paris, specializing in treating patients with leg ulcers, scabies and chronic skin diseases that others refused to treat, and set up more than 300 beds. With great enthusiasm and abundant energy; After nearly six years of rectification, the clinical academic system has been established and has become the basis of college teaching. It is free, open to the outside world and has a large audience. However, there are still some shortcomings in his clinical description and classification, which caused dissatisfaction among his students. For example, Biett (L.1781~1840) adopted Willand's method more. However, the St. Louis Hospital built by Alibert was the first academic research institution or center of dermatology. In the future, this hospital has trained a series of world-renowned dermatologists.
Later, the internationally renowned dermatologist Herbra (F.1816 ~1880) appeared in Vienna, Austria. He founded the Vienna Dermatology School, and under his leadership, Vienna became the world dermatology center at that time. He classified skin diseases according to pathological changes, emphasizing the external cause theory and external treatment of skin diseases (related to seeing a large number of scabies patients at that time). At the same time, I noticed the development of skin diseases, from one to another, such as from macula to papule. He encouraged paying attention to morphology when seeing a doctor, and carefully observing, recording and analyzing the morphology he saw, regardless of the medical history and etiological theory. At that time, the Vienna School trained a group of famous dermatologists in academic circles, such as Kaposi (M. 1837 ~ 1902) and Auspitz (H.). In the monograph on classification of dermatoses published by 18 10, Hebran classified dermatoses into twelve categories.
In addition to the above two school centers, Unna (P.G.1850 ~1929) in Hamburg, Germany has also made outstanding contributions in dermatology. Honnore entered the 1930s. His graduation thesis was barely passed at that time, and it was hit by this. 1875 went to Vienna to study clinical dermatology from Herbran and Kaposi, studied dermatology from Auspitz, and returned to Hamburg for internship two years later. His clinic is crowded with people. 188 1 year, Honnore built a hospital in Hamburg with all the clinical, laboratory and teaching conditions of the university center, and held a refresher course, which became famous in the world a few years later. He has many creations, such as dyeing elastic fibers with indigo acid and treating papular urticaria with polychromatic methylene blue mast cells. 1894, he published a colorful book on dermatology, which is still the standard work of dermatology, making him a world-famous dermatologist. The dermatology training course he organized became the world dermatology pathology center at that time. With the deepening of clinical and naked eye observation, microscopic identification and feature identification have also gained the correct position. Microscopic analysis of skin diseases has become a reasonable basis for diagnosis and treatment. With the help of advanced and exquisite medication technology, the diagnosis and treatment can be improved to the level of tissue therapy. Honnore devoted himself to this work all his life, and his creative achievements made outstanding contributions to dermatology.
/kloc-there are many new discoveries in the 0/9th century, especially in the aspects of microscope transformation and slide dyeing technology, which have been continuously developed and improved, and many cells and microorganisms have been identified and identified. These developments were more prominent in the second half of the nineteenth century. For example: the development of tissue section staining research and the discovery of mold. This mold was first discovered by Schoenlein in 1839 as favus. A legal person named J.V. 1797 ~ 1838 discovered Microsporum Odoni; Chaetomium was discovered in eishstedt (eishstedt1816 ~1892). Burchardt discovered Rhodopseudomonas in 1858 (now considered as Corynebacterium parvum, not mold); 1892, the legal person Sabouraudi (R.J.A.1864 ~1938) discovered the mold culture medium-Sabroche culture medium, which laid the foundation for the identification of various molds and made a great contribution to medical mycology. As for other microorganisms, Ducrey (O. A. 1860 ~ 1940) discovered Streptomyces rouxii at 1889; Hansen (G.A.1841~1912) discovered Leprosy in 1869; Koch, R. discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882; Leiser (L.S) in Switzerland discovered Neisseria gonorrhoeae at 1879; German Simon (G. 1824 ~ 1876) discovered follicular hyperplasia at 1842; Bacillus anthracis was also discovered by Koch in 1877.
Due to the prevalence of scabies in Europe, it is said that scabies were found in 1634. In 1687, Bonnomeau described that rural women in Italy found scabies in children's scabies. (In 620 AD, China Sui Fang described in his book Etiology that people often use needles to pick out scabies, but later they lost them. Until 1834, the legal person Renucci (S.F.) saw rural women picking out scabies from children's scabies, went to St. Louis Hospital to do experiments in front of the masses (including Professor Alibert), and picked out scabies from women's scabies with a needle and acted on his nails.
Syphilis is still very popular in Europe in the19th century, but the cause has not been found. It was not until the beginning of the 20th century that Shao Ding (F.1871~1906) and Hoffman (F.) suffered great harm from a female patient. 1906, Wassermann (A.P. von1866 ~1925) found that the serum of syphilis patients was positive. 19 10, Ehrlich found 606, and later found 9/kloc. So, syphilis.
Due to the emergence of European academic centers in the19th century, especially in the second half of the year, dermatologists were brilliant and wrote many books. Later, they published magazines, books, organized societies, and held domestic or international academic exchange conferences, which enabled the new achievements of dermatology to communicate with each other quickly and made rapid progress in dermatology. Because Europe attaches great importance to dermatology, hospitals in France and Germany have specialized beds for dermatology, and many medical schools in other countries have independent dermatology hospitals, thus promoting the continuous improvement of dermatology.
In the 20th century, in addition to the early Treponema pallidum, Fahrenheit reaction and the invention of 606, dermatology generally developed. By 1954, Rothman (S S.) published "Skin Physiology and Biochemistry", which synthesized the international work on skin physiology and biochemistry for many years, gave great inspiration to dermatologists and promoted skin. The Physiology and Pathophysiology of Skin edited by Jarrett (A A.) has been published in 36 volumes since 1973, which has also played a certain role in promoting basic research. In recent ten years, the basic science of dermatology has developed vigorously, such as the transformation of collagen and keratin, the application of epidermal cell culture system, the rejection of Langerhans cells to transplantation, the role of keratinocytes in making immunomodulatory molecules, the characteristics of pemphigus and pemphigoid antigens, monoclonal antibodies, T cell subtypes, cell fluorescence imager and so on.