(1) Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

1. argument: it is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed and the soul of argumentative writing. Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. It is necessary to distinguish between central arguments and sub-arguments. Argument should be a clear judgment and complete statement of the author's point of view. This is a sentence with strong generalization. It may be at the beginning of the article, or at the middle or end of the article. Many times the title of an article is a central argument. If there is no sentence suitable for making a central argument in the article, let's summarize it.

In addition, you can also find arguments by expressing positive or negative keywords, such as "think", "must", "therefore", "want", "yes" and "no".

2. Argument: It is the material to prove the argument. It is dominated by and serves the argument.

There are two types of arguments: factual arguments and theoretical arguments.

Factual arguments: including representative cases, conclusive data and reliable historical facts. The examples used can be specific or general. If you use facts to prove the argument, at the same time, use examples to prove it.

Theoretical argumentation: refers to the correct theory that has been tested by people's practice and recognized by the society, including social science theories, such as philosophical theories; It also includes the principles, laws and formulas of natural science, as well as proverbs, famous sayings and fables.

Note that sometimes rational argument also refers to the author's reasoning.

The function of argument: whether it is factual argument or rational argument, the function is to prove the author's point of view, but when we read, we should analyze which point of view is directly or indirectly proved by the author. When answering questions, it is often required to answer the points that are directly proved, not necessarily the central argument of the whole paper.

3. Argumentation: refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments. It is the link between arguments and arguments. Argumentative writing solves the problem of "what needs to be proved", argumentative writing solves the problem of "what to prove" and argumentative writing solves the problem of "how to prove".

(2) Argumentative method. There are four common types: example argument, reason argument, contrast argument and metaphor argument.

1. Demonstration with examples: cite conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument;

For example, the article "The Spirit of Questioning" gives the following examples: Newton wanted to ask why an apple fell to the ground, thus establishing the theory of "gravity"; Watt studied the boiling of kettle water as a problem and invented the steam engine. Sakyamuni explored a very common phenomenon of life and founded Buddhism. When Confucius saw everything in the ancestral temple, he asked questions, saluted Laozi and became a saint admired by the world. This paper demonstrates the value of questioning spirit by citing four famous examples.

For another example, the article "Talking about Bone" lists three examples: Wen Tianxiang, the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, led the loyal opposition Yuan Army, vowed not to surrender after being captured and died generously; In ancient times, the poor would rather starve to death than eat food. Wen Yiduo, a democracy fighter, was furious at the assassination of Kuomintang agents. Three examples have proved from different angles that "we China people have backbone". This central argument

2. Reasoning and argumentation: use the incisive opinions in the classic works of Marxism-Leninism, famous sayings from domestic and foreign celebrities and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument.

For example, the tenth paragraph of On Seeking Knowledge lists the functions of six kinds of scientific knowledge: "Reading history makes people wise, reading poetry makes people wise, calculus makes people precise, philosophy makes people profound, ethics makes people think deeply, and logic rhetoric makes people distinguish", and it is concluded that "knowledge can shape people's character". The list is informative and the conclusion is convincing. Because the materials cited in the argument are all scientific conclusions confirmed by objective reality, or people's recognized truth, theoretical authority and profound thoughts, they are irrefutable and persuasive.

For example, in the articles "Sinking" and "Ending", the article cites two sources of "Sinking" in Ci Yuan, which are authoritative reference books of ancient Chinese and have certain authority as theoretical argumentation, and these two sources strongly demonstrate that "Sinking" and "Ending" are not the same thing and cannot be in the middle.

3. Comparative argument: compare the positive and negative arguments or arguments, and prove the arguments in comparison.

For example, in memory of Bethune, Bethune's "extreme responsibility for work and extreme enthusiasm for comrades and people" is compared with many people's irresponsibility for work, "indifference to comrades and people" and "indifference and indifference"; By comparing Bethune's "taking medical care as his profession and striving for technical perfection" with "a group of people who despise technical work and think there is no way out", this paper specifically demonstrates the spirit of * * * productism in learning from Bethune.

Another example is: The article Thinking and Doing compares "some people can only dream but can't do things" with "some people can only do things but can't think", points out its harm, and demonstrates that "thinking and doing are inseparable and must be linked together". In this way, the use of positive and negative contrast makes right and wrong clear, makes people abandon mistakes and accept correctness, and enhances the effect of argument.

Comparative argumentation is a comprehensive argumentation method, which can include the comparison of facts, the comparison of truth and the comparison of figurative sentences with opposite effects. Sometimes there is more than one argument for a paragraph, and we must find them all.

4. Metaphorical argument: use familiar things as metaphors to prove arguments.

For example, in the fourth paragraph of On Knowledge, a set of metaphors is used to demonstrate that "knowledge can improve human nature". Writing in this way makes the argument easy to understand.

Demonstration method has its role:

Using examples and typical cases to demonstrate can enhance the persuasiveness of the article and convince people.

Reasoning, quoting famous sayings and ancient classics can improve the authority and credibility of article reasoning.

(3) The structure of argumentative paper.

There are two views on the structure of argumentative writing:

The first method: The basic structure of argumentative writing is to ask questions (also called introduction), analyze problems (also called ontology) and solve problems (also called conclusion). It can be divided into two categories: one is to discuss the structure layer by layer, which is called "vertical"; The first is the parallel development of discourse structure, which is called "horizontal body". (This method is used for understanding)

The second method (examination): the argumentative essay structure can be roughly divided into three forms:

1. The formula of "total division" reflects the thinking form of the author's deductive reasoning. It first puts forward a topic or argument, and then demonstrates it from several aspects.

2. The form of "divide and sum" embodies the thinking form of the author's inductive reasoning. It first analyzes the problems to be discussed from several aspects, and then logically summarizes the conclusions.

3. "Total-Divide-Total" mode, which reflects the thinking form of the author's comprehensive use of deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. First of all, always put forward an argument, then discuss it from several aspects, and finally summarize the full text to form a conclusion. Compared with the first two structural forms, the introduction, theory and conclusion of this structural form are relatively complete and universal.

(4) The language of argumentative writing-accuracy, generality, vividness and distinctiveness. Understand the meaning of key words and evaluate the language style of the article. Understand the meaning of words, analyze the language and evaluate the language style through context, connecting the content of the article with the characteristics of argumentation. The language style of argumentative writing is related to the author's life, personality and experience. Some are simple and plain, some are subtle and humorous, some are elegant and gorgeous, and some are fresh and natural.

1, an article with good internal quality, if the "face" (handwriting) is disgusting, its score is often not ideal. Why? First, the words and papers are poor, and points will be deducted according to the grading requirements. Second, the "face" of the test paper controls the examiner's marking mood to a certain extent. Beautiful and neat writing is the best "coat" of an article, which directly and effectively forms the reviewer's scoring impression: First, the strokes should be clear. Clear strokes and correct fonts will leave a good impression on reviewers. On the contrary, the dragon and phoenix dance, all the way crazy grass, but it is difficult to identify, even if the article is written well, it is difficult for people to appreciate. Secondly, the font should be moderate. The font is too large, the volume is crowded, chaotic and indecent. The font is too small to read. Also, change it as little as possible. If you want to change it, you must also change it in a standardized way. Don't scribble, leaving eye-catching ink spots on the surface of the paper roll, causing a messy feeling.

Draw up a good question

The theme is the eye of the article and an important part of the article to convey important information. Being at the top of the article structure, the title of the article will directly affect the reviewer's first impression of the article. The basic requirements for the proposed topic of argumentative paper are: to be eye-catching and comfortable on the basis of accuracy. It can be vivid, vivid, concise, unique, neat and so on. In short, it is best to stimulate the reader's interest in reading, or to make him feel refreshed.

The title of an argumentative essay should conform to the stylistic characteristics and be clear, so that people can know its purpose at a glance. Articles with distinct views are most popular with reviewers, because they have a clear and transparent sense, can convey the general content of the article, and facilitate reviewers to grasp the basic content of the whole article accurately and quickly. Such as "Honesty can't be discarded", "Qi Fei of science and technology and humanity", "Black boy of transplanting memory and innovation" and "Strong-my immortal faith" are all good topics with distinctive features and attention. Pursuing image, vividness and individuality on a distinct basis is a higher requirement for argumentative writing. This kind of essay can catch the reader's eye and make him want to read it at first sight. The effect is wonderful. For example, the center of the article is "Go your own way and let others talk" and the title is "Learn to swim in others' spittle", which is somewhat humorous and makes people feel at a glance.

Have a good start.

Gorky said: "(at first) it is like setting the tone in music. It gives the tone of the whole song, which is where the author spends his time." The beginning of an argumentative paper should pay attention to "short, fast and beautiful". To be brief means to be concise. It is best to divide three or two sentences into paragraphs to introduce this theory. A short beginning can avoid verbosity, and short sentences are divided into paragraphs, highlighting the importance of their content in space. To be quick is to get to the point quickly. It is best to point out the basic ideas or themes of the article in a few sentences. Because there is a "clear center" regulation in the grading standard. Determining the center at the beginning is conducive to the reviewers' scoring and the author's discussion, avoiding writing taboos such as unclear topics and changing topics halfway. Beautiful means wonderful. This is also the "phoenix head" mentioned in traditional literary theory. The most prominent function of a wonderful beginning is to attract the examiner and leave a good impression on him. The beginning of the article should be wonderful, and the argument should be introduced by rhetorical devices such as metaphor, analogy and parallelism. You can also quote famous sayings and tell fables to introduce the topic.

Write the first sentence and the last sentence in the middle paragraph.

Whether the argumentative essay is rigorous in structure, clear in organization, rigorous in argument and typical in argument depends on the writing of the middle paragraph. Structure, organization, arguments and arguments are important rules for marking argumentative essays, so writing argumentative essays should meet these standards as much as possible.

Common discussion methods are: the first sentence is a small argument or a transitional sentence connecting the preceding with the following; Mainly focus on small arguments, use appropriate facts and theoretical arguments, or analyze and reason some phenomena in real life; Finally, write a sentence or two summarizing the discussion. The writing of the first sentence and the last sentence is the most important, which can directly outline the context of the article and show the discussion ideas of the full text. In addition, the overall argumentation structure of the article often uses positive and negative contrast. As long as many reasons are said from both sides, they can basically be strictly discussed. Skillfully using this composition mode in the examination room can quickly start writing, reduce mistakes and save time. At the same time, it can make the examiner score the scores above average conveniently according to the scoring standard, and avoid the personal scoring factors that are not conducive to the candidates.

5. Typical and vivid arguments

Argument is the soul of argumentative writing, sub-argument is the skeleton supporting this soul, and argument is the flesh and blood of argumentative writing. It is inconceivable that a person should be full and colorful, with only a soul and skeleton and no flesh and blood. The same argumentative essay can't be called an article only with central arguments and sub-arguments, and it must also have typical and vivid arguments.

Typical arguments refer to representative examples and famous sayings that can fully reflect the essence of things. First of all, ask for truth and be related to the topic. Secondly, we should abandon the old arguments and use new ones. Some students memorized several classic arguments in their compositions, such as Sima Qian, Madame Curie and Zhang Haidi, and used them from different angles as a kaleidoscope. In fact, even if these arguments are typical, they are not noticeable. On the contrary, it will be better to choose the new argument that "people have me without me, and people have me", which will make commentators feel fresh when reading. In addition, some students are used to reasoning with ancient examples, and the whole article fails to connect with reality, has no running water of the times, and cannot achieve the purpose of full reasoning. It is best to quote fashionable sentences and examples that the media generally pay attention to to to assist reasoning, strengthen the pertinence and sense of the times of reasoning, and make the article more convincing.

Tie the tail

The ending is the inevitable result of the development of the full-text content and an important part of the article structure. Shi Tuo, a famous modern writer, once said, "When writing an article, no matter how long it is, we should first consider the ending. With the end, how to start, how to arrange in the middle, it will be solved. " A good ending should be like a leopard tail, loud and powerful, alarming and inspiring. For example, Lu Xun's "On the Collapse of Leifeng Tower" ends with only two words: "What a suck!" Just two words can be said to be concise, penetrating the back of the paper.

In fact, the end of an article is sometimes more important than the beginning. Because the rater begins to grade after reading the end, its quality directly affects the rater's scoring psychology. Li Yu once said: "At the end of the article, we should capture the soul with flattering words and let it linger on the picture scroll. If it is hard to say goodbye." If the ending has this effect, the whole article will add a lot of color. At the end of the argumentative paper, collect the full text and highlight the central argument; To reflect the compactness and integrity of the full-text structure, we should not retreat hastily or gild the lily; Language should be crisp and powerful, clear and loud, inspiring and inspiring.

7. The language image is fluent

Language items are an important criterion for composition grading. The language of argumentative writing should be accurate, vivid and vivid. When some students write argumentative essays, they often pose as telling the truth. In order to reason thoroughly, they move out the terms of philosophical principles and dialectics, but the effect is counterproductive.

There are 1000 versions of a truth. Try to choose a vivid version. In order to show vivid effect, vivid and even gorgeous language is essential in addition to using analogy, analogy and examples. For example, an article commenting on what China's culture will be like after China's entry into WTO quoted: "After China's entry into WTO, global culture will enter countries with abundant capital to satisfy or resist nationalist sentiments. What China cultural people need to learn is how to enjoy the happiness of the capital. " Although this passage is concise, it is very simple. If it is slightly modified, it will be dazzling: "After China's accession to the WTO, global culture has come with the fierce wind of capital to meet or resist the nationalist sentiment that is no longer epic. What China cultural people need to learn is to dance happily in the capital. " The same reasoning, after revision, although the language is complex, is full of fun, pleasing to the eye and not boring.

Modify the language of argumentative writing, pay attention to the use of rhetorical devices such as metaphor, parallelism, duality and repetition, and form a beautiful and smooth feeling of the article; Pay attention to using hypothetical sentences, rhetorical questions or whole sentences to make the article more irrefutable. Although the power of modifying language cannot be achieved overnight, as long as it is accumulated over time, it will naturally make progress and make people feel like mountains and rivers.