Scientific writing is a branch of writing discipline, which is mainly based on science and technology. Scientific and technological writing has a long history, starting from written records. With the rapid development of science and technology and the sharp increase of scientific and technological information, scientific and technological writing has attracted wide attention at home and abroad. Not only have a considerable number of papers and monographs devoted to it come out, but they also have a place in universities.
The achievements of scientific and technological research and innovation can only be recognized as productive forces by society, benefit mankind and be passed on to future generations through information carriers such as papers.
In some universities in Europe and America, science and engineering students have to spend 20~30 hours teaching the arrangement and writing of scientific and technological reports in addition to their knowledge of concentration. Some universities also offer master's and doctor's degrees in scientific writing, and there are also scientific writers and journalists who take writing as their profession.
At present, there are millions of college students and graduate students studying in colleges and universities in China. Before they graduate, they must summarize their research results in the form of papers. At present, there are more than 8.5 million scientific and technological personnel in China, including nearly one million scientific and technological workers, and more engineers and technicians in industrial and mining enterprises. Strictly speaking, their scientific research and technological innovation tasks can only be finally completed if their achievements are published in the form of papers. In recent years, some universities have listed scientific writing as an elective course (such as China University of Science and Technology, Northeast Polytechnic University, etc.). ) There are also some universities that offer lectures. Some research institutes, factories and societies have held various seminars and reports. Scientific writing has certain requirements, and how to write well is very knowledgeable. The lecture on scientific and technological writing aims to provide reference for college students, graduate students, scientific and technological workers and skilled workers who lack writing experience and play an introductory role. The teaching of scientific and technological writing has been warmly welcomed by students and scientific and technological workers. Those who do not have good knowledge of scientific and technological writing hope to "make up a necessary lesson". Scientific writing is a part of scientific and technological work, and scientific and technological writing ability is a basic skill that scientific and technological workers must have, which runs through the whole process of scientific and technological work. In the process of scientific research, technological design and technological innovation, scientists and technicians need to write a lot of written materials. As far as a research work is concerned, a comprehensive summary or opening report should be written at the beginning of establishing the subject; Fill in the plan task book after setting the topic;
In the process of research, it is necessary to make experimental records and write progress reports regularly; Write a summary or scientific paper when the phased results are achieved and finally completed; Write a draft appraisal certificate when appraising the results; Write an invention statement when declaring an invention; Writing patent application documents when applying for a patent; Scientific and technological cooperation contracts should be signed when the results are transferred, and so on. Other technical work also needs to write a lot of technical documents. 1982 According to statistics, there are about 4-5 million papers,100000 patent specifications and175000 scientific and technological books published every year in the world. There are countless other scientific and technological documents. These scientific and technological works are records and summaries of scientific and technological work, precious wealth of human beings, and have an immeasurable and great effect on scientific and technological development and human civilization. Obviously, as a scientist, you must have the ability of scientific writing. Nowadays, scientists and technicians have become a huge writing team, and they have written many excellent works handed down from generation to generation.
At present, the cultivation of scientific and technological writing ability is a weak link. Many scientific and technological workers lack writing ability, and there are many problems in their articles, such as reading difficulties. The existence of these problems is not accidental. At the seminar of a technical writing workshop, an engineer said, "We graduated from college professionally, but only at the middle school level in writing." This statement represents the status quo of a considerable number of people. At present, there is no scientific writing course in the teaching content of science, technology, agriculture and medical universities in China. Although students have studied Chinese and practiced writing in middle school, it can't replace the course of scientific writing, which has its own characteristics and is a task that Chinese classes and writing exercises in middle school can't complete.
At present, scientific and technological workers are in a state of fierce competition, and there may be many people in the world engaged in the same research topic. Whoever succeeds in the research first and makes it public in a corresponding form will have the priority, patent right and invention right. Someone has done statistics. At present, it takes about five months for scientific and technological workers to get research results and write articles. If they can write articles immediately after the results are produced, isn't it equivalent to advancing the time of the results? It can be seen that being good at scientific writing is also beneficial.
Scientific writing ability is an important condition for the majority of scientific and technological personnel to form a reasonable intelligent structure and effectively complete their own work.
Scientific and technological talents should have the basic conditions (namely intelligence), self-study ability, thinking ability, research ability, creativity, expression ability (including oral and written) and organization and management ability.
Scientific writing is an interdisciplinary subject combining arts and sciences (engineering) For scientific and technological personnel, scientific and technological writing ability is the most basic ability that must be mastered. The expression form of science and technology is "article". If scientific and technological achievements cannot be published in an article, then all opinions and opinions, all creations and inventions are just some thinking activities in the minds of scientists and scientific and technological personnel, and no one else can know them. Writing scientific research results into articles requires not only the ability to express words, but also the ability to feel, understand, think, synthesize and create, as well as the scientific methods and profound professional foundation for observing, analyzing and studying problems.
At present, the division of science and technology disciplines in China is too fine, which causes students' narrow knowledge and unreasonable intelligent structure. Some students, not to mention writing scientific papers, even have difficulty reading scientific books, making card excerpts and taking notes. Many middle-aged professional and technical cadres who shoulder heavy responsibilities in scientific research, production and teaching really have expertise and achievements in their careers. Because they have not received special training in scientific writing, they can't write scientific research reports and papers well, and some write professional textbooks, which is illogical and chaotic. Lu Jiaxi: People who can only create expressions are not qualified scientists. Qian Xuesen: As a scientist, you should be able to explain your professional knowledge to the people (including leaders) in common language.
As a modern scientific and technological personnel, if he only knows his major without excellent scientific and technological writing skills, it will definitely restrict his intelligence and development. Scientific writing is a necessary means to summarize, communicate, spread and popularize scientific and technological achievements, and an important medium for the transformation of science and technology into social production.
There is a difference between science and technology. Science mainly refers to human's understanding of natural laws, which belongs to the form of knowledge and is a potential productive force. Technology is the concrete application and development of natural science knowledge in production practice, which generally refers to various process operation methods, technical equipment and production skills, and finally becomes material form and direct productivity. Its formula is: science-technology-production. Science and technology are mastered by producers, directly enter the production process and produce products, then it becomes the productive force of society, and scientific writing becomes an indispensable means to spread, popularize and popularize science and technology to society.
Scientific and technical personnel should study a certain subject, not from scratch, but on the basis of accepting other people's ideas. The development of science and technology has its inheritance and continuity, and every achievement of any scientist and inventor should learn from the experience and research results of predecessors, which are based on the level that science and technology has reached at that time. In fact, many important discoveries, inventions and creations in the history of science began with the absorption of existing research results, that is, from academic exchanges, and scientific writing is the link to maintain this inheritance and continuation.
Scientific writing originates from scientific and technological activities and production practice, and at the same time actively reacts to them, which has become an important factor to promote the development of science and technology.
Scientific writing plays the role of information preservation and information exchange in scientific research. Participating in national industry and international academic exchange seminars, and making friends with documents to quickly reflect and confirm the role of scientific research achievements are also comprehensive training for self-research ability. Therefore, scientific writing is of great significance in teaching.
2. The purpose of publication
(1) writing purpose: for the vast number of scientific and technological workers and engineers, their scientific research and technological innovation.
Strictly speaking, the task can only be completed if the results are published in the form of papers.
To write a thesis, we must first establish the guiding ideology. Generally speaking, graduation thesis is under the guidance of teachers, using the existing knowledge to independently carry out scientific research activities, begin to learn the methods of analyzing and solving a specific academic problem, and exercise the paper writing ability to solve an academic problem.
Through the paper, we can also examine the depth, breadth and writing ability of our knowledge. However, the main purpose of writing a paper is not this paper, and it is impossible to reflect all the knowledge already mastered, nor can it be limited to reflecting the ability to express ideas word by word.
Clear the main purpose, you can solve a series of problems and know where to work hard. You don't have to try to cram all your knowledge into a paper, and don't think that the more you cram, the better, and don't want to show off your profound knowledge. What you should focus on is how to conduct a comprehensive investigation and study on the topic of your chosen thesis, and use the materials you have to analyze and solve this problem. Learn to ask questions correctly and solve problems scientifically, and exercise scientific research ability.
Clear the main idea, you don't have to pursue a comprehensive discussion of writing big problems. "Beginners often list the known existing knowledge in this way, writing big and empty, and can't really put forward and solve some new problems." The topic you write can be small but important. If you can actively use your existing knowledge to expand and deepen your mastery of relevant materials, you can put forward some new ideas, solve this problem scientifically and show your preliminary.
With the method and ability to solve this problem, we can use this method and ability to solve other professional problems in the future, so learning methods and exercise ability are very important.
The teacher pointed out the methods of scientific research and writing papers, instead of telling all the materials, knowledge and arguments of this problem. The teacher can't have studied all the research topics and reached a perfect conclusion to solve the problem; It is impossible to cultivate and exercise one's scientific research ability by letting teachers take the place of classes.
Teachers should give specific method guidance to students in the whole process of writing papers.
Because teachers are familiar with the ins and outs and key points of difficult problems in this major, they know where to find information, which information is more important, how to read it, how to find problems, how to start with those clues, find breakthroughs, and how to conduct in-depth research and thinking on those key points, so we should focus on giving guidance in this regard.
Choose your own topics, find your own materials, distinguish important and unimportant materials, and find a breakthrough in analysis and research. In view of the existing problems, please ask teachers to give specific guidance, find out incorrect points, thoughtless and imprecise points, weak links in work and correct methods to overcome shortcomings.
Try to do it yourself first, and then help him realize the shortcomings and master the methods to overcome and correct them. Such guidance can have a practical effect on his classmates, so that he can firmly understand and master it, not easily forget it, and easily tell him all the methods and viewpoints without his own practice, which often gives him a superficial impression. He may not be able to grasp it effectively, nor may he be able to grasp it firmly.
The purpose of writing is to present facts and reasons, and the examples and arguments cited by facts in their discussion and explanation are materials; These materials are used to explain the truth and show the theme.
(2) the purpose of publication:
① Summarizing scientific and technological achievements Writing scientific and technological papers is a scientific and technological research topic, and it is the last essential content to achieve results, because scientific and technological papers are the refinement and generalization of the direct experience and experience of scientific and technological workers engaged in invention and creation, reflecting the progress and development of science and technology, and have important value in scientific and technological information resources. Scientific research includes three stages: raising questions, investigating (or experimental) research; Publish research results through papers and other forms (such as oral reports). Whether it is scientific research or technological innovation, after the task is completed, it is necessary to obtain the selected materials from practice, make comprehensive analysis, judgment and reasoning, put forward arguments and write papers to summarize scientific and technological achievements, find out the shortcomings of arguments and the places where more work needs to be done, clarify the direction of further research and open up new research fields.
(2) Expanding academic exchanges and writing papers can not only record and exchange scientific and technological information, but also promote other research work. The process of theoretical research (such as the proof of mathematical formulas) is the research process.
Hold academic reports, lectures on science and technology, exhibitions on scientific and technological achievements, and publish papers in journals and other forms of academic exchanges to disseminate and popularize scientific and technological research achievements.
There are two main forms of publishing scientific papers: 1) Publicly publishing exchange papers, some published in public journals at home and abroad or exchanged at international academic conferences, some published in domestic journals or exchanged at domestic academic conferences. 2) Publicize internal communication papers, internal communication papers, internal communication journals or academic conferences of small departments; Writing scientific and technological achievements into papers and publishing them publicly will have a more significant impact and effect. Not limited by time and region, it can be passed on to future generations and spread to various regions.
(3) Increase the accumulation of science and technology, which has its inheritance of predecessors' achievements, which prepares the conditions for future generations to create inventions and discoveries. Papers recorded in words and charts are the main methods of scientific and technological accumulation. It has promoted the continuous development of science and technology, enriched the treasure house of human science and technology, and made contributions to the current and future generations to continue to climb the peak of science and technology.
(4) Improve research ability and assess professional level. By writing papers, scientific and technological workers can improve their thinking, analyzing and solving problems, improve research methods, learn and master the writing methods and skills of scientific and technological papers, and improve their writing ability.
The number (quantity) of published scientific papers and their contribution (quality) to social benefits are the evaluation of the professional level of scientific and technological workers. The important standard of scientific and technological achievements is an important basis for obtaining degrees, evaluating professional titles and upgrading, and it is also one of the channels for discovering talents. For example, when a graduate student applies for a degree, he or she should write a paper summarizing the study and research results of a certain major and award the corresponding degree through defense.