So, what good habits should high school students develop in learning Chinese?
First, the habit of accumulation.
Ancient scholars in China attached great importance to the role of knowledge accumulation. Xunzi, a scholar in the Warring States Period, warned people in the book "Persuading to Learn": "If you don't accumulate steps, you won't reach a thousand miles, and if you don't accumulate small streams, you won't be a river." In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu said, "All of them are kept and used." (The Way of Learning). Su Shi in the Song Dynasty advocated: "Learn from others' strengths, and accumulate wealth without making progress." It can be seen how important accumulation is to Chinese learning. Judging from the practice of Chinese winners in the college entrance examination, accumulation is indeed important. Wei Yijia, the champion of the college entrance examination in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province, scored 136. When talking about his Chinese learning experience, he said: "Chinese learning is slow, not overnight." It is a long-term accumulation process. Bit by bit of Chinese knowledge is like a grain of yellow sand. One grain today, one grain tomorrow, and the sand becomes a tower. " His high score comes from the accumulation of three years of hard work in high school. Accumulation is also the need of college entrance examination. Especially in recent years, the subjects of basic knowledge, such as phonetics, glyphs, meanings, notional words, function words, sick sentences and famous sentences, have accounted for nearly half of the scores. In addition, in classical Chinese translation and modern Chinese reading, there are many topics that students need to activate and accumulate. Therefore, a high school student must first accumulate knowledge.
There are four main ways to accumulate: one is to extract, the other is to recite, the third is to remember, and the fourth is to train.
There are three methods of accumulation: one is the unit accumulation method. That is, after learning a unit, summarize difficult words, easy mistakes, idioms and allusions, wonderful paragraphs, etc. I learned it in this unit in time, trying to be concise and practical. The second is the accumulation method of test sites. It is to summarize the language knowledge scattered in textbooks, materials and test papers according to the test sites specified in the college entrance examination instructions, and pay attention to highlighting the key points and difficulties. The third is the accumulation method of confusion points. It is to summarize the confusing knowledge points encountered in the usual training and the wrong knowledge points in the exam, and focus on distinguishing doubts. For example, when reviewing Chinese characters' glyphs, we can summarize the confusing points: for example, by reviewing the memorization of Chinese characters' glyphs, we can accumulate some words with similar glyphs and easy to make mistakes in this way. For example, the "boss" and "dropout" of a teahouse or restaurant; The "mystery" of chilling and the "noisy".
According to the test notes and the proposition points of the college entrance examination papers, the accumulated contents mainly include the following aspects:
(1) Accumulate the meaning and usage of sounds, glyphs, words and idioms.
First, we should get into the habit of consulting the dictionary frequently. A high school student must have at least two dictionaries from the perspective of Chinese learning: one is Modern Chinese Dictionary by the Institute of Linguistics of China Academy of Social Sciences; Second, go to the Dictionary of Ancient Chinese Common Words in the commercial library. It is best to have both a synonym discrimination dictionary and a Chinese idiom dictionary. Check regularly to cultivate the ability to read, write and use Chinese characters correctly.
Second, he is good at collecting and sorting out easily confused words and idioms, including those mentioned in the notes of teaching materials; Words listed in the training materials of sub-test sites; Words appearing in the comprehensive training test paper, etc.
The third is to master the identification methods of synonyms such as word collocation, emotional color and stylistic color.
(B) the accumulation of content words in classical Chinese
The middle school Chinese syllabus requires you to master 120 classical Chinese content words. In fact, to meet the needs of the college entrance examination, the more the better. The accumulation of notional words in classical Chinese should pay attention to the following aspects:
1. Ancient and modern meanings are different. Focus on the changes in the ancient and modern meanings of words, some of which have expanded, some have shrunk and some have shifted.
2. This word is ambiguous. Polysemy in classical Chinese is very common. A word often has several meanings, and many have more than a dozen meanings. When you study, you should always sum up and deepen.
These are all seen in class. Usually, when the meanings of content words in specific contexts are accumulated and mastered more and more, the ability of analogy will be formed, and the reading ability will naturally improve.
3. Flexible use of parts of speech. In a specific language environment, some notional words in ancient Chinese temporarily had some grammatical functions, temporarily changed their parts of speech, and some even changed their pronunciation. This is a special usage of notional words in classical Chinese.
4. Partial compound words
A compound word with partial meaning means that a word consists of two morphemes with similar, relative or opposite meanings, of which only one morpheme indicates meaning, and the other morpheme does not indicate meaning, but only serves as a foil.
5. Common words
A generic word refers to a word that should be used, but it is replaced by a word B that has nothing to do with its meaning but has the same or similar pronunciation. The word b is the common name of the word a.
Different meanings in ancient and modern times, polysemy, flexible use of parts of speech, compound words with partial meanings and interchangeable words are the main examination points of classical Chinese content words in college entrance examination. When preparing for the exam, candidates should constantly accumulate knowledge, strengthen training, and cultivate their ability to understand the content words in classical Chinese in context.
(3) Accumulate famous ancient poems.
Many people learn classical Chinese just to clear the obstacles of writing, thinking that the teacher has made it clear, and I understand that this is enough. Teachers speak one by one and students learn one by one. When you ask him how many articles he will always review and remember next semester, he will shake his head blankly and say that he doesn't remember any. This learning method is extremely undesirable. Therefore, the most important thing in learning classical Chinese is accumulation. The best way to accumulate is to recite and memorize some important chapters of classical Chinese, including the meaning of content words, the use of function words and the changes of various sentence patterns in classical Chinese. More importantly, by reciting, we can learn the essence of the conception, layout and rhetoric of ancient famous articles and improve our cultural accomplishment.
In Song Dynasty, Su Shi said that "there is a poetic soul in the belly to flatter oneself". Where did the poetry book come from? Kan Kan is an extraordinary talker, eloquent and eloquent; Learn from the past, learn from the East and the West, and learn from the wisdom of great men; Gentle, modest and respectful, gentle temperament; Where did it come from? From reciting. Recitation is an indispensable aspect in the process of cultivating a person's talent, wisdom and character. Many famous scholars have made great efforts in reciting. While studying in Tsinghua, Mr. Qian Zhongshu, a scholar, writer and translator, vowed to "sweep the Tsinghua Library". He not only recited a large number of ancient literary masterpieces, but also mastered English, French, German, Spanish, Italian and ancient Indian. Historical allusions in his articles can be seen everywhere, with subtle metaphors everywhere; His speech was brilliant, witty and humorous. Ba Jin, a famous novelist, can recite China's view of ancient literature at the age of twelve, and Mao Dun, an outstanding literary critic, can recite it backwards when he was a child. What have we learned from admiration? Without recitation and cultural accumulation, it is impossible to become a person with language literacy and cultural connotation.
Classical Chinese is not involved in the college entrance examination in Tibet, so it can be simply passed.
(4) Accumulate famous sayings, epigrams, allusions, stories and wonderful paragraphs.
Accumulating famous sayings, allusions, stories and wonderful paragraphs is an important means to improve the level of language cultivation and composition. Every year, I conduct a survey of students who have achieved good grades in Chinese in Grade Three, and find that they all have a common feature, that is, they pay attention to extracting some famous sayings, wonderful paragraphs and even articles; Pay attention to collecting historical allusions and vivid stories with ideological connotations. Use it to browse as soon as you have time, and it will be infected over time. These epigrams, allusions, stories, etc. Will become their own things, active in their own articles, unconsciously improve their language level, increase the language literary talent, enrich the content of the article.
It should be noted that there is also the idea of "applying what you have learned". Before, a classmate asked me, I have copied two big books this semester, why do I still feel speechless when writing my composition? There are two reasons: first, there is no need for "soldiers" when there are "soldiers", and "training for a thousand days, using soldiers for a while". The most direct purpose of our accumulation of materials is to use them when writing articles. When the time comes, you should think of these materials and learn to use them. The students who ask questions just copy it, which is useless. Second, there is no sense of use when copying. Our study time is very precious. When we copy something, we must consider whether it is useful or not. If this material is useless, I would rather rest than extract it. Last year, I held a briefing on my Chinese learning experience in my class. Hu Sen said that he copied a story and added a comment below to remind himself of his point of view. I think this practice is worth learning from. It can be said that Hu Sen's method is a more economical and efficient extraction method. You can try.
(5) answering skills. The skill of answering questions is an important topic. Some students lose points, not because of knowledge and ability, but because of lack of skills. Mastering good problem-solving methods and skills can make review more effective. For example, when reviewing typos, we should master the characteristics of six typos and some ways to distinguish them:
(1) reading method. Reading review is to find out the faults of sentences through careful reading. Generally speaking, it is awkward to read, and what sounds ambiguous may be a problem. Find the disease, then carefully analyze and judge, find out the cause of the language disease, and then modify it. For example, "In view of the rising international crude oil prices, the United States, India and other countries have established or increased their oil reserves, and China must also establish a national strategic oil reserve system as soon as possible." Reading the first article "In view of the rising international crude oil price", you will find it unreasonable. It will be smoother to add words like "situation" or "conditions" at the end.
(2) austerity method. The contraction method is to remove the decorative elements of the sentence and check the grammatical errors in the main part. For example, "He immediately called the Standing Committee to conduct research, and arranged the content, time and participants of the on-site meeting in a unified way, as well as the problems that should be paid attention to in the meeting." After tightening, it means "he arranged the content, time, personnel and problems." Obviously, "arrangement" and "problem" are not properly matched.
(3) analogy method. It can also be called "imitation", which is to imitate a sentence according to the format of the sentence you suspect to be wrong. If the imitated sentence is wrong, so is the original sentence. For example, "During the Spring Festival this year, 2 10 fire engines and more than 3,000 fire officers and soldiers in this city gave up their vacations and always stuck to their posts." This sentence is meaningless. It can be tested by analogy: "There are dozens of machines in this factory, and hundreds of workers give up their vacations." "Dozens of classrooms and teachers in this school have given up their vacations." Obviously, "machines", "classrooms" and "fire engines" will not give up their vacations.
(4) Comparative method. When choosing items with poor language, two of the four options are often easy to rule out, while the other two are more difficult. The choice of large interference factor also gives a specious impression, which needs careful comparison. If it is confirmed that there are problems with both items, choose the item with bigger and more obvious problems.
For another example, modern reading questions:
First, we should have a sense of words.
We should learn the ability to "deduce" the answer from the original text, instead of asking you to take it for granted and answer it according to your own point of view. We should be able to grasp the author's ideological point of view, but this ideological point of view is not necessarily correct. Students often write the correct point of view when doing problems, rather than screening the author's point of view.
Second, we should have a sense of context.
Observing the context and improving the ability to understand sentences in a specific context is the key to improve the overall level of modern reading. Specifically, it includes the following aspects;
(1) Understand the meaning of related statements in the context. In a paragraph, sentences express certain meanings and ellipsis implies certain meanings, which complement each other. Some come down one after another, some complement each other, some define the scope before explaining, some express, some omit ... If you turn a blind eye to the sentence, reading comprehension will inevitably be taken out of context.
Answering skills is a big topic, and it is also very important for high school students facing the college entrance examination. More specifically later. Put the questions out first, and ask the students to sum them up and accumulate their own answering skills.
The ancients said: "The river flows out of Minshan, and its source can be traced back to its source." The more knowledge you accumulate, the easier it is to bring your intelligence into play, which is conducive to the formation of your ability.
Second, reading habits.
(1) reading. Reading aloud is reading aloud. The ancients called going to school "reading", which shows that China's traditional education thought attached importance to "reading". The fundamental reason why many students' Chinese literacy is poor today is that from junior high school to senior high school, they only pay attention to doing various simulated test questions without serious "reading" training. The formation of a person's language ability is precisely completed in the process of reading. Therefore, we should carefully read the excellent works selected in the textbook, especially the articles that need to be recited. In addition, we should find some articles with strong literariness and sentiment to read repeatedly, so as to improve our Chinese literacy in a subtle way.
Some students may think that reading is not required in the college entrance examination, and reading articles is meaningless to the exam. In fact, many questions in Chinese test papers are not based on rational analysis, but on high language sensitivity. You did some multiple-choice questions correctly, but you were asked why you might not be able to answer them. That doesn't mean you did it by luck. In fact, you did it by your sense of language. Where does the correct sense of language come from? From reading.
Many Chinese test questions are like this, and you can do it right by your sense of language. Therefore, it is a waste of time to do problems without reading books.
(2) intensive reading. Formally, compared with reading aloud, intensive reading is a kind of silent reading, that is, silent reading; In essence, it is a kind of research and creative reading accompanied by thinking, understanding, generalization, transformation and absorption, and it is a higher level reading. Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless". For intensive reading, the most important thing is to think in reading and question in thinking, that is, to find problems. In fact, effective reading is a process of finding and solving problems, and it is also a process of constantly improving reading level.
(3) read more books. The ancients said, "You can only know the sound when you smell a thousand songs, and you can only know the instrument when you see a thousand swords." Therefore, the improvement of reading level depends on reading more famous books. Read more books, broaden your horizons, and naturally there will be comparison and analysis, and naturally there will be a deeper understanding. If someone reads the description of moonlight in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, they will associate it with the obscurity of Du Mu's Moon with Cold Water, Sand and Smoke Cages (Bo Qinhuai) and the quietness of "I don't know first frost when I fly in the air, but I don't see the white sand on the pavilion" in Zhang's Spring River Flower and Moon Color (Zhang's Spring River Flower and Moon Color), and feel somewhat similar, from right to wrong to the sadness shown in the picture.
Since we are required to read more books, we can understand what a high school student should read after class. I think it is necessary to choose some articles to read in China Reader. The second is to read some famous books. According to the requirements of the Chinese teaching syllabus for middle schools of the Ministry of Education, a high school student should read at least 20 famous books, which may be a little big for high school students facing the college entrance examination. But nowadays students don't read any books, which will lead to the lack of cultural background and literary accomplishment. To read as much as possible, you can also choose the works of one or two writers you like to read, especially those with great ideological capacity and strong artistic appeal, which are easy to resonate with young people's thoughts and feelings, such as Selected Essays of Bing Xin and Collection of Remaining Works. There is a champion in the college entrance examination. In the second year of high school, he began to read Bing Xin's prose, and his emotion and artistic interest had a great influence on him. This year's college entrance examination composition "The Choice of Soul" and his "The Choice of Philanthropy" are obviously influenced by Bing Xin's early essays on loving the motherland, nature and mother. In addition, the composition got full marks, and the Chinese test got 136. His reading method is also worth learning. He is not utilitarian in reading, but takes books as nourishment, absorbs its useful things, enriches his thoughts and improves his artistic interest. The third is to read American literature. For example, Wisdom Back is very popular with students. The fourth is to read some high-grade magazines. From the perspective of writing, we can read Reader's Digest, Youth Digest, Reading and Writing World, Composition and Examination, Composition Newsletter and so on. From the perspective of reading, we can read Learning Beyond Linguistics, Selected Works of China's Loose-leaf Books, Middle School Students' Books, Reading and Appreciation, etc.
(4) write frequently. We should form the habit of not writing or reading. First, we should always write down useful knowledge, new words, vivid sentences and beautiful paragraphs, and combine reading with accumulation. The second is to comment on the reading materials, and make targeted and original comments on their content, structure, language, skills and even words and sentences. Commentary reading is a traditional reading method in China. The third is to write reading notes and experience. Combine reading with writing.
Third, the habit of writing.
(A) the accumulation of material. "A clever woman can't cook without rice", and materials are the basis of composition. The accumulation of materials should start from the following aspects: first, one's own personal experience and experience (including one's surrounding environment), which are extremely rich and active sources of materials; Second, the content of the learned text is also a considerable material library; The third is the typical materials, wonderful fragments and famous sayings and aphorisms that reflect social life found in extracurricular reading (books, newspapers, movies, etc.). Reader and Youth Digest are two magazines with strong stories. Many students like reading, but they can't "forget after reading". We should extract wonderful stories and paragraphs from them. Just now I talked about the need for useful consciousness when extracting, and the problem of how to use it.
(2) Good at thinking. Some students' compositions always simply describe trivial matters around them, without profound ideological connotation and novel opinions, and their observation and thinking about life are not deep enough to grasp the key to sublimating the theme of the article. If candidates want to write articles with profound thoughts and original opinions, they must deeply feel, comprehend and think about life phenomena, carry out fine processing of "removing the false and retaining the true, removing the rough and retaining the essence, and extracting valuable life" gold "from the ore of life. Materials are the "flesh and blood" of the article, profound ideological connotation is the "soul" of the article, and profound thinking is the means and process to produce "soul" from "flesh and blood". Without careful thinking, it is impossible to complete life and sublimate the theme. Learn to start small and dig deep. Through the analysis and excavation of specific ordinary things, trivial matters and related detailed materials, the profound ideological connotation contained in them is revealed. Use a drop of water to reflect the brilliance of the sun, and the details reflect the great spirit.
(3) copy the model essay. Students with poor writing level and low starting point should first work hard on copying articles, that is, explore the following three points to copy: first, choose appropriate model essays, such as better essays in newspapers and periodicals, or excellent compositions among students; Second, copy sentences, not one or two words, but one sentence, and don't even make mistakes in punctuation; Third, we must persist. Copy 1000 words every day for at least two months, and the effect is remarkable. Stick to it for half a year, and your composition level will make a qualitative leap, which is more useful than reading books by any writing method.
(4) be diligent in writing. "Songs never leave your mouth, fists never leave your mouth", and so does writing articles. Practice more, practice makes perfect, and you will be handy. There are several ways to practice writing: First, develop the habit of keeping a diary. Second, I often write some life fragments and scenes outlined by artists, and accumulate materials and skills. The third is to write down your own life feelings in time. Life is rich and colorful. Some things touch your heart and make you feel, think and gain something. Just write it down in time. These thoughts from life often shine with personality, and when they are written into articles, they will glow with dazzling brilliance.
(5) Repeated revision. Most of the students I have taught who can write and publish articles attach great importance to the revision of their own articles. After writing a composition, they are always willing to listen to the teacher's advice, and then either revise or rewrite it. This is probably one of the important reasons why they can write good articles. But it is unrealistic for every composition teacher to put forward specific suggestions for revision. It is best to understand the general essentials of review, do it yourself, practice review diligently, and develop the habit of reviewing articles. I really can't make up my mind I don't know how to modify it. I'll ask the teacher's opinion again, or I'll try to revise it and listen to the teacher's opinion. There is a major premise for modifying an article, that is, the written article can be modified, that is, an article can be modified only if there are no major problems in content, structure and language. If the idea is off topic, the content is empty, the thinking is confused and the language is too poor, it is not suitable for revision, because revision can't solve this problem. If your article is often in the lower grades of the third and fourth categories in the exam, you should first work hard on copying.
(6) Standard operation. Composition in examination room is different from ordinary literary works and usual practice pens, and has its own characteristics and operating norms. Only by following these operating rules can you get high marks.
1, the habit of outlining first.
In the usual training, some students don't pay attention to writing outlines, and the articles they write are often tight and loose, and top-heavy. Because of the large amount of Chinese writing in the college entrance examination, candidates generally don't make drafts when writing, so it is particularly important to make a detailed outline of the topic first and write according to the outline.
2, the habit of quickly entering the question.
To get to the point quickly is to get to the point and quickly show the main content of the article. Sometimes it is divided into several layers, and it is also necessary to "start the topic", and then push it away layer by layer to make the theme clear. There is no need to say those "pleasantries" and "messages". If you write an argumentative essay, you should enter into reasoning as soon as possible, and you can't repeat a lot of topic materials or put forward existing problems. Because "replacing discussion with Syria" often talks about the content of reasoning.
3. The habit of writing carefully.
Graffiti and scribbling directly affect the expression of the content and the mood of the marking teacher, and even get low marks. However, the neat scroll surface and the correct font itself give people a kind of beautiful enjoyment, which is often favored by marking teachers. Develop good writing habits at ordinary times and take them seriously in the examination room to add luster to the article.
4. Write according to the topic.
The width of the sea depends on the jumping of fish. Fish swimming in the sea are extremely free, but they can't swim to the shore. From this perspective, its freedom is limited. The same is true of topic composition. Candidates must be within the scope of the topic, that is, write according to the topic, so as to "conform to the meaning of the topic" and lay a good foundation for getting high marks.
5. Obey the rules.
Writing in the examination room is a regular competition, and every contestant must abide by the rules. For example: (1) words, the college entrance examination composition requires no less than 800 words, which is the rule. Writing too much makes people feel bloated. If you subtract one point from every 50 words according to the regulations, the points deducted in actual operation are much higher than this regulation. (2) The writing style of college entrance examination is optional, but once a certain style is chosen, candidates must abide by the writing norms of this style, otherwise they will lose points. (3) Don't write typos and keep a good tattoo image. Miscellaneous words and dirty pages often make some people's college entrance examination compositions fall into the fourth category. The detailed rules for marking the college entrance examination composition stipulate that 1 point will be deducted for three typos, which is actually much higher than this rule. Unclean writing is a reflection of poor learning attitude. Scribbled handwriting and random alteration lead to ink on the surface of the paper, and the composition score can be imagined.
Today we mainly talk about three aspects around the problem of developing Chinese learning habits. First, the habit of accumulation; The second is the habit of reading; The third is the habit of writing. Mencius said, "A skillful craftsman can teach people rules, but he can't make them smart." ("Mencius"), consciousness means that a teacher can only teach students a learning method or basic principle, and really learn knowledge and develop ability, which are all students' things. I hope that students can make a practical Chinese learning plan according to the methods and principles mentioned today, and start with accumulation, reading and composition, practice repeatedly and persist for a long time, so as to really develop good Chinese learning habits.