In Japanese, there are several ways to show that the subject has some ability and conditions to do some behavior:
1, use "できる" directly.
"Private Japanese" "I can speak Japanese."
"Lee" and "Little Chef Li Can."
Here, the theme is represented by "は" and the content of the meeting is represented by "が "."
2. Use "ことができる".
はをすことができます.」
"Li"
Here, "Japanese dialect" and "cooking" are the concrete contents that can be done. In short, they are attributes of "Japanese dialect", and "Japanese dialect" and "Japanese cuisine" are interrelated. Different from the above, the object of specific content is "を" instead of "が". "
In this way, you can make things more specific, such as:
"Japanese words をすことができます." "I can speak Japanese."
をくことができません. ""Can't write Japanese "
Put these two sentences together and express them in the form of contrast, that is:
"Japanese characters はすことはできますが, books くことはできま.
"Can you speak or write Japanese?"
Because of the contrast, I put forward "Japanese" as the theme, with "は" as the representative; The "が" after "こと" is indicated by "は "."
3. Possible states
① Form: five verbs+れる.
Other verbs+られる.
Is:-は -がpossible verb sentence patterns.
"I personally don't want to stab you, but I don't want to eat you." "I can eat sashimi."
"Come at 8 o'clock tomorrow." "I can come at 8 o'clock tomorrow."
In the case of a five-paragraph verb, the verb changes its pronunciation:
A "よむ"+"れる" in "む" has become "れる". "
B.“ま The approximate pronunciations of "ま" and "れ" have become "め". "
C then "まれる" became "める"
D. so in the five-paragraph verb, the verb becomes possible without complicated changes. You can directly change the pen name ぅ-paragraph at the end of the word to ぇ-paragraph at the end of the line, and then add る. For example:
The possible verb of "Shu" is "Shu";
The possible verb of "you ぶ" is "you べる";
The possible verbs of "Zou" are "Zou" and so on.
Japanese folk news. "I can read Japanese newspapers."
"We will have a day off, a day off, a day off, and a day trip to Maji." I have a rest on Sunday, so I can go shopping. "
What is the contract sound? Combine the consonants of the first pseudonym with the vowels of the second pseudonym to form a new pseudonym. For example, the pronunciation of ま is ma, the consonant is m, the pronunciation of れ is re, the vowel is e, and the combination of m and e becomes me. The concept of contract sound is not limited to possible verbs, and the contract sound mentioned in other contents can also be treated in this way.
② The possible state of サ-changing verb should be formed by adding られる to し. At this time, the approximate sounds of しら and ら become さ. Therefore, サ-changing. Such as "reluctance" and "explanation".
はかだからくできます.」
"The library is very quiet and you can study hard."
はまだででが〪できません.」
"I can't publish my paper in Japanese yet."
Second, the passive state
When a subject is acted by another thing, it is passive.
The form is: five verbs+れる.
Other verbs+られる.
This form is the same as the basic form of possible state, but the five-segment verb has no similar sound change.
ササるるるしられるる. At this time, the approximate sounds of しらら and ら become さ. "
Paragraph verbs and variable verbs are exactly the same in form and possible state, so they must be distinguished from each other in sentence structure.
There are four types of passive dynamics:
1, when the object in the active sentence is human or animal:
Subjective sentence: "Sir, classmates, praise." "The teacher praised the students."
Passive sentence: "Thank you, Mr. Student." "The student was praised by the teacher."
In this passive sentence, the subject of the active sentence becomes a complement, represented by "に"; The object of the active sentence becomes the subject, represented by "は"; This verb becomes passive (= Unpreparedness+られる).
Another example: the main sentence: "cats eat fish; Cats eat fish; Cats eat fish; Cats eat fish. " "The cat ate the fish."
Passive sentence: "Fish and cats eat food." "The fish was eaten by the cat."
2. When the object in the active sentence is something that is attributed by people:
Subjective sentence: "I don't care about my time." "My brother broke my watch."
Passive sentence: "personal opportunity". "My watch was broken by my brother."
In this passive sentence, the subject of the active sentence becomes a complement, represented by "に"; The attributive part of the object of the active sentence becomes the subject, which is represented by "は"; Object reservation; This verb becomes passive (= Unpreparedness+れる).
Another example is the main sentence: "バスのでのがののののののののののののの"
"On the bus, the person next to me stepped on my foot."
Passive sentence: "バスのではのにをれた". "
"On the bus, I was trampled by the person next to me."
3, the subject of the active sentence can be ignored, when the object is not a character (mostly used for activities):
Main statement: "The school opens at 8 o'clock." 」
"The school has a meeting since 8 o'clock."
Passive sentence: "The meeting (school) starts at 8 o'clock." 」
"The meeting (sponsored by the school) starts at 8 o'clock."
In this kind of passive sentence, the subject of the active sentence generally disappears, and it can be expressed by "によって" if necessary; The object of the active sentence becomes the subject, represented by "は"; This verb becomes passive (= Unpreparedness+れる).
Another example is the topic sentence: "ぃつでがをったかりません"?
"I don't know when, where and by whom this proverb was invented."
Passive sentence: "proverb, what, what"?
"I don't know when, where and by whom proverbs were created."
4. Passive forms of automatic words:
Some automatic words can be expressed in the passive form, which is only used to explain the reason of the action or state behind when the subject is lost.
Main sentence: "Rain falls, and wind is evil." "I caught a cold because it rained."
Passive sentence: "When the rain falls, the wind is evil." "I caught a cold because I got caught in the rain."
If the subject doesn't suffer, you can't use the passive form of automatic words. For example:
Main sentence: "Rain falls, wood falls, wood falls." "It rained and the trees turned green."
Another example is the main sentence: "AUO has come, visited and traveled." 」
"Friends came and we had a good time."
Passive sentence: "AUO is coming; AUO is coming; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed; AUO stayed. 」
"My friend is here, and I haven't finished my homework."
The passive usage of automatic words is very limited, and not all automatic words can become passive. Here are a few more examples:
"My father died, went to school and took office." 」
"My father died, so I had to give up my studies and work."
"To the son of にかれてくれなかった"
"The child cried all night, which made me unable to sleep well."
Passive sentences are often used in Japanese, while active forms are often used in Chinese, so it is not necessary to translate all passive sentences into active sentences in translation. But pay special attention to the relationship between passivity and initiative, and don't make a mistake in translation.
Third, the causative state.
When one person is ordered or forced to serve by another person, the action will become a servile state.
The causative form of Japanese is:
Five verbs+せる
Other verbs+"させる "
Among them, "サしせる" became "しさせる" and "ささる" Therefore, the causative state of サ-changing verb is "gan +させる".
Verbs have two causative states:
1, when the verb in the active sentence is an automatic word.
Subjective sentence: "Sister, buy things and do things." ""Sister went shopping. "
Causative sentence: "mom and sister want to buy things and do things." ""Mother asked her sister to go shopping. "
Here, first of all, the verb "line" is an automatic word, and its causative state is "line". In the causative sentence, the agent of the action "sister" has changed from the original subject to the object; The subject is the person who gives the order, so the subject is not the executor of the action in the causing sentence. Furthermore, sentences that used to be automatic words have become other verb sentences with objects. Therefore, if an automatic word has no corresponding verb at all and needs another verb, it is a way to use its causative state.
Another example is: "The student is sick, the student is sick, and the teacher is sick." 」
"The student was ill, so the teacher sent him back."
"Emergency business, club, Yamada, Zhang Xianfei, etc. 」
"Because it was a sudden job, the company asked Mr. Yamada to fly on a business trip."
It should also be noted that some automatic words already have corresponding other verbs, so the causative state is replaced by corresponding other verbs. For example, "the mother wakes the child up." At this time, I usually think of using the causative state, which may be translated as: "Mom's son is for me." But it should actually be translated as: "My mother's son supports me." Because the corresponding verb of "きる" is "こす".
2. When the verb in the active sentence is another verb.
Subjective sentence: Student's Notebook. ""Students study. "
Causative sentence: "Sir, students, books, books, etc." "The teacher asked the students to read."
Here, the verb in the active sentence is another verb, and the original sentence has an object. In this case, when it becomes a causative sentence, the "Mr" who gives the order is the subject, the "student" is the complement, which is represented by "に", the verb "むむ" becomes the causative state "ませる ",and the object is reserved. In the causative sentences of other verbs, the subject is still not the executor of the action.
Another example is: "Mother's son invited her to drink." 」
"The mother gave the child medicine."
もぐかせるぁのはにに123438+00 24 hours a day "
"That company makes employees work 10 hours every day."
こののはみのにもにさせなぃ.」
"This school doesn't even let students go out during holidays."
Because the causative sentence has a mandatory and imperative tone, it is generally not used in sentences supplemented by elders except for a few sentences such as "close cooperation". If you have to ask your elders to do something, you should use auxiliary verbs "てもらぅ" or "てぃただく". For example, "Let the teacher explain it again." Generally, it is not translated as: "Mr. にもぅ has explained させるにもぅ has explained してぃただく.
Fourth, the service status.
The passive state is used when a person is forced or involuntary to do something. The passive state is that a verb first becomes passive and then becomes passive.
The forms of Japanese slavery are:
(five verbs+せる) +られる
(other verbs+させる) +られる
Since the verb becomes the next verb after it becomes the causative state, the passive verb behind it is only られる.
(five paragraphs of verbs+せる) +られるIn, they first become:
Five verbs+せられる；;
Then the two pseudonyms "せら" became "さ", so the whole verb became:
Five verbs+される.
However, the suffix "すすすすすすすすさるさるささささささささささささ
Main sentence: "Servants want to buy things and do things." "I'm going shopping. "
Serving a sentence: "I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant; I am a servant. " I was forced to go shopping by my sister. "
It can be seen that the subject of the passive sentence is the executor of the action, so it is basically consistent with the structure of the active sentence, with an additional mandatory source, represented by "に". "
Another example is: "He said' のったことにつぃてはにににさせら.
I have to think about what he said.
"Private drinking みたくなぃです, でもまされたのです"?
"It's not that I want to drink (wine), but that I was drunk by others."
In connection with what I said earlier, it is worth noting that when "される" appears after the verb, we must look at the verb in front. It is in a passive state when it is a five-paragraph verb, which translates as "forced"; When the preceding verb is a variable verb, it is passive and translates as "be …". For example:
"Go to a private hospital." 」
でではに𞺛された.」
In these two sentences, "された" is the past tense of "される". In the above sentence, "される" has five verbs before it, so it is in a slave state. I was forced to go to the hospital by my mother. "される" in the following sentence is preceded by the stem of the verb, so it is dynamic. I was examined by a doctor in the hospital.
In the study of Japanese grammar, when learning "state", it usually reaches the "apex", and the only thing left is honorific words. However, the question of modality is difficult to understand, and every exam is an essential question, so I hope everyone can understand the content well, master the similarities and differences, and use Japanese modality correctly.
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