Paper Keywords Application Status of Microbial Fertilizer

Abstract: The types and functions of microbial fertilizers are briefly described, the application status of microbial fertilizers in China is introduced, and the problems needing attention in popularization and application are put forward. Microbial fertilizer refers to a kind of specific products containing active microorganisms, which can obtain specific fertilizer effects when applied to agricultural production. In this process, the living microorganisms in the preparation play a key role. After microbial fertilizer is applied to soil, inert nitrogen in the air is transformed into ionic nitrogen which can be directly absorbed by crops through microbial life activities, and insoluble inorganic substances in soil are transformed into soluble inorganic substances, which increases the contents of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in soil; Convert the substances that crops can't directly use from the soil into substances that can be absorbed and used, so as to make and assist crops to absorb nutrients, improve the nutritional status of crops, inhibit the activities of pathogenic bacteria, and enhance the ability of crops to resist diseases and droughts; The activities of a large number of microorganisms in soil transform soil organic matter into humus, promote the formation of soil aggregate structure, improve soil fertility, improve soil physical and chemical properties, enhance soil fertility and water retention capacity, and thus improve crop yield and quality. Microbial fertilizer plays an important role in agricultural production in China. The application status of microbial fertilizer in China and the problems that should be paid attention to in application are discussed.

1 Types and effects of microbial fertilizers

1. 1 category

There are many kinds of microbial fertilizers, which can be divided into bacterial fertilizers (rhizobia fertilizers, nitrogen-fixing, phosphorus-dissolving and potassium-dissolving bacterial fertilizers), actinomycetes fertilizers (antibiotic fertilizers), fungi fertilizers (mycorrhizal fungi, mold fertilizers and yeast fertilizers), photosynthetic bacterial fertilizers and compound microbial fertilizers (enzyme bacterial fertilizers). Morphology: liquid, mainly used for seed dressing and foliar spraying; It has solid particles and is used for basic application or topdressing. In terms of composition, there are pure microbial preparations, composite products of microorganisms and organic fertilizers, and composite products of microorganisms and organic and inorganic fertilizers.

1.2 efficacy

Different kinds of microbial fertilizers have different effects. For example, rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing agents are nitrogen-fixing agents in the air, which are effective for leguminous crops and ineffective for gramineous crops. The function of phosphate-solubilizing and potassium-solubilizing bacterial fertilizer is to promote the dissolution and release of insoluble phosphorus and potassium nutrients in soil for crops to absorb. Mycorrhizal fungi can stimulate crop growth and promote nutrient absorption. Some microbial agents can accelerate the decomposition of crop straw and promote the fermentation and decomposition of organic waste. Microbial fertilizer has obvious effect of increasing production and income. Can provide beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen fixation, phosphorus dissolution and potassium dissolution. It can grow and reproduce in the rhizosphere of plants and bring the following effects.

(1) Through the life activities of these beneficial microorganisms, the molecular nitrogen that can't be used in the air is transformed into bound nitrogen, and the bound phosphorus and potassium that can't be used in the soil are decomposed into available phosphorus and potassium, and more than 10 trace elements in the soil are analyzed.

(2) Through the life activities of these beneficial microorganisms, plant hormones such as auxin, cytokinin, gibberellin and indole acid are secreted to promote crop growth, regulate crop metabolism and build high-quality products according to genetic codes.

(3) The proliferation of beneficial microorganisms in rhizosphere produces a large number of mucopolysaccharides, which combine with mucus secreted by plants, mineral colloids and organic colloids to form soil aggregate structure, thus improving the soil's ability to store fertilizer and retain water. High-quality microbial fertilizer can promote crop growth, improve soil structure, improve crop product quality, and improve crop disease prevention and disease resistance, thus increasing production and income. Therefore, microbial fertilizer should be applied reasonably according to its efficacy.

2 Application status

The research and application of microorganisms at home and abroad began with the application of rhizobia and inoculants on leguminous plants. At first, there were only soybean and peanut rhizobia. Since autotrophic nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria and silicate bacteria were introduced from abroad, "5406" antibiotic fertilizer, nitrogen-fixing green algae fertilizer, VA mycorrhiza, combined nitrogen-fixing bacteria and biological potassium fertilizer have been widely used as seed dressing agents in China. Since 1980s, biological fertilizers made of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus bacteria, potassium bacteria and organic compounds have been widely used as base fertilizers. At present, the research and application of microbial fertilizer in China has become one of the advanced industries in the world, and the range of strains used is also expanding. In addition to single-strain fertilizers, multi-strain, multi-functional bio-fertilizers and organic-inorganic mixed microbial agents are also widely used. As a new agricultural measure, microbial fertilizer has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad in aspects of seed dressing, root soaking, foliar spraying, straw decomposition and compost fermentation, etc., in improving crop quality, providing green food, protecting agricultural ecological environment and developing high-quality and efficient agriculture. In modern agricultural production, long-term, large-scale and large-scale use of chemical fertilizers leads to a decline in the yield and quality of unit crops, while consuming a lot of energy and aggravating environmental pollution. The annual waste caused by the use of chemical fertilizers in China is 6.5438+0 million tons, about 500 million yuan. In addition, groundwater pollution is serious in areas where a large number of chemical fertilizers are used. Using microbial fertilizers can improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and reduce the production cost of environmental pollution. Therefore, the development and production of high-efficiency and high-quality microbial fertilizer by using microbial technology is the need of developing ecological agriculture and organic agriculture, which is in line with the strategy of agricultural sustainable development. 3 problems that should be paid attention to in popularization and application

Up to now, there are only 100 kinds of microbial fertilizers approved and registered by the state, and there are more than 2,000 actual production enterprises. Therefore, the microbial fertilizers sold in the market are mixed, and it is difficult for consumers to judge whether they are good or not. In order to maintain the reputation of microbial fertilizer and ensure its use effect, it is suggested that consumers should pay attention to the following problems when popularizing and applying microbial fertilizer.

(1) Microbial fertilizer without national registration certificate cannot be popularized. The state stipulates that microbial fertilizer must be inspected by the unit designated by the Ministry of Agriculture and tested in the regular field. After it is fully proved to be beneficial, non-toxic and harmless, it will be approved by the Ministry of Agriculture for registration, and a temporary registration certificate will be issued first. After three years of practical application and reliable inspection, a formal registration certificate will be issued. The validity of the formal registration certificate is only 5 years. Therefore, microbial fertilizer without national registration certificate may have quality problems and should not be widely used.

(2) Don't use microbial fertilizer whose effective viable count can't reach the standard. According to national regulations, the effective viable count of microbial fertilizer is ≥ 200 million/g, and that of large fertilizer is ≥ 20 million/g, with a 40% surplus. If this standard is not met, the quality will not meet the requirements.

(3) Microbial fertilizers stored beyond the validity period shall not be used. Due to the limitation of technical level, at present, the survival time of effective bacteria in most microbial fertilizers in China does not exceed 1 year, so it must be used as soon as possible within the validity period, and the earlier the better, the effect of expired microbial fertilizers will definitely have an impact.

(4) The storage conditions and usage methods shall be strictly observed. Many effective living bacteria in microbial fertilizers are not resistant to high and low temperature and strong light, strong acid and alkali, and cannot be mixed with some fertilizers and fungicides. Therefore, the popularization and application of microbial fertilizers must be scientifically preserved and used according to the product instructions.

4 references

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