There are three key elements in Dante's educational process. One is a Dominican from Domingo, Florence, and Dante studied and studied with them in the 1990s of 13. Although before this, Domingo will be a great mentor and writer Thomas? 6? 1 Aquinas is dead, but his works are complete, so Dante can absorb the complete Aristotle philosophy, which has been adopted by Thomas? 6? Aquinas digested Christianity [1]. Thomas Aristotle's theory provides a framework for all Dante's works, bringing inner consistency and intellectual rigor.
The second element in Dante's education is a good teacher, and that is the classical scholar Brunetto Latini. He is also a scholar of Aristotle School, and the first part of the second volume of his main work, Li Wenji, contains the translation of Aristotle's Ethics. Treasures was written in French, because Italian was not considered to be the appropriate language to present serious works at that time; This translation is one of the earliest works to translate ethics into European dialects. Thanks to Latin, Dante can understand the importance of rhetoric, that is, he can argue forcefully and elegantly and use Latin or other languages. It was also through Latin that Dante became familiar with at least some works of Cicero and seneca. Virgil, especially his Aeneas, is the successor of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. Even in the troubled times of the dark ages, Virgil was not abandoned, and he always found the guardian of Christianity. But other Christians, including some of the most influential ones, such as Hieronymus and Saint Augustine, condemned Virgil as a typical pagan. Latini not only taught Dante to appreciate, but also taught him to use Virgil's works. In Dante's Divine Comedy (which can be regarded as the Christian spiritual successor of Aeneas), Virgil appeared as a guide and led Dante through hell and purgatory, although as a completely orthodox Christian, Dante could completely exclude the Latin poet from heaven and let him fall into the first floor of hell [2].
The third factor of Dante's education is the influence and encouragement of his close friend and colleague guido cavalcanti. Cavalcanti is a classical scholar and a passionate advocate of Italian. It was he who persuaded Dante to write in Tuscan or Italian in Florence. Therefore, naturally, when Dante wrote Convivio in Italian and De lousa eloquentia in Latin, he put forward the first great defense of the national language in the Renaissance: he thought that the national language was also a language suitable for presenting magnificent works. There is a sentence in Fang Yan that predicts Italian: "This will become a new light and a new sun. When the tired sun goes down, it will rise and give light to those in shadow and darkness, because the old sun did not illuminate them. " Dante is keenly aware that people can't master Latin accurately, but they can read their own language through education. In fact, Dante's point of view has already appeared in the Divine Comedy written entirely in Italian, that is, the most beautiful poems can be written in the common Tuscan language and the most important affairs can be handled. Before Dante, Tuscan was just one of many dialects in Italy, and there was no recognized written Italian language in the whole Italian peninsula. After Dante, written Italian was established (presented in Tuscany). Indeed, Italians in the 2 1 century, as well as foreigners who have some knowledge of Italian, can easily read most of the divine comedy. No other writer has such a decisive influence on modern language.
Dante's Divine Comedy is a Christian epic about good and evil, reward and punishment, which describes his experiences in hell, purgatory and heaven and what he saw and heard on the way. It has many roles, most of which are Dante's contemporaries. Dante participated in the politics of Florence in 1294; Florence is a city that is extremely sensitive to politics, and is committed to supporting the actions of the Holy See in Guelph. Like most Italian cities, Florence is divided into two factions. Dante's party fell from power because of its opposition to extreme triumphalism [3] Pope Boniface VIII. Dante was exiled in 130 1 year, and was sentenced again in 13 15 year. Factional struggles in these Italian cities are evil and deadly. Dante's property was confiscated and he was found guilty. If he returns to the city, he will be tied to a stake and burned to death. Therefore, he spent most of his life in exile, mainly in Lavaine where he died. He lamented the pain of "eating someone else's bread and climbing someone else's ladder" with sympathetic poems.
However, there is almost no sadness in his great divine comedy. Dante is a particularly generous man, who has inclusive love for all mankind and individuals. He also understands the nature of God's love, which spreads all over the universe and gives it meaning. His poems are full of implications and enlightenments, and in many ways, they are as frank and direct as the altar paintings of medieval cathedrals. He treats Christian faith with awe-inspiring seriousness and will not try to ignore the misery of hell and the pain of purgatory. From this point of view, he is a medieval man, and he is convinced of the great and extraordinary cosmic structure described by the church. He is also a witty storyteller and a talented poet. His story goes very smoothly, full of joyful, shocking and frightening events, and often shines with vivid eloquence and inspiration.
Besides, Dante was not only a medieval man, but also a Renaissance man. Like many scholars who followed him, he strongly criticized the church. Although Guelph, he was deeply impressed by the German emperor henry vii. He invaded Italy in 13 10, changed Dante's political thought and accepted a single universal monarchy. Dante showed this in his Latin thesis "On Monarchy", but after his death, he was denounced as a heresy. Dante had great faith, and he understood the view of medieval Christians that the only way to obtain personal peace was to submit to the will of God, no matter how unbearable it was sometimes. But Dante also has the critical spirit of the new era in the future. He has insight and can see through the core of things. All men and women, rich and poor, educated and uneducated, can find something in his works and read or listen to his poems with admiration. After his death, his fame spread rapidly and then grew steadily. Soon, Florence, who had exiled him, fought against Lavaine to save his respectable and now priceless bones. Dante not only promoted Italian as a communication tool of higher art, but also initiated the Renaissance: an unprecedented new century in which talents exerted their creativity. He became an example, a lighthouse and a mentor, just as Virgil was to him; For inferior talents, Dante is also the source of ability and vitality, and the towering giant that the most ambitious people can judge for themselves. After Dante, it seems that nothing is beyond human reach.
This is the view of another Tuscan, giovanni boccaccio. He was born in 13 13 (Dante was still alive at that time), and his businessman father decided that he must be in business all his life. Therefore, he was sent to Naples, where he found the love of his life, Fiamanta, which has always appeared in all his works, just as Beatrice is to Dante. Boccaccio is Dante's successor: he has Dante's ability to manipulate new mature languages and Dante's outstanding storytelling ability. His mother is French, and he included the legendary stories of the French Middle Ages in his works. He adopted the bard's eight-line poem (Otavarima) and gave it a literary form, making it truly the most dynamic poem in Italian literature. His decameron is the product of the Black Death in 1348, and it is the source of interesting things in Renaissance Europe after The Divine Comedy. In the book, seven young women and three young men fled Florence because of an infectious disease. They stayed in the country for two weeks and spent ten days telling stories. In all, they made up more than 100 stories, each ending in a folk song or poem. So this book is actually an excerpt from stories and poems. In the next 200 years, it will be the object of inspiration for people without creative talent. Conservatives in the church and society don't like it, because it presents a freer lifestyle and the ideas of the younger generation, which is in sharp contrast with the past. But some people like it for this reason. In this way, it is an avant-garde book and a pioneer of the growing Renaissance trend.