Before I say the text, I think it is necessary to explain the version I read. Historical Records was written in the Han Dynasty, and it was printed in almost all previous dynasties. There are inevitably some differences between versions, and some versions are poisonous because of poor proofreading. Moreover, Chinese characters are often implicated in the whole article, so the choice of version is extremely important. There are more than 60 kinds of Hu Ben, Jinling Bureau Edition and Wuyingtang Edition, which can be described as vast. I remember that when Mr. Sheng wrote doubts in Historical Records in the Qing Dynasty, he took the lake as the foundation, and as a result, he doubted many mistakes that other versions did not have, wasting a lot of time. I read the proofreading edition of Zhonghua Book Company according to Jinling Bureau, and also referred to Yao Zhutian's Historical Records and Sheng's Historical Records.
Career depends on personality, how many times?
Xiang Yu in Sima Qian's works is not so much Xiang Yu in history as historical facts intertwined with imaginary illusions in his mind. Sima Qian wrote biographies without his real name, which were generally respected by him, such as Qu Yuan, Wei Gongzi and General Li. (The emperor must have a temple number), and Xiang Yu is one of them. Although the title of this article is Biography of Xiang Yu, since the section of The Hongmen Banquet, the writing has been called "Wang Xiang" everywhere, showing obvious admiration.
"Smile heavy pupil, all-powerful, fiercely. A Fang Jiao was guilty of the same crime as Qin in March. Qin died in six countries, and Chu's father lost in Qin Sanshi. Who will bear eternal fruit? If you want to ask heaven, politics is silent. " Just like many people who talk about the Qin and Han Dynasties today, Bai Pu's "Shuidiao Tou" is actually entirely from historical records, all of which originated from Sima Qian's family background. Therefore, although later generations have their own needs, Xiang Yu's comprehensive image still stays in the category of Sima Qian's shaping. Sima Qian wrote about Xiang Yu's bravery, his cross the rubicon, his cruelty, his burning Epang Palace and his stubbornness. "There is a Fan Zeng who can't be used"; However, he also wrote his excellent side. For example, Han Xin commented on him: "Wang Xiang is respectful and loving when he meets people, and he speaks out. When he was ill, he cried and drank. " Xiang Yu's kindness is particularly prominent in the Hongmen banquet. When it is said, "There are several kings in Fan Zeng, and three of them are admired by Yu Jun, but Wang Moran should not." This is also the saddest place for Xiang Yu, that is, he has never been cruel enough to the enemy in front of him. His death was probably because he didn't see it with his own eyes, so he could feel at ease. However, no winner in history finally won the world because of kindness to the enemy. Since Qin Shihuang, Liu Bang, Sima Yan, Sui Wendi, Li Shimin, Zhao Kuangyin, Zhu Yuanzhang, etc. They all did, but after they came to power, a group of writers praised their virtues full-time. This shows that great people can't stick to details after all. About 100 years ago, a Li Zongwu in western Sichuan founded "larded school", pointing out that anyone who can achieve great success in politics belongs to a generation with thick skin and black heart, and respectfully called Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu, a "larded saint". Sima Qian praised Xiang Yu for "not ending his position, but not since ancient times", which is extremely high. But he was inevitably defeated by Liu Bang and died in Wujiang River, sighing for later generations. Why? Gai Liu Bang's accomplishments in the words "thick" and "black" are also "almost unheard of". It is clearly recorded in Historical Records that "Xiang was a general of Chu in the second half of his life", and his social status was roughly the same as that of nobles in previous centuries. Han Xin's virtues such as "respecting love and spitting out words" were all cultivated from childhood; As for Liu Bang's origin, it is the opposite of him. Sima Qian was obsessed with the face of the ruler. Although you can't say "high-impedance, rogue", you can use various writing techniques to imply it. For example, the sentence "He has always been generous and doesn't care about his family property" in Biography of Gaozu seems to praise his lofty aspirations at first glance, but if you connect with the overall image created throughout, you will find that he has the typical characteristics of hooligans. Now there is an idiom called "being unlucky when meeting someone", and Xiang is a typical example of "being unlucky when meeting an enemy". Imagine that Liu Bang casually said, "Give me a piece of this." He really put up with what people can't stand and what people can't do. No wonder, Han Xin, Chen and other outstanding men of insight have defected to Xiang Yu, devoted themselves to him and died. When encountering such an opponent, Xiang Yu will inevitably fall into calculation and bind his hands and feet everywhere. How can he be unbeaten? Sima Qian probably broke this point, so he wrote at the end of Biography of Xiang Yu: "Tai Shigong said: ... (Xiang Yu) died in Dongcheng, but he didn't feel guilty about it, so he died. It is wrong to quote' Heaven kills me, but it is not a crime to use soldiers'! " True love is deep and responsibility is cut.
"Recalling the past, almost days, not manpower." If Xiang Yu was lucky enough to live to the Southern Song Dynasty, I wonder what he would think when he heard Zhang Xiaoxiang's words. He will probably be a bosom friend. Unfortunately, Xiang Yu didn't understand until he died. It's not that God wants to kill him, but that his political level is far from that of his opponent, which is not a heavyweight at all.
Look at the empty valley in Sichuan, with flags flying. You are proud. You have fought all your life.
"Battle of the Julu" is the battlefield description in Biography of Xiang Yu, which is second only to "Gaixiawei", and it is also the moment when Xiang Yu formally established his leading position among the princes. Therefore, Sima Qian comprehensively used various writing methods to describe him with great energy and lofty sentiments, which made people read vividly. At that time, "the vassal army saved the giant deer from more than ten walls, so it did not dare to fight." Only the Chu army under Xiang Yu "all sank, broke the kettle, burned the house, and gave three meals to show ten thousand deaths, and none of them returned to their hearts." Compared with the two, Xiang Yu is even more brave, and the article flashes a very strong color of personal heroism. Sima Qian seems to be a man of the hour who is very keen on describing this kind of personal heroism, but he ended in a dismal situation. No matter Jing Ke in Biography of Xiang Yu, Biography of Wei Gongzi and Biography of Assassins, his tragic consciousness is reflected in different degrees. This may be related to his abnormal depression after being corrupted. As for those who stand on the opposite side of these heroes, they are often vilified by him. For example, when Xiang Yu personally persevered and proposed to solve the problem through "one-on-one" with Liu Bang, Liu Bang immediately smiled and said, "I would rather fight for wisdom than strength." The true face of treachery and smoothness is vividly displayed, and there is no hero who swallowed mountains and rivers. I don't know if I was inspired by this "one-on-one". The wind of "one-on-one" suddenly prevailed during the Three Kingdoms period in Luo Guanzhong, which affected the actual combat in the future. However, even a hero like Xiang Yu has to wear armor when he goes to the battlefield. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, when Levin, the governor of Liaodong, commanded 180,000 troops, Juniper, the company commander of Xiliang Army, actually learned from Chu Xu.
Perhaps Sima Qian loved Xiang Yu very much, so he admitted that he didn't like the fact of fighting wits, and then described himself as having courage at any time in order to "win a good battle" with Liu Bang. At the end of Biography of Xiang Yu, he wrote that he defeated hundreds of Han armies with one hand, which was very well written. This is another story, according to the table.
Until "Chu Jianghan", compared with Xiang Yu, Liu Bang was not as brave and powerful as the latter. As for strength, he is worse than the latter, but Liu Bang also has a big advantage that Xiang Yu can't reach, that is, the think tank behind him. The most vicious and poisonous people in this group are Sean and Chen Ping. When "Han wants to go to the west", they are keenly aware that the Chu army "stops eating and doesn't eat", so they put forward that "it is better to take it because of its opportunity" and regard the previous vows as nothing. Personally, I am used to dividing consultants into three categories: inferior ones are bound by moral concepts everywhere, and their ideas cannot be extended. Many times, they bear the name of a wise man, such as Lu Su in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms; Although ordinary people can break moral constraints, they don't think much about each other's moral level. If we still take the Romance of the Three Kingdoms as an example, then Zhou Yu is one of them. As for the superior, there is no morality in his bones and he may go back on his word at any time. He not only knows how to seize the opportunity, but also is good at cheating. This is why Sean, the "teacher of the emperor", can be the teacher of Liu Bang, the "Houhei". As expected, Liu Bang's "good words" and "treachery" can completely push Xiang Yu, who just felt relieved, into the abyss of despair. But the tactics of the three of them can work, the most important of which should be the credit, just because "Korea used tactics to distract the attention of the monarch and his subjects"-Fan Zeng left.
Riding on the frozen clouds, the spectrum is full of sadness.
"Chu, there was a man, black but not thick, also belongs to the loser. Fan Zeng is also. " (Li Zongwu's Lala) For all Liu Bang who started from IQ, Fan Zeng is obviously the most threatening one in Xiang Yu Group. Fan Zeng is a difficult figure to evaluate. When Liu Bang attacked Yang, attacked Zi Ying, returned to the army to dominate Shanghai, and made no offense in autumn, Fan Zeng saw that he was ambitious, but said to Xiang Yu, "I am very popular, I am a dragon and a tiger, and I set up five pillars of islam. This son of heaven is also angry. Don't lose it. " Will want to put it to death and then quickly. Speaking of the Hongmen banquet, "Fan Zeng has several kings and three jade ornaments, but the king should not be silent." The biggest difference between Fan Zeng and Xiang Yu is that he is black and cruel in the face of the enemy, while the latter has repeatedly delayed great events because of the kindness of women. So Fan Zeng summoned Xiang Zhuang and said, "Your Majesty can't bear it. If you go to the front and live to be a hundred years old, please dance with a sword and kill Pei Gong and beat him. " If not, if it is all, it will be captured. "For severe joints, Fan Zeng always has a very clear insight and foresight. It's a pity that Xiang Yu has been pursuing force and doesn't pay much attention to the way of ingenuity. There has never been an effective communication bridge between the monarch and the minister. Hearing that Liu Bang had left, Fan Zeng could only sigh that "the vertical axis is insufficient". However, although he clearly understood that "whoever takes the title of king of the world will be rewarded repeatedly", he did not devote himself to Liu Bang's command after all. Instead, he continued to plan for Xiang Yu, trying to turn the tide, reflecting a situation of going against the sky and forcing the palace, and painstakingly sealed Liu Bang to the barren Hanzhong. Sima Qian talked about the reason why Ren An Shu wrote Historical Records, saying that he wanted to: "When studying heaven and man, we should learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and form a unified theory. "Here, the so-called" study of heaven and man "is probably to discuss the boundary between" providence "and" manpower ",that is, to what extent a thing can be decided by manpower. Beyond this boundary, it is" providence "and no one can do anything about it. Fan Zeng somewhat reflects the trace of this kind of thinking.
Unfortunately, although Fan Zeng was able to transfer Liu Bang from Guanzhong, Liu Bang also had the same way to transfer him from Xiang Yu, so that he finally "died of gangrene before arriving in Pengcheng." Sima Qian's description of Fan Zeng's dismal ending may be a rehearsal for Xiang Yu's Wujiang River to commit suicide, because people who are not good at adopting public opinions and like to "criticize others" are always destined to be "concubines" like Chu.
In the most sad place, I can only see the vast China, the sunset mountain, and several wailing horns.
After losing Fan Zeng, Xiang Yu's words and deeds accelerated his downfall. The first mistake he made was to make a pure fantasy expectation of Liu Bang's character, trying to talk to this guy who could even push his son out of the car when he escaped, pretending to be a "cook squire" and trying to force Liu Bang to submit. As a result, he was easily fooled in a few words. His second mistake was to make peace with Liu Bang and accept the suggestion that Chu and Han could divide the world into two, which was tantamount to telling the world clearly that Liu Bang had achieved an equal position with himself, and at that time, everyone could see that they were incompatible, so the princes fell to the rising star and ruthlessly abandoned the "overlord of Chu and land" who had obvious signs of decline. As the saying goes, "one careless move will lose the game." These mistakes made by Xiang Yu have nothing to do with the overall situation. As for Fan Zeng's sentence before he left, I don't know how many sneers were involved.
If Historical Records can be regarded as a script, then Sima Qian is undoubtedly China's Shakespeare. "If you don't believe in life, there will be more parting in the world." (Liu Yin's Nian Nujiao) Xiang Yu, the great hero who fought his way out, finally showed his love for his children at the end of the road. After generously lamenting, the overlord decided to break through.
Yao Zhutian, the author of Biography of Historical Records and Huo Zhi, has a long criticism here, to the effect that when Xiang Yu led twenty-eight riders into the encirclement, he clearly had a strong will to survive. Why did he give up the opportunity to make a comeback when he arrived in Wujiang? His answer is: Tianfu, which leads Xiang Yu, and Tingchang, which is beside the Wujiang River, were both written by the Han army. It is precisely because Xiang Yu saw through the true face of "the director of Wujiang Pavilion" that he knew that he could not escape from the ship, so he smiled and said, "What can I do if the sky dies?" I'd rather die than be caught on a boat.
As for my idea, just contrary to Mr. Yao, Xiang Yu is determined to die, and he didn't break through for "life". He wants to show his strength again before he dies, hoping to give his 28 riders a chance to live and prove that "killing me today is not a crime." So there are a few words, such as "today's solid death, originally because you can play fast, won three times, surrounded by you." So he saw that the boat could only accommodate one person, so he simply gave the mount to Tingchang and was willing to live and die with his subordinates. "It is to let all riders dismount and walk and fight against short soldiers."
The same is The Last Stand, when he was a deer, he tried to survive, but he tried to be a hero here. Although "the Han army killed hundreds of people alone", the personal strength is always limited, and the overlord is weak in the face of a flood of enemies. But he still died generously, with horses, elders and old friends. Unfortunately, Xiang Yu did not get rid of the "soft nature of women" until his death.
It is a fallacy to quote "God kills me, not the crime of using troops"!