1] reader: a person who studies. [2] Tao: refers to the philosophy, politics and other principles of Confucianism and Confucius. You can refer to the original road chosen by Han Yu in this book. [3] Accept: by "granting". Teaching. [4] Industry: generally refers to ancient classics, history, the study of various schools of thought and the writing of ancient prose. Please refer to the contents of the author's research described in Han Yu's Xue Jie selected below. [5] People are not born knowing: people are not born knowing the truth. Meaning refers to knowledge and truth. The text of the Analects of Confucius: "Confucius said,' You are not born to know, but you want it.' "The Analects of Confucius Jishi": "Confucius said:' Those who are born with knowledge are also on the top; Those who learn and know, second. "Confucius admitted that some people were born with knowledge, but he thought he didn't. Han Yu further clarified that no one was born with it. [6] This is also a mystery: his doubts. [7] Wen Dao: The text "The Analects of Confucius": "Confucius said:' Wen Dao died in the evening. "Smell, listen, extended understanding. Tao: Here it is used as a verb, meaning to learn from the teacher. [8] Learn from him: follow (him) and worship him as a teacher. To be a teacher is to be a teacher. [9] Fu Yong knows that he was born one after another in my life: Who cares if he was born earlier or later than me? No, no, I don't know, I know, I know. [10] Where the Tao is, the teacher is: where the knowledge and truth are, the teacher is. It means that whoever understands the truth is his own teacher. [1 1] Teacher's way: Take the teacher as the way. That is, learning the Tao. Tao means fashion here. [12] unusual. [13] people: ordinary people. [14] Shame on teachers: Shame on teachers. [15] Therefore, the sage is beneficial to the sage, and the fool is beneficial to the fool: therefore, the sage is wiser and the fool is more stupid. Benefits, more, more. [16] Confused: (really) confused! [17] Peter's teachers: those (enlightenment) teachers who teach children. [18] sentence reading (dòu teasing): also called sentence reading teasing. In ancient times, it was called a sentence with full meaning, which was read (teased) with full stop as a circle and comma as a point. There are no punctuation marks in ancient books, and teachers should teach children to read with funny sentences. Reading is funny. [19] Are you a teacher (fǒu): Some ask the teacher (referring to such a small thing as "I don't know the sentence"), and some don't ask the teacher (referring to such a big thing as "I don't understand"). "No" and "No" are the same. When translating this sentence, pay attention to the mistranslation. Please refer to the following translation for details. [20] Primary school and great legacy: small aspects (I don't know what to read) have to learn, and big aspects (I don't understand) have given up. [2 1] Witch doctor: In ancient times, people who used superstitious methods such as prayer and divination or used drugs to treat diseases were also called witch doctors. There is a record of "witch doctor" in Yizhoushu Drama. "The Analects of Confucius Ji's": "A man without constancy cannot be a witch doctor." As a lowly profession. [22] Baigong: refers to craftsmen. [23] Similarity: Similar, almost. [24] Humility is shameful, and low status is shameful. [25] Flattery (yú): Flattery. [26] Reply: Resume. [27] Gentleman: In ancient times, "Gentleman" had two meanings, one was a person with high status, and the other was a person with high moral character. The former is used here, which is equivalent to a scholar-bureaucrat. [28] Despise: despise the same column, that is, look down on it. Still "contempt." [29] Strange: Is it strange? First of all, modal particles play a role in strengthening rhetorical mood. [30] Master Cheng Xian: The Analects of Confucius Zhang Zi: "Zi Gong said, ...' Why doesn't the master learn, but how can he always learn from him?" "Master, teacher, refers to Confucius. Zi Gong said that he didn't learn anything. Why should he have a certain teacher? [3 1] Tanzi: The monarch of Tancheng (now Tancheng, Shandong Province) in the Spring and Autumn Period, from whom Confucius once asked for the official name of Hao Hao (the legendary ancient emperor). [32] cháng Hong: a doctor who respected Wang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Confucius once asked him questions about ancient music. Shi Xiang: During the Spring and Autumn Period, the musician of Lu was named Xiang, from whom Confucius had learned to play the piano. Teachers, musicians. [33] Lao Dan (dān Dan): that is, Laozi, a Chu man in the Spring and Autumn Period, a thinker and founder of the Taoist school. Confucius once asked him questions about manners. [34] A threesome: The text "The Analects of Confucius": "Confucius said:' A threesome requires a teacher. Choose the good to follow and change the bad. ""[35] Not necessary: not necessarily. [36] There is a specialized division of labor in the technical field: (each) has its own (each) specialized research in knowledge and skills. Attack: study and research. [37] Li: (Pan) In the nineteenth year of Zhenyuan (803), he was a scholar. [38] Quasi: "Six Arts Classics". Six arts: refers to the six classics, namely, poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, music, Yi, Spring and Autumn. Classics: Prose before and after Han Dynasty. Biography: Annotate classic works. [39] Not limited by time: not limited by time and customs. When, when vulgar, refers to the bad atmosphere that the scholar-officials were ashamed to follow the teacher at that time. [40] Yu is an ancient road that can be taken. Jia: praise [4 1] delay: give [42] disdain: disdain the same column, indicating contempt. Teeth, originally referring to age, also extended to arrangement. The young horse grows a tooth every year, so the age of a horse is counted by teeth, which also refers to the age of a person. The ancients often arranged each other according to their age. This sentence reflects the traditional prejudice of the feudal class.

Edit the word arrangement of this paragraph.

Common words

1. Teacher, so preaching is also subject to "teaching", teaching, teaching. 2. Or the teacher, or not: preach "no" to express negation. 3. Readers who learn sentences from the books they teach. Read, tease and break sentences in reading.

polysemy

Teachers ① Ancient scholars must have teachers: (nouns, teachers) ② Musicians of witch doctors have various skills: (nouns, as "skilled people") ③ My teacher's way: (nouns as verbs) ④ Teachers' way has not been passed down for a long time: (verbs, as teachers) ⑤ I learned from it: (intentional usage, taking ... as teachers) ⑤ Qi attacked me: (not "cancel sentence independence". Because the word "zhi" that "cancels sentence independence" is used between the subject and the predicate, that is, the word "zhi" must be followed by a verb; However, these two "existing" are "words" and "words" are nominal. ) ⑤ I don't know what I read: (structural auxiliary words indicate prepositional objects) ⑤ All the six art classics are connected with Xi Zhi: (auxiliary words, which form syllables after verbs, adjectives or words indicating time, are meaningless) ⑤ Born in front of me, his smell is also based on me: (personal pronouns, why) ⑤ Confused and not learning from the teacher, which is confusing and ultimately inexplicable; Readers who are taught, learn their sentences; It's not what I said about telling the truth to solve its confusion: (demonstrative pronoun, that (some)) ③ Ancient saints were far away from people: (personal pronoun, they) ④ Fuyong knew that their years were born in my life: (personal pronoun, theirs) ⑤ The reason why saints are sacred ... is: (modal adverb, indicating speculation, probably) ⑤ Today, their wisdom is irreversible. How to) confuse the teacher, so it is also a problem to preach: (noun, difficult problem) ② It is also a shame and confusion to be lectured by others: (adjective, confused) It is also a problem to preach: (noun, reason) ② It is too long to be lectured by others: (noun, fashion) ③ Yu Jiaqi can take the ancient road: (noun) (modal particle, indicating speculation, right). (Preposition, indicating place and direction, from, in) ③ In its body: (Preposition, indicating object, right, for) ④ A teacher need not be superior to his disciples: (Preposition, indicating comparison, ratio) ⑤ No matter when: (Preposition, indicating passiveness, acceptance, yes).

Flexible use of parts of speech

1. teacher, so I am also confused by professional teaching. Adjectives are nouns: confused questions, confused questions. 2. I am such a teacher: teacher, conative usage: all clumsy people are ashamed of their teachers. Humble is shame, and being an official is close: humble and prosperous. Adjective as noun: humble: humble people, low people are rich: people with high status and potential 10. A gentleman is contemptuous: his teeth are tied to his desk and in a row with him. ...

Different meanings of ancient and modern times

1. Ancient scholars must have teachers-scholars-ancient times: people who study today: people with academic achievements. 2. Teachers, so they are taught by profession, so they are also-so old: used to ... today: a conjunction indicating causality. 3. What I got from it-thus-no matter today: 5. The teachers' teaching has been handed down for a long time-Tao-ancient: ethos today: truth 6. I don't know what to read-ancient: where you need to pause in the middle of a sentence, read Dü u today: look at the words and pronounce them, read dú 7. Primary school is a great heritage-primary school. Fixed presentation: normal 9. So disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples-ancient times: not necessarily now: unnecessary, unnecessary 10. Seventeen years, good ancient prose-ancient prose: today's Qin and Han prose: the general name of classical Chinese before the May 4th Movement.

Special sentence patterns

The incomprehensible prepositional structure of the prepositional object is a shame to learn from the teacher, and it is not necessary to be superior to the disciple in judging sentences. So it's strange to be confused by preaching, and finally understand that people who are not born with knowledge are also confused. Then say-ellipsis is not limited to time-passive. The existence of Tao and the existence of teacher-the structure of the word focuses on memorizing ancient sentences. Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. Therefore, there is no nobility, no inferiority, no length, no shortage, and the existence of Tao and the existence of teachers. I don't know, I don't understand, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know, I don't know. Humble is shameful, and being an official is close to contempt. Where there are three people, there must be a teacher. "So, disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. They have heard the word one after another, and they specialize in their skills. That's all.

Main idea

Shi Shuo is a famous work by Han Yu. According to Fang Chengxuan's Chronology of Mr. Changli's Poems, this article was written in the 18th year of Zhenyuan in Tang Dezong (802). This year, Han Yu was 35 years old and was appointed as a doctor of imperial academy No.4 University. He is a scholar with a very low status, but he has gained fame in the literary world, and the "ancient prose movement" he advocated has also been launched. This is him. This article is written against the bad atmosphere of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" under the influence of family concept. The concept of family origin originated from the nine-product system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since Cao Pi, the Emperor of Wei Wen, implemented the nine-grade system, a gate valve system represented by the gentry has been formed, emphasizing the distinction between family status and strictness. The children of gentry can be prominent officials. They don't need to study and look down on their teachers. They respect "family law" and despise teachers. By the Tang Dynasty, the Zheng Zhi system of Jiupin had been abolished, and the level of official rank was used as the standard to distinguish family status. This also has a great influence on the choice of teachers. At that time, there was a general psychology of learning from teachers, that is, "being humble is shame, and being in a high position is close to flattery." Han Yu opposed this erroneous idea and put forward that Tao is a teacher and fast, which is of progressive significance. Liu Zongyuan, a contemporary of Han Yu, said in Answering Wei Zhongli's Book of Teacher's Way: "In this world, I don't know the teacher's way, but I think I'm crazy. Han Yu, alone, regardless of customs, laughed and abused. When he was called, he learned that he had written Teacher's Notes. The more I became a teacher because of resistance, the more famous I became. I lived in Chang 'an, couldn't cook well, slapped the east, and so on. "This shows the writing background of Shi Shuo and the fighting spirit of the author.

Qin's mistake

On Qin is the representative work of Jia Yi's political theory, which is divided into three parts. The full text focuses on analyzing the faults of the Qin Dynasty from all aspects, so it is named "On Qin". This paper aims to summarize the historical experience of Qin's sudden death as a reference for the establishment of the system and the consolidation of the rule in the Han Dynasty. This is a group of articles with profound insights and artistic appeal. The first part first talks about the reasons why Qin Zixiao's envoy emperor became stronger: geographical advantages, the idea of strengthening the country through reform, correct war strategy, painstaking efforts of several generations and so on. Parallel prose and meticulous description are used in writing, which is extremely exaggerated and exaggerated, resulting in a vivid momentum in language, just like the Qin people unified the six countries with an avalanche.

The main content of Qin Lun is historical theory. This paper generally discusses the rise and fall of the Qin Dynasty and its reasons, and clearly puts forward the central argument of this paper: "benevolence and righteousness are different." Its purpose is to provide reference for Emperor Wendi's political reform.

Writing characteristics 1. Take historical facts as arguments and viewpoints as command materials. The characteristic of this paper's narration of history is to highly summarize historical facts under the domination of viewpoints. For example, Qin's "taking outside the Xihe River" was the result of Shang Yang's plan to lure Wei to break his army. This paper uses the word "cross" to summarize. In order to clarify his point of view, the author pays attention to the essence of historical process rather than the accuracy of details when describing history. 2. Comparative argumentation. This paper adopts the method of comparative argument from beginning to end, focusing on the fifth paragraph. The contrast between the past and the present of Qin State, the difference between Qin State and Nine States, and the speed ratio between Qin State's prosperity and Qin State's demise highlight the central argument of the article through comparative argumentation. 3. Language has the characteristics of ci, paying attention to layout and rendering. For example, write Qin Xiaogong's ambition at the beginning, and use the words "sweeping the world" and "including space"; The division of the nine countries in the middle attacked Qin, and the four monarchs, nine countries, counselors, strategists and military commanders were listed one by one, which seemed to have momentum; When writing Qin Shihuang, he tried his best to create his own "Weaver Maid in the Sea" style. Parallel couplets are used in writing, which are powerful to read, and the sentence patterns are changeable but not monotonous.

Common words

In the struggle for external balance, governors are interrelated, they are interrelated, and they are interrelated. Chen Libing, a loyal minister, Chen Libing, a good soldier, and Wu Hequan, who crept quietly, were opinionated among the buildings, and the whole world rose up in response. Winning grain and scenery have been in the same column from Jingtongying to Bazhou. For more than 100 years, it has been associated with filial piety, but Huiwen, Wu and Wu failed to do so.

polysemy

Because of the legacy (follow, verb) and the advantage (preposition), because the river is a pool (depend, basis, preposition), you don't like precious things, and you value precious and fertile land. (Yes, structural auxiliary words) Zhao She's Lun Kong soldiers. (This, demonstrative pronoun) Zuo Shi (he, pointing, pronoun) gathered in Xianyang (arrived, verb) and those who were out of touch with the times (caught up, caught up, verb) and Qin Shihuang (arrived, preposition) went to the north, making Meng Tian build the Great Wall in the north, guard the fence (north, azimuth noun) to pursue troops and drive north (defeated, azimuth noun). The following "loyal ministers are good soldiers" is the same as the "soldiers" in "Cutting Wood for Soldiers". ) The way of marching with troops (army, noun) is to kill Wu Qin, and the price of keeping the arrow (lost, lost, verb) is to chase after death and drive north (fled, verb). Used as a noun here: deserters swallowed it for two weeks and died. Seize the bag and seize the air (lift it, seize it, verb) Take Xiba, and Shu (take it, verb) take the advantage (favorable situation) Loyal minister is a fine pawn, but who is he (sharp, adjective)

Flexible use of parts of speech

A) Nouns as adverbials have the meaning of sweeping the world, embracing the whole world, including the whole world, such as using mats, parcels and pockets to balance internal legislation and external balance. The governors took Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, fertile land in the east and key counties in the south, west, east and north in the north. And win grain and scenery from the south like a cloud to the south like a shadow. It is thought that Guilin and Xiang Jun went south, making Meng Tian build the Great Wall in the north and defend the fence in the north. b) Using external balance to fight against the princes, making them kill each other, seeking to weaken the Qin Dynasty (the Lian Heng strategy of the Qin Dynasty), carefully setting fire to a hundred words, making (the power of the people in the world) stupid, making (the power of the people in the world) weak, making (the eight States) orderly and making (the same column) come to the DPRK. Nouns are used as verbs. The descendants of the emperor are also emperors, and the original intention of making Liuhe is shoes. This refers to the son of the rope pivot in Chen She's urn, which is used to beat the world with a rope and beat it with a whip and a bamboo pole, meaning "enslave" hundreds of people. D) adjectives as verbs, the whole world is not small and weak, but it is getting smaller and smaller. Respect the virtuous and value the virtuous. E) the verb is used as a noun to chase the foot soldiers who fled from the north and defeat the army. F) Adjectives as nouns, Qin Xiaogong is facing an unexpected abyss according to the firmness and danger of letters, thinking that a solid barrier will take advantage of the favorable situation.

Different meanings of ancient and modern times

1. So the Qin people gave it to them and took the land outside the Xihe River (ancient meaning: today's Yellow River: River). 2. Huiwen, Wu, and learning their careers (ancient: inheriting the present: accepting it). 3. Take the West Bashu (ancient: seize the present: lift it). 4. Do not cherish precious things, do not cherish fertile land (ancient times: cherish the present:) Today's trick: give) 6. The division of the nine countries (ancient: modern military: refers to the organizational unit subordinate to the army or group army) 7. Bleeding drifting (ancient meaning: shield today: rowing tools) 8. Thoughts on Guilin and Xiang Jun (ancient times: regarding ... as. The object "zhi" is omitted after "a"; Today: I think) 9. People who migrate also (ancient: today's move: move, move) 10. Chopping firewood for soldiers (ancient: weapons today: soldiers) 1 1. Win grain with the scenery (ancient: shoulder, shoulder; Today: Victory, Victory) 12. Shandong Haojun rose together (ancient: east of Lushan, that is, the eastern countries; Today: Shandong Province) 13. They are all wise and faithful (ancient: smart and wise; Today: understand things)

Mastery of function words

The auxiliary words in Chen She Weng Yingsheng's book Son are equivalent to "de" Fujin. Why not hate auxiliary words (preposition object symbols) to give full play to the long-term strategy, while the conjunctions in Yu Yu decorate the juxtaposition of respecting sages and emphasizing texts, while the princes in the world have been trapped in the turning point of conjunctions, while the conjunctions in Seven Temples show causality.

Special sentence patterns

Judgment sentence 1, these four monarchs are wise and faithful, generous and kind, and respect the virtuous and value the scholars. 2. Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, descendants of the emperor, and the cause is eternal. 3. However, Chen She's son, Weng Ying's rope pivot, is a self-employed, and so are the relocated people. The potential difference between benevolence and righteousness is also the opposite. 1 The hoe is a thorn, not a long shovel with a hook; Those who guard the country are impatient with the division of the Nine Kingdoms. 4. Ellipsis is ordered by officials, and scholars dare not bow their heads and complain;