Literary works

1, Early Life and Creation

Gorky lost his father at the age of 4, 1 1 made a living independently, and worked as an apprentice, porter and baker. 1884 went to Kazan, and 19 visited Russia twice in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and got a wide understanding of people's feelings. In the meantime, he was arrested on 1889 for participating in a secret revolutionary organization. After his release, his actions were still monitored by the Constitutional Police. 1892, he published his first novel, Markard Cudla, and soon began to work as an editor and journalist in the local newspaper. 1898 published two volumes of prose and short stories, which are well-known in Russian and European literary circles. He only went to school for two years, and he was completely self-taught.

Most of his early works are short stories. Among them are Markard Cudla, Maiden and Death, Old Lady Izgil, and Song of the Eagle. With a strong contrast between darkness and light, praising heroes who yearn for light and devote themselves to people's interests has distinct romantic characteristics. Novels such as Cerca Shi, Konarov and Because of Boredom focus on describing the miserable life of the lower classes and expressing their anger at reality, which belongs to artistic realism. The two-volume short story "The Reader" and the critical article "Paul Welland and the Decadence School" also show that the author has attached importance to the social role of literature from the beginning and has a clear artistic stance against decadence.

Two novellas, Fuma Goyle Deyev and Three Men, were completed at the turn of the 20th century from 65438 to 2009, focusing on revealing the life exploration theme of young heroes through a broader realistic picture.

Starting from 1900, Gorky participated in and presided over the work of Knowledge Publishing House, and United a large number of writers with democratic tendencies in Russia at that time by publishing knowledge series. 190 1 year, he wrote leaflets in St. Petersburg, exposing the atrocities of the czar government in suppressing demonstrators and calling for the overthrow of the autocratic system. Song of Haiyan, a prose poem published in the same year, is full of revolutionary passion and is considered as a "revolutionary declaration". This year, he was also entrusted by the revolutionary party to set up a secret printing factory and was arrested and exiled for the second time.

Gorky wrote several plays in succession at the beginning of the 20th century, among which Ordinary Citizen exposed the contradiction between bourgeois conservatives and liberals and created a vivid image of workers. The bottom deeply criticizes passive waiting for happiness, and a character in the play declares, "How proud the word human sounds." Summer Traveler, Children of the Sun and Barbarian revealed the split of Russian intellectuals at that time and flogged those who abandoned revolutionary ideals. 1905 at the beginning of the revolution, as a witness against the shooting of petitioners by the czar government, he wrote leaflets and called on the people to fight, and actively participated in the publication of New Life and Fight by the Social Democratic Labor Party, trying to plan funds and weapons for the insurgents. During this period, he also published a lot of political comments, among which "On the Habits of Ordinary Citizens" deeply analyzed its social roots, psychological characteristics and its harm to the revolutionary cause.

2. Mid-term life and creation

1at the beginning of 906, Gorky secretly left Russia for the United States, where he publicized the revolution and raised money for the party. In the same year, he wrote the drama Enemy and the novel Mother in America. The former successfully demonstrated the unity and fighting spirit of the working class through the fierce face-to-face conflict between workers and factory owners in a factory; The latter highlights the image of Barville and his mother Nilovna, who consciously struggled for the cause of socialism, who changed from resignation to firm revolutionary fighters under the realistic education, based on the May Day tour behavior of women in Sormo in 1902. Both works are permeated with firm belief in historical progress and embody the creative principle of expressing reality in the development of real revolution, and are recognized as the foundation works of socialist realism. During his stay in America, the writer also wrote My Interview and In America, which exposed and criticized the capitalist system.

After the temporary failure of the revolution, Gorky went to Italy from the United States in the autumn of 1906 and settled in Capri Island. In May of the following year, he and Lenin attended the fifth congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held there. In the following years, he wrote novellas such as The Life of a Useless Man, Summer and the Town of Ogulov, and plays such as The Last Generation and Vasa Zhileznova, as well as a number of outstanding works such as Italian fairy tales and Russian fairy tales. During this period, he had a close relationship with bogdanov, then a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. His novella Confessions advocates obvious creationism. At that time, some papers and monographs published by him, such as the History of Russian Literature, also contained some wrong views such as "concept compound", "experience organization" and "creationism" to varying degrees. With the help of Lenin's criticism, he gradually raised his consciousness and broke away from the progressive group.

His works include:

Novel: childhood, mother and the earth.

Short Story Collection and Short Story Collection: translation preface, the story of Markard Coudrat, the story of old woman Izgil, Christmas and Kana Valov.

Mr. and Mrs. orlov on the Grassland, Tibetan Luoren, Melody of Spring and Galtwa Market are disturbing books.