(1.280 Institute of Nuclear Industry, Guanghan 618300, Sichuan; 2. Geological Survey Institute of Sichuan Nuclear Industry, Chengdu, Sichuan 6 10066)
This paper summarizes the progress and new discoveries in geological survey of uranium deposits in Tibet since 2005. The geological survey of uranium deposits in Tibet is divided into two stages: in the first stage (2005-2007), the uranium resource potential was investigated in the Gangdise structural belt and the northern part of Sanjiang in eastern Tibet, and the uranium metallogenic conditions and prospecting direction were studied, and the types of prospecting targets were determined as granite-type and volcanic-type uranium deposits, and seven uranium metallogenic prospects were predicted. In the second stage (from 2008 to now), the prospect survey of1∶ 250,000 uranium deposits was carried out in the prospective area predicted in the first stage, and eight uranium prospecting targets were determined. Through the regional evaluation of Zuogong Genduo and Nanmulin Wuyu prospecting targets 1 ∶ 1 10,000 ~1∶ 50,000 uranium deposits, combined with the exposure of Guangshan project and drilling verification, two uranium resource occurrences were determined. In the next step, on the one hand, we should continue to investigate the uranium resource potential in the blank area of uranium geological work and predict the uranium metallogenic prospect; On the other hand, strengthen the prospect investigation of1∶ 250,000 uranium deposit and determine the prospecting target area; Finally, the regional evaluation of uranium deposits in the prospecting target area is gradually implemented, and efforts are made to find more uranium resources and mineral sites.
[Keywords:] uranium resources; Mineral land; Prospecting target area; Hyperopia area; Xizang
Tibet is the main part of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the "roof of the world", with an average elevation of over 4,000 meters and a total area of about 122.80× 104 km2.
Tibet is located in the eastern part of the alpine-Himalayan metallogenic belt, with unique geological structure and superior metallogenic conditions. It is an important strategic reserve base of mineral resources in China. By the end of 2009, there were 0/02 kinds of minerals/kloc-in Tibet, with more than 3,000 mineral sites, accounting for about 60% of the discovered mineral species in China. The dominant mineral resources in Tibet are chromium, copper, molybdenum, lead, zinc, iron, gold, silver, salt lake resources, high-temperature geothermal and high-quality mineral water [1]. Among them, the reserves of chromium and copper, the prospect of lithium ore resources in salt lakes and the total amount of high-temperature geothermal resources rank first in the country, and the resources of boron and antimony rank fourth and sixth in the country [2 ~ 3]. Due to the limitation of natural environment and traffic conditions, before the Tenth Five-Year Plan, professional uranium geological teams rarely carried out systematic work in this area, and the uranium geological work in Tibet was almost blank. In the later period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, especially since 2005, the No.280 Institute of Nuclear Industry and the Sichuan Institute of Nuclear Industry Geology and Prospecting successively went to Tibet to carry out uranium geological surveys in the Gangdise structural belt and the northern section of Sanjiang in eastern Tibet, and gained a general understanding of uranium metallogenic conditions and prospecting direction in this area, and made some new understandings and discoveries. The author sorts out and summarizes the progress and new findings of geological survey of uranium deposits in Tibet, aiming to play a certain reference role for colleagues engaged in uranium prospecting in this area in the future.
Summary of Geological Work of Tibet 1 Uranium Mine
The geological work of uranium deposits in Tibet began with 1956. Southwest 209 Team entered Tibet, and carried out vehicle-mounted gamma-ray spectrum measurement along the Qinghai-Tibet line (Lhasa-Xining) and the Sichuan-Tibet line (Yadong-Ya 'an), and found some abnormal points of gamma-ray spectrum along the line.
During the period of 1968, Beijing Third Research Institute conducted energy spectrum measurement of automobiles in eastern Tibet and western Sichuan, and found some abnormal points. 1979, during the general survey of 64 1 Tuan Erlian, the 205th Division of the Infrastructure Engineering Corps in western Sichuan-eastern Tibet, the 1 volcanic alkaline uranium deposit and some anomalies were found in Mangkang area. 1980 28 1 Tuansanlian, 205th Division of Infrastructure Engineering Corps, exposed the 790 1 uranium deposit in Mangkang Lawu, believing that its development prospect is not great. From the end of 1980s to the beginning of 1990s, Yunnan Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources completed more than 20 river sediment surveys1∶ 200,000 and1∶ 500,000, and summarized the geochemical characteristics of radioactive elements in this area. The mapping of1∶ 5 million regional geochemical series (200 1) organized by the Development Research Center of China Geological Survey shows that the uranium enrichment scale in the eastern Gangdise is relatively large [5 ~ 6], which may be related to the early and middle Yanshanian crust granite and granodiorite. The systematic geological survey of uranium deposits in Tibet began in 2005, and the working area basically covered the whole Gangdise structural belt and the northern section of Sanjiang in eastern Tibet.
2 uranium geological survey progress
Geological survey of uranium deposits in Tibet can be roughly divided into two stages. In the first stage (2005-2007), the uranium resource potential was investigated in Gangdise structural belt in eastern Tibet and northern Sanjiang, and the uranium metallogenic conditions and prospecting direction were studied, the types of prospecting targets were determined, and the uranium metallogenic prospect was predicted. In the second stage (from 2008 to now), the prospect survey of1∶ 250,000 uranium was conducted in the prospective area predicted in the first stage, and the prospecting target area was determined. At this stage,1∶1kloc-0/∶ 50000 uranium regional evaluation was carried out for some prospecting targets, and uranium resources and minerals were determined by combining the exposure of Guangshan project and drilling verification. By the end of 20 13, the uranium prospect survey of 1 ∶ 250,000 has been completed in three I-level uranium metallogenic prospects, namely Zuogong-Leiwu Banner, Nanmulin and Bango-Kerry (Figure1).
Map 1 Degree Geological Survey of Uranium Deposits in Tibet
1-Precambrian basement; 2- Caledonian basement; 3- Variscan fold; 4- Indosinian fold; 5- Yanshanian fold; 6- Himalayan fold; 7- granite; 8- diorite; 9- gabbro; 10-ultrabasic rock; 1 1 plate suture; 12- deep fault; 13-general fracture; 14- investigation scope of uranium resource potential; 15—1∶ 250,000 uranium prospect survey scope; 16—1:110,000 ~1:50,000 uranium regional evaluation range
The investigation of uranium resources potential in the area has carried out route geological survey, ground gamma-ray spectrum measurement, remote sensing, trench exploration and other methods; 1∶ 250,000 uranium deposit prospecting survey, including route geological survey, ground gamma-ray spectrum survey, remote sensing, special geological survey, soil detection, river sediment survey, trench exposure and drilling verification. See table 1 for workload statistics of uranium geological survey.
Table 1 Statistics on the workload of uranium geological survey in Gangdise structural belt in eastern Tibet and northern Sanjiang area
3. Main achievements and new discoveries
3. 1 uranium resource potential investigation
Through the investigation of uranium resource potential in Gangdise structural belt in eastern Tibet and the northern part of Sanjiang, and the study of uranium metallogenic conditions and prospecting direction [7 ~ 9], the following achievements and new discoveries have been made:
1) comprehensively and systematically collected all kinds of basic data in Tibet and established a geological database of uranium deposits in Tibet; 66 basic drawings were compiled, and rock mass cards and basin cards 159 were made.
2) The survey area is 55.00× 104 km2, and the stratum, lithology, structural characteristics and the background of radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium in this area are roughly found out. There are 62 abnormal points (zones), uranium deposits 1 and uranium mineralization points 4. Among them, Genduo uranium deposit, Aoma anomaly belt, Youcha anomaly belt, Bumsongrong anomaly belt and Jiange Songduo anomaly belt have high strength and large scale, which are obviously controlled by structure and lithology and have further work value.
3) Uranium mineralization in this area is preliminarily divided into three stages, namely, bottom uranium layer development stage (PT-T2), initial enrichment stage (T3-K) and activation transformation stage (E-Q). The closest time to uranium mineralization is the late Late Triassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene. The closest tectonic events are the intense collision, orogeny and intracontinental convergence in late Indosinian, late Yanshan and early Himalayan, and the accompanying emplacement of crustal molten granite and volcanic eruption.
4) Determine the target types of uranium prospecting in Gangdise structural belt and the northern section of Sanjiang in eastern Tibet as granite type and volcanic type uranium deposits, taking into account other types of uranium deposits. Among them, the northern and central Asian belts of Gangdise structural belt are favorable areas for granite-type uranium mineralization; Southern Cuoqin Basin and Nanmulin area (including Wuyu Basin) are favorable areas for volcanic uranium mineralization.
5) Radioactive hydrochemical investigation was carried out in plateau lakes in this area, and it was found that the uranium concentration in nine plateau lakes was abnormal, and the controlling factors for the increase of uranium concentration in water bodies were preliminarily analyzed.
6) Three types of uranium mineralization prospects were predicted in Leiuqi-Zuogong, Nanmulin and Bango-Kerry, two types of uranium mineralization prospects were predicted in the south of Bensongrong and Cuoqin Basin, and two types of uranium mineralization prospects were predicted in Nyainqentanglha and Chayu (Figure 2).
Prospective forecast map of uranium resource potential investigation in Tibet.
1-Precambrian basement; 2- Caledonian basement; 3- Variscan fold; 4- Indosinian fold; 5- Yanshanian fold; 6- Himalayan fold; 7- granite; 8- diorite; 9- gabbro; 10-ultrabasic rock; 1 1 plate suture; 12- deep fault; 13-general fracture; 14-the location of remote scenic spots; 15-the first-class scenic spot and its number; 16-secondary scenic spot and its number; 17-Grade III scenic spot and its number
Prospective investigation of 3.21∶ 250,000 uranium deposits
Through the prospect investigation of1∶ 250,000 uranium deposits predicted in the first phase of Zuogong-Leiwuqi, Nanmulin and Bango-Kerry Grade I uranium mineralization prospect area, and the investigation and evaluation of unconventional uranium resources in Zabuye Chaka Salt Lake in Zhongba County, the following achievements and new discoveries have been made:
1) The survey area is 4.75× 104 km2, and the stratigraphic, lithologic and structural characteristics, as well as the migration, enrichment and distribution laws of radioactive elements such as uranium, thorium and potassium are roughly found out. 56 abnormal points (bands) were found.
2) Dissect the abnormal points in the area, and further make clear that the uranium prospecting types in the investigation area are granite type, volcanic type and sandstone type. Among them, the uranium prospecting types in Zuogong-Leiwu Banner and Bango-Kerry area are granite type, while the uranium prospecting types in Nanmulin area are volcanic rock type and sandstone type.
3) Based on the analysis of regional metallogenic geological conditions and combined with various geophysical and geochemical remote sensing results, eight prospecting targets were determined.
4) Through the regional evaluation of Zuogong Genduo and Nanmulin Wuyu uranium mines 1∶ 1 10,000 ~1∶ 50,000 uranium mines, combined with the exposure of Guangshan project and drilling verification, two uranium resources and mineral sites were identified.
5) The uranium concentration in the water of Zabuye Chaka Salt Lake in Zhongba County (average uranium concentration in Beihu brine 1.82mg/L, and average uranium concentration in Nanhu brine (3.27mg/L) and uranium enrichment conditions [10] are roughly ascertained, and the uranium resources in the salt lake are roughly estimated to be ×××t, which is similar to that of Beijing Institute of Geology (2065438+).
4 Uranium resources, deposits and their characteristics
4. 1 Zuogonggen polyamine resource mining area
Zuogonggen multi-uranium resource mining area is located in the northwest of Zuogong County, about 55 kilometers away from the county seat, and the administrative division is under the jurisdiction of Bian Yu Administrative Village, Meiyu Township, Zuogong County.
4. 1. 1 regional metallogenic geological background
Zuogonggen uranium resource deposit is located in the south Qiangtang-Zuogong block of Qiangtang-Sanjiang structural belt. The exposed stratum in this area is the middle-deep metamorphic rock series of Paleoproterozoic Tangji Group (PT 1-2J. ), Neoproterozoic Youxi Group (Pt3Y. ), lower carboniferous kagong formation (C 1k), upper Triassic dongdacun formation (T3ddc) and jiapila formation (J 100). Magmatic activity in the area is intense, with late Triassic (Indosinian) granite and granodiorite as the main emplacements, and bedrock, rock branches and branches are produced; Secondly, Jurassic adamellite emplaced and appeared as a rock plant. The uranium resource mine is located in the outer contact zone between the late Triassic granodiorite and Dongdacun Formation (Figure 3), only 350 meters away from the granodiorite body.
4. 1.2 Geological characteristics of mining area
The exposed stratum in the mining area is the Upper Triassic Dongdacun Formation (T3ddc), which can be divided into upper and lower sections: the lower section is interbedded with purplish red argillaceous siltstone and marl with unequal thickness; The upper member is gray thick-bedded fine-grained calcareous feldspar timely sandstone and yellow timely sandstone, and the stratum occurrence is 2 10 ~ 260 ∠ 38 ~ 74, with monoclinic occurrence. Indosinian granodiorite is exposed in the east of the mining area. The main lithology is gray granodiorite with a small amount of muscovite granite and porphyritic granite. Early Yanshanian fine-grained granite veins are developed on the upper wall of ore-bearing strata, with a width of about 30m. The main minerals are Synchrosite (45%), Potash feldspar (40%) and plagioclase (15%). Uranium mineralization occurs in early Yanshanian fine-grained granite veins and gray calcareous and argillaceous fine-grained feldspathic chronological sandstone of Upper Triassic Dongdacun Formation (Figure 4), and is strictly controlled by early Yanshanian fine-grained granite veins and gray calcareous and argillaceous fine-grained feldspathic chronological sandstone of Upper Triassic Dongdacun Formation [12].
4. 1.3 ore body characteristics
The ore-bearing strata are banded in the northwest direction, with intermittent outcrop length greater than 4km and occurrence of 200 ~ 260 ∠ 35 ~ 55, and five ore sections are preliminarily delineated. Mineralization is layered and lenticular, and the relationship between ore bed (body) and surrounding rock is gradually transitional. The length of coal seam (body) is generally 1 15 ~ 200m, and the exposed width (thickness) varies greatly, ranging from 0.4 ~ 13.0m, with the maximum thickness 13m and the average thickness of 3m. The uranium content in the ore is 0.05% ~ 0.86%, generally 0.05% ~ 0.30%. The ore-bearing sections are about 500 ~ 900 meters apart.
Fig. 3 Geological schematic diagram of Zuogonggen uranium deposit in Tibet.
1-Upper Triassic Dongdacun Formation; 2- Early Yanshanian fine-grained granite veins; 3- Indosinian granodiorite; 4 a mudstone; 5- sandstone; 6— marl; 7-metamorphic rocks; 8- granite; 9- granodiorite; 10-ore-bearing bed; 1 1- uranium ore body
4. 1.4 ore characteristics
Ore industry type is silicate type, which can be divided into fine-grained granite type and sandstone type according to ore-bearing lithology. At present, the main uranium-containing substances and the existing forms of uranium have not been ascertained.
Fig. 4 Schematic diagram of uranium geology in Zhalun mining area, Zuogonggen uranium resource mining area, Tibet.
1- four yuan; 2- Upper Triassic Dongdacun Formation; 3- Early Yanshanian fine-grained granite veins; 4— Mudstone; 5- sandstone; 6— marl; 7- granite; 8— Uranium ore bodies; 9- Uranium mineralization; 10- uranium anomaly
4. 1.5 is related to * * * minerals
The main metal minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite, ilmenite, magnetite, goethite, pyrrhotite, galena, stibnite and sphalerite [13]. The results of chemical analysis show that the copper content is 19.40%, the lead content is 0.08%, the zinc content is 1.32%, the gold content is 1.30g/t, and the copper, zinc and gold all reach industrial grade, indicating that Zuogonggen is a uranium polymetallic mine.
4. 1.6 surrounding rock alteration
The alteration of surrounding rocks related to mineralization is mainly carbonation, followed by silicification, chloritization, sericitization, muscovization, keratinization and sulfidation of metals such as copper and antimony.
4.2 Nanmulin Wuyu Uranium Resource Area
Nanmulin Wuyu Uranium Mine is located in the east of namling county, about 50 kilometers away from the county seat. Administrative divisions are subordinate to Mangre Township, Suojin Township and Dazi Township in namling county.
4.2. 1 Regional metallogenic geological background
The Wuyu uranium deposit in Nanmulin is located in the Gangdise volcanic arc zone, adjacent to the island chain of Nyainqentanglha Mesozoic in the north and the Yarlung Zangbo River junction zone in the south. The exposed strata in this area are pre-Sinian Nyainqentanglha Group (AnZNq), Paleogene Dianzhong Group (E 1d), Nianbo Group (E2n), Rigongla Group (E3r), Neogene Gazacun Group (N2g), Zongdangcun Group (N2z) and Quaternary Volcano (Q). The magmatic activity in the area is strong, and the volcanic activity is mainly Paleocene-Neogene (Himalayan period) overflow facies, basic-intermediate acid volcanic lava, tuff and agglomerate in eruption facies; The granite emplaced in Miocene (Himalayan period) in the northern region is produced in the form of rock plants. The uranium resource mine is located in the northwest of Wuyu Cenozoic volcanic-sedimentary basin (Figure 5).
Fig. 5 Geological schematic diagram of Wuyu uranium deposit in Nanmulin, Tibet.
1- four yuan; 2- Neogene Zongdang Village Formation; 3- Neogene Gazacun stratum; 4- Rigongla Formation of Paleogene; 5- Paleogene annual wave group; 6- Middle Canon Formation of Paleogene; 7— Nyainqentanglha Group of Pre-Sinian system; 8- Himalayan granite; 9-reverse fault and its number; 10- failure; 1 1- section location and number; 12- geological interface and unconformity interface; 13-sandstone-type uranium deposit; 14- volcanic type uranium deposit; 15- location and quantity of industrial holes; 16 —— Location and number of mineralized holes; 17-location and quantity of non-mine holes
4.2.2 Geological characteristics of mining area
The exposed strata in the mining area are Gazacun Formation (N2g) and Zongdangcun Formation (N2z). Gazacun formation is divided into three sections from bottom to top. The lower part is light gray tuff, agglomerate, andesite and dacite porphyry. The middle section is brick red, gray and dark gray tuffaceous glutenite, sandstone mixed with thin mudstone and siltstone, and the stratum occurrence is150 ~170 ∠ 25 ~ 450; The upper member is gray tuff and agglomerate. Zongdangcun Formation is divided into two lithologic sections from bottom to top. The lower part is brick red, gray white and dark gray tuffaceous sandstone and glutenite. The upper member is gray tuffaceous sandstone, mudstone and siltstone. There is a large area of Miocene (Himalayan) granite in the north of the mining area. The structure of the mining area is characterized by fault structure and structural cracks. The near east-west regional deep fault F 15 and its secondary faults cross the northern part of the mining area. Later, near-north-south extensional faults interlaced with east-west faults, and dense fractures developed in fault structural zones, contact surfaces of different lithology and dikes. Uranium mineralization occurs in the fractured zone of contact between glutenite and tuff in Gachacun Formation and Zongdangcun Formation, and occurs on the sedimentary discontinuity (Figure 6), and is strictly controlled by it.
Fig. 6 section of exploration line. Wuyu uranium mine area in Nanmulin, Tibet 15
1- Neogene Zongdangcun Formation; 2- Neogene Gazacun Formation; 3- Paleogene annual wave group; 4- Himalayan granite; 5— Mudstone; 6- sandstone; 7— Gravel; 8- tuff; 9- rhyolitic volcanic breccia; 10-granite; 1 1- fault and number; 12- drilling position and number; 13-uranium ore body
4.2.3 Ore body characteristics
Ore-bearing strata are bedded along the northeast direction, the intermittent outcrop length in the east of the mining area is more than 4km, and the occurrence is150 ~170 ∠ 25 ~ 45; Discontinuous outcrops are about 3km west of the mining area, and the occurrence is 130 ~ 150 ∠ 25 ~ 35. Uranium mineralization is layered and tabular, and the relationship between ore body and surrounding rock is gradually transitional. Ore bodies are generally about 100m long, with a thickness of 2 ~ 5 m and a maximum thickness of 7.2m The uranium content in the ore is 0.05% ~ 1.94%, generally 0.05% ~ 0. 1 1%.
Ore characteristics
The industrial type of ore is silicate type, which can be divided into volcanic rock type and sandstone type according to the ore-bearing lithology. Uranium exists in the matrix in the form of independent uranium ore, isomorphism or dispersion adsorption. Uranium minerals in sandstone-type uranium deposits are mainly pitchblende and uranite, while uranium minerals in volcanic-type uranium deposits are mainly phosphorite, vanadium-potassium-uranium, barium-uranite and uranite.
4.2.5 Associated minerals (* * *)
The main metal minerals are realgar, orpiment and stibnite.
wall rock alteration
The alteration of surrounding rocks related to mineralization is mainly sericitization and limonitization, followed by silicification, chloritization and sulfide of arsenic, antimony and other metals.
5 conclusion
Through the investigation of uranium resource potential in Gangdise structural belt in eastern Tibet and northern Sanjiang, and the prospect investigation of1∶ 250,000 uranium deposit, some achievements have been made and new discoveries have been made. The author believes that Tibet has the geological conditions for uranium mineralization. However, the geological survey level of uranium deposits in Tibet is generally low, and the following matters should be paid attention to in the next step:
5. 1 continue to investigate the uranium resource potential in the blank area of uranium geological work and predict the uranium metallogenic prospect.
The total area of Tibet is about 122.80× 104 km2. At present, only the Gangdise structural belt and the northern part of Sanjiang in eastern Tibet have been investigated for uranium resources potential. The survey area is less than 45.00% of the total area of Tibet, and the geological area of uranium deposits is 67.80× 104 km2. Therefore, the next step should be to continue to investigate the potential of uranium resources in the blank areas of uranium geological work, determine the types of prospecting targets, optimize a number of favorable metallogenic areas, and predict the prospect of uranium mineralization.
5.2 Strengthen the prospect investigation of1∶ 250,000 uranium deposit and confirm the prospecting target area.
Among the seven uranium mineralization prospects predicted by the investigation of uranium resource potential, only three I-level uranium mineralization prospects, Zuogong-Leiuqi, Nanmulin and Bango-Kerry, have been investigated1∶ 250,000 uranium deposits, and four uranium mineralization prospects, Bangsongrong, southern Cuoqin Basin, Nyainqentanglha and Chayu, have not been investigated1∶ 250,000 uranium deposits. Therefore, in the next step, we should continue to carry out the1∶ 250,000 uranium prospect survey in the four uranium metallogenic prospect areas of Busongrong, southern Cuoqin Basin, Nyainqentanglha and Chayu, which are predicted by the investigation of uranium resource potential, and roughly find out the stratigraphic, lithologic and structural characteristics of the area, as well as the migration, enrichment and distribution laws of radioactive elements uranium, thorium and potassium, and find a number of valuable anomalies (zones).
5.3 Gradually implement regional evaluation of uranium deposits in the prospecting target area, and strive to find more uranium resources and deposits.
According to the progress of Tibet1∶ 250,000 uranium prospect survey, the regional evaluation of uranium deposits will be gradually implemented in the prospecting target area of1∶ 250,000 uranium prospect survey to find more uranium resources and minerals.
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Significant progress and breakthrough in uranium exploration in China —— Examples of newly discovered and proven uranium deposits since the new century.
[Author] Sun Zexuan, male, born in 1966, is a researcher-level senior engineer. 1989 graduated from the Department of Geology, East China Institute of Geology with a bachelor's degree in uranium geological exploration, and received a doctorate in sedimentology from Chengdu University of Technology in 2007. Since 2008, he has been the chief engineer of 280 Institute of Nuclear Industry. He presided over 25 scientific research projects on uranium geological production and participated in 8 projects. Won the second prize of 1, the third prize of two excellent geological reports of CNNC, and the third prize of national defense science and technology 1. Published academic papers 16 as the first author in domestic academic journals, and co-published 9 papers.