1 Taking the study of dialectical materialism and historical materialism as the core, it has established the dual goals of self-education for historians and universal education for the general public;
2. Leading and participating in the establishment of historical groups and institutions such as the China Historical Society, providing basic institutional and organizational support for history education;
3. Establish the principles of historicism and patriotism in history education; Through the dissemination of historical theory and the performance of historical drama, it played an important role in shaping the social historical view in the early days of New China and practiced its own historical education concept.
His thought and practice of history education was an important part of history education in the early days of the founding of New China, which promoted the turn of history education, created a new situation of history education, and had an important influence on the later history education model.
His works include Goddess, Changchun Collection, Starry Sky and Tide Collection.
Camel collection, Dongfeng collection, flowers blooming, Xinhua ode, Spring Festival song; calendar
Historical script?
Qu Yuan (filmed and released), tiger symbol, flower of Tang Di, peacock gall, and
Nan Guancao, Zhuo Wenjun, Wang Zhaojun, Cai Wenji, Wu Zetian, Nie Ying.
Gao Jianli; Memoirs? Hong commentary collection? Cock collection monograph?
"Ancient China"
Keywords social studies, Oracle Bone Inscriptions studies, Oracle Bone Inscriptions studies, bronze inscriptions of Yin and Shang dynasties,
Ten Criticism Books, Slavery Age, Essays on Literature and History, Collected Works of Guo Moruo (38 volumes), etc.
Hope to adopt
Li Daoyuan's Academic Contribution He made a lot of investigation, textual research and research on China's physical geography all his life, and wrote The Notes of the Water Mirror of the Geographical Giant, which made great contributions to the ancient geographical science of China.
What is Luo's academic contribution? As one of the important pioneers of new China ethics, Luo consciously applied Marxist standpoint, viewpoint and method on the basic theoretical issues of ethics, and put forward a series of Marxist ethics theories and viewpoints with China characteristics through systematic research. These theories and viewpoints are comprehensive innovations on the basis of adhering to the basic viewpoints of Marxism and combining with the specific situation of China's moral practice and theory. Many ethics textbooks edited by him are unique and full of vitality, which not only have great influence in China, but also become introductory books for many readers to understand Marxist ethics, and have attracted the attention of some famous ethicists in the former Soviet Union and western countries. ?
(A) the research object of morality and the system structure of Marxist ethics
(Figure) Luo
Ethics takes morality as the research object, and this judgment is not much different. However, the definition of morality is controversial in both history and reality. In the article "Some Basic Problems of Marxist Ethics" published by 1982, Professor Luo defined morality as: "Morality is a social phenomenon in human real life, which is determined by economic relations, based on the evaluation of good and evil, and maintained by inner beliefs, traditional habits and public opinion." Such a moral definition and its explanation put economic relations in a decisive position, from which moral relations are derived, and from which moral phenomena as social phenomena are derived. ?
Looking for moral life from economic life, looking for moral relations from moral life, looking for moral phenomena from moral relations, subdividing moral activities, moral consciousness and moral norms from moral phenomena, and establishing the scientific status of ethics as "the study of morality" on this basis is indeed a comprehensive innovation with unique originality in theory. Taking this as a starting point, Luo summarized three characteristics of Marxist ethics as a science: First, Marxist ethics is a theoretical science, "what it studies should reveal and expound is the most essential and universal connection in human moral phenomena, the most general process and law of human moral development, and some of the most important theoretical problems in human moral life". Secondly, Marxist ethics is a normative science, which "always regards the ethical norms of * * * as the center, center of gravity or a very important part of the whole ethics." However, Marxism will never limit or attribute ethics to a normative science, let alone regard ethics as a compilation of moral norms, and let alone regard ethics as an empty sermon that should and should not be. "Third, Marxist ethics is a science that integrates theoretical knowledge and rules of action. It is both a theoretical knowledge and a practical science. " It can even be said that it is a behavioral science in itself, and in the words of our ancients, it is a science of' integration of knowledge and action'. " The book Marxist Ethics, edited by Luo and published by People's Publishing House 1982, was written under the guidance of the above ideas. This book is the first textbook of Marxist ethics edited and published in China, which has a milestone position in the development of ethics in China. Professor Luo, as the editor-in-chief of this book, especially as the founder of its system structure, has made great contributions to the construction of ethics in China. ?
(2) About the moral realm?
(Figure) Luo
In the field of new China ethics, Luo first put forward the theory of moral realm, and made in-depth research and interpretation of moral realm. His article on moral realm published in 198 1 can be regarded as his masterpiece in this respect. He pointed out: "From the perspective of moral education and self-cultivation, in the process of exercise and self-cultivation, people always have to constantly develop from one stage to another, from one height to another, that is, from low to high, and even reach the ultimate ideal. At each stage, people are guided by certain moral concepts to deal with various relationships between people and things, thus forming what we call different levels of consciousness. This different level of consciousness constitutes the so-called moral realm. " His conclusion is: "The so-called moral realm is a certain level of consciousness, thoughts, feelings and spiritual sentiments formed from certain moral concepts in people's social life and in the interest relationship between individuals and others and society. Simply put, a certain degree of moral consciousness, thoughts and feelings and spiritual sentiments constitute a certain moral realm. " ?
Based on the actual situation of our society, Luo divided people's moral realm into three types: selfish realm, public-private realm and selfless realm. The moral characteristic of a selfish person is that everything depends on whether it is beneficial to his own self-interest. The starting point, purpose and destination of their behavior, the only requirement is to satisfy their own self-interest. The moral characteristic of people who have no distinction between public and private is that no matter what they do, they can pay attention to their words and deeds and correctly handle the relationship between individuals, collectives and the state. They have their own legitimate interests, but they always put the collective interests first, work honestly, actively and selflessly for the society, and get due rewards from the society at the same time. The moral characteristic of people who belong to the selfless realm is that all their words and deeds can be based on whether they are beneficial to the collective. Now, they always think of the collective first, are extremely enthusiastic about their comrades and are extremely responsible to the people. In a word, their whole words and deeds are revolution first, work first, others first and collective first. ?
Luo's theory of three realms has been further developed and demonstrated from different angles. In his articles "Several Theoretical Issues on Moral Construction in the Primary Stage of Socialism" and "On the Four Levels of Morality in the Primary Stage of Socialism" published in 1988, he divided people's moral realm or moral consciousness into four levels: one is the level of socialist moral consciousness, that is, the moral realm of "selflessness". Second, the level of socialist moral consciousness, that is, the moral realm of "distinguishing between public and private". Third, similar to the level of rational egoism, this is a new level of moral realm he divided. Fourth, the degree of extreme selfishness. ?
(C) On the value of Marxist ethics
On the Value of Marxist Ethics published by Luo Zai 1982 is an important paper in the field of value in China. He mainly expounded three questions:?
1. About what is value. "Value" is an attribute of material objects, people's social practice activities and social consciousness phenomena, which embodies the significance of these material objects, social practice activities and social consciousness phenomena to a certain society, class and individual. In ethics, moral consciousness, moral norms and moral activities are of great significance and value to people. "Marxist ethics believes that human value is essentially a question of the purpose of life and the relationship between people and society. It can also be said that how to live is worthwhile and how to live is meaningful. This shows that Luo defined value from the perspective of meaning and relationship, and talked about meaning and relationship from the standpoint of historical materialism. He strongly emphasized that people's value must be examined from certain economic relations, from the historical development of social relations, from people's different positions in production relations, and from different class interests and class status. ?
2. On the value goal. "People's moral consciousness and moral activities must have goals and objectives. The goals and objectives mentioned here, in addition to the specific goals and objectives of each activity, also have a general or ultimate goal and objective. And this ultimate goal and purpose is to contact all human activities and run through his social life practice, that is, to solve the problem of why and how people live. " This general purpose is called value goal. In his view, value goals are always associated with interest orientation, and correct value goals are always associated with correctly understood interests. In socialist society, a person's value lies not in his position or wealth, but in his contribution to people's interests and social progress, his creative work to socialism and capitalism, his great goal of fighting for capitalism and his dedication to serving the people. He pointed out that the values and standards of human values in the period of socialist modernization in China are linked with the fundamental interests of the people who have realized socialist modernization. Without the requirement of this fundamental interest, it is impossible to establish correct values and find the standard of why and how people live. ?
3. On personal value and self-worth. In socialist society, people have different interests and hobbies because of different positions and occupations. In the social practice of giving full play to people's personality and talents, people's specific life goals are different. Therefore, people's specific understanding of the meaning and value of life may be different with the influence of specific occupations. He believes that "the values of Marxist ethics should not exclude and deny the differences of people's personality, ideals, hobbies and interests, but should emphasize that all these must be linked with the overall value goal of socialism and make all these developments subordinate to the overall value goal." He criticized the egoism and individualism values that described personal value and self-worth as wealth, money, status, reputation and material enjoyment, and emphasized that everyone must develop his own personality and realize human value in collective undertakings according to the principle of collectivism. He also stressed that it is necessary to cultivate individuals' ability to choose value goals, consciously eliminate the value goals of the exploiting classes, and establish revolutionary life goals and practical ethics in life.
Collectivism theory is one of the most basic theories of Marxist ethics. Luo has made many contributions to the basic theory of China's Marxist ethics, among which the most concentrated and prominent representative is the systematic exposition of the principle of collectivism. He spent a considerable part of his research and writing on collectivism and individualism, which is inevitably related to collectivism and individualism. Focusing on upholding the principle of collectivism, Published such as "On the Fundamental Opposition between the Moral Principles of the Proletariat and the Moral Principles of the Bourgeois", "Several Theoretical Issues on Moral Construction in the Primary Stage of Socialism", "Some Thoughts on Current Moral Issues", "Reflections on Ethical and Moral Value Orientation", "What Moral Principles Do We Need", "Insist on the Value Orientation of Collectivism", "Strengthening the Value Orientation of Collectivism in the Construction of Socialist Spiritual Civilization", On several theoretical issues of ethics, ethics is reviewed and prospected in the past ten years, adhering to the value orientation of socialist collectivism, thinking about adhering to the uniqueness of value orientation, suggestions on several important expressions, adhering to collectivism or advocating individualism, serving the people as the core and collectivism as the principle, and the core and principle of socialist morality.
(A) the basic views on the principle of collectivism
(Figure) Luo
On1May, 1996 16, he published the article "Suggestions on Several Important Expressions" in the newspaper, which briefly summarized the main points of collectivism and pointed out: "The definition of collectivism should emphasize three thoughts: collective interests are higher than individual interests; The combination of individual, collective and national interests; Under the principle that collective interests are higher than individual interests, we will effectively protect the legitimate interests of individuals and give full play to the positive role of individuals. " He also divided collectivism into several levels: first, selfless dedication, that is, serving the people wholeheartedly, and distinguishing between public and private. Second, take the overall situation into consideration, love the motherland, abide by the law, be honest and honest, and abide by the minimum rules of public life in socialist society, civic conventions, social ethics, professional ethics and family ethics. This article is an outline of the speech at the symposium on spiritual civilization theory held by the central competent department on the eve of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee. Therefore, it can be regarded as a contribution to the central government's resolution on spiritual civilization construction, and a prudent conclusion after careful consideration and overall consideration. ?
(2) to serve the decision-making of the party and the state.
Professor Luo's contribution in this respect is most prominent in his proposal on collectivism for the draft resolution on spiritual civilization of the Sixth Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee. His article "Taking serving the people as the core and collectivism as the principle" is a written record of the suggestions made. This article was published in the forum for soliciting opinions held in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on September 1996. ?
In his proposal, he fully affirmed that the discussion draft of the resolution of the Sixth Plenary Session was well written, "especially taking serving the people as the core of socialist moral construction will definitely play a significant role in China's future moral construction". However, he also sincerely put forward, "I just want to add one point, that is, I hope that the idea of" taking collectivism as the principle "can be added after" serving the people as the core ",so that this document can more completely reflect our thoughts and requirements in socialist moral construction." ?
The Central Committee adopted Professor Luo's suggestion and added "collectivism as the principle" after the original discussion draft "Serving the people is the core of socialist moral construction", which is isomorphic to the original "education of social morality, professional ethics and family virtues with the basic requirements of loving the motherland, people, labor, science and socialism".
Does Guo Moruo have any poems related to Cangshan Erhai Lake? 1, marble factory
The three pagodas are majestic and ancient, recalling the years of Zhenguan.
Cangshan is full of charm and moon, and strange stones spit clouds and smoke.
Outside the heart, between the elbow and armpit.
Talent and manpower are the same generation, and overseas competitions are precious.
2. Erhai Moon
There are dark clouds on the moon in Erhai Lake.
Black and white, the moon clouds don't dye each other.
Creation background
196 1 September, Mr. Guo Moruo, a great literary master, visited Dali, enjoying the beauty of Canger and the customs of Bai nationality, leaving nearly ten poems for Dali to express his love, adding infinite poetry to Canger.
Is Mr Guo Moruo more suitable for literature or politics? He is a literary genius. In the field of literature, he has made great contributions to poetry, prose, novels, papers, calligraphy, archaeology and so on.
As for politics, he is different from previous scholars. He is not so pedantic and knows how to protect himself.
You can't judge a person absolutely, he should be a great man ~
What's interesting about Guo Moruo and Goethe? Guo Moruo is very good at archaeology.
It is said that he pinched the earth with his hand and knew which age it was.
Besides, he is witty. In his early years in a private school, Mr. Zeng Gen had a pair of-
Many students steal peaches. Mr. Wang was very angry when he learned that he would not be punished if he could match the last pair.
As follows: "I wonder who stole the peach and drilled the dog hole last night?"
Guo quickly replied: "He won the palace in Guangxi, and there must be me." Mr. Wang listened to this rhetoric and greatly appreciated it, and immediately exempted everyone from punishment.
The other one,
1945 Liao Zaiyu, a famous cartoonist in China, exhibited the cartoon "Spring and Autumn in Cat Country". At that time, many cultural celebrities in Chongqing, such as Guo Moruo (1892- 1978), Song Yunbin and Wang Qi, were invited to attend the ribbon-cutting ceremony of the first exhibition. During the dinner, Guo Moruo asked Liao Xiongbing, "Why is your name so strange and you call yourself your brother?" Wang Qi, the printmaker, grabbed the conversation and explained, "His sister's name is Bing, so he is called Brother Bing." Guo Moruo said with a smile: "Oh, I see, Yu Dafu's wife must be called Yu Da, and Shao Lizi's father must be called Shao Li." A word caused laughter from all the guests in the room.
Goethe's Law of "Escaping" Love
Goethe (1749- 1832), a great German writer, has been in love for more than ten times in his life. As Napoleon said, "The most ingenious way to love is to run away from women." Whenever love is in trouble, Goethe mostly adopts this "escape" method.
Goethe first fled from a woman when he was studying law at Leipzig University. /kloc-Goethe, 0/8 years old, fell madly in love with Kate Qing, the daughter of a small restaurant owner three years older than him. It is not beauty or wisdom that conquers his mind, but gentleness. During his last winter in Leipzig, he lived with a girl who had been courting for two years. Happy and jealous, she soon quarreled with her lover and asked her to find another suitable object. In a letter to a friend, he confessed: "I can't and won't abandon this girl, never." But I'm still going ... I didn't leave her any hope. "When the girl really fell in love with someone else, he fell into despair and fell ill. For the first time, he avoided his beloved woman, left Leipzig and returned to his dreary home. This escape unconsciously gave him the freedom he needed to create. Since then, he has repeated this escape many times.
Two years later, Goethe, 2 1 year-old, experienced a second escape while studying at the University of Strasbourg. He went for a walk in the suburbs by bike and was attracted by a girl dressed as a farmer. She is the daughter of a village priest, frederica, as fresh and clear as an idyll. Goethe gave her his poems. He lived in the suburbs for a long time, and his idyllic life gradually bored him. He ran away from his lover again. Because of impatience, he trembled when riding a horse. He felt that "his soul looks so dirty". He didn't tell her not to come back, but said goodbye to her in the letter. Spoony Frederica never got married and lived a lonely life in the country. The poems written by Goethe and Friedrich when they were in love were sincere and fresh, which initiated the golden age of German poetry and he became the founder of German lyric poetry. Goethe later talked with his secretary ekman about poetry creation in this period, saying, "I never cheat in writing poetry. There is nothing that I have never experienced, nothing that forces me to write poetry, and I never express it by writing poetry. I only write love poems when I am in love. " Goethe got a unique literary poem with his runaway love method that hurt girls.
The epistolary novel young werther, which brought Goethe world fame, is his masterpiece of escaping from love for the third time. 1772, Goethe became a lawyer. At a dance, he met this girl, Charlotte. Lydia is the fiancee of Goethe's friend costner. /kloc-Lydia, 0/6 years old, took on the family burden of taking care of ten siblings because of her mother's death. Goethe admired her intelligence and virtue, and he couldn't help telling her his love. Charlotte kept a psychological balance and told her fiance the situation. Goethe heard the news and knew there was no hope. He left without saying goodbye. Acacia made him want to commit suicide. Just then, news came that another friend of his, Jerusalem, committed suicide because of a married woman in "Love". Goethe was shocked and dismissed the idea of suicide. He went to visit a female writer, whose daughter Maximiliana, 17 years old, ignited his love, but married a widower who was 15 years older than her. The old lady was jealous of Goethe, and the couple often quarreled, so Goethe had to keep in touch with Maximiliana. Combining these people and things he experienced, he wrote the famous young werther within one month. Witt committed suicide because of lovelorn love, but Goethe himself was saved.
The young Goethe fled from women again and again, and his fourth escape object was Lily, the daughter of a wealthy businessman. Goethe was fascinated by her amazing elegance and they got engaged. However, Goethe soon got tired of the high society where Lily lived. He made an excuse to escape to Switzerland. Goethe compared himself to a bear that broke free from chains and a cat that ran away. The woman he escaped for the fifth time was Mrs. von Stein, a court aristocrat. Goethe lived with Mrs. Stein for seven years when Weimar was in politics. He was bored. This time he not only escaped from the woman, but also from the oppressive living environment. Only his servant knew his whereabouts, and he went to Rome.
Goethe wrote every love into his works, enthusiastically eulogizing sincere love. The unfaithfulness to the woman who left for many times also made him feel guilty and painful. After the second escape, he said, "I will feel guilty for the first time." I broke the most beautiful heart and stabbed the deepest place. In this way, after losing a happy love that I once enjoyed, the gloomy days of regret were extremely painful and embarrassing. "He also wrote this feeling of guilt into his works, and created a series of ungrateful men and abandoned unfortunate girls in the plays Pushpull, Cravigo and Faust.
From 65438 to 0788, Goethe returned to Weimar from Italy, specializing in literary and artistic creation and scientific research. One day in July, Goethe was walking in the park when a strange girl dressed simply came up to him and boldly asked him to help her brother find a job. She is a Christian, a flower girl. The girl's innocence and innocence made Goethe fall in love at first sight. He lived with her regardless of the disparity in social status, and she gave birth to four daughters for him. However, they did not get married until 17. 1806 65438+ 10/4, the jena war spread to Weimar, and the French army invaded Goethe's house. At the critical moment when Goethe's life was threatened, contrary to Goethe's usual way of escape, Christian stepped forward and stopped the criminal behavior of the French army. Goethe thanked her for saving his life and formally married her five days later. From then on, Christian went in and out of society as Madame Goethe, and went down in history with this writer.
Goethe lived quietly for more than ten years. At the age of 6 1, he fell in love with Bettina, a 20-year-old girl, who was the daughter of Goethe's former lover. Goethe put a gem ring on the girl he met for the first time. He wrote her poems and loved her wholeheartedly. But the old poet's enthusiasm soon cooled down. A few months later, he fled the girl and entered his own art field, writing poems and taking photos. Because she aroused his creation, there is nothing else to give him. At the age of 74, Goethe's "primary emotion" broke out again, and he fell in love with ulrika, a girl of 19 years old, while recuperating in Marie Spa. When he first met her, he called her "little daughter", which soon became a morbid fanaticism. Among the women that Goethe worships, ulrika is the least attractive, but for Goethe, she represents youth, dance and charm. He asked his old friend to formally propose to the girl's mother for him. However, he was too old, the girl avoided the old man, and the old man fled to the art world. On the way to bid farewell to the girl, Goethe wrote the most magnificent poem in his later years, Elegy of Marie Hot Springs. He told ekman that the poem was "the culmination of enthusiasm."
What is the academic difference between sales and marketing? Conceptually speaking,
Marketing is a modern management idea, the core of which is consumer demand-oriented, and consumers or customers can produce and sell whatever they need. This is an outside-in way of thinking.
Sales is mainly to attract and find customers with inherent products or services. Compared with marketing, it is a way of thinking from the inside out.
Tell from the human nature.
Sales pay more attention to results and pursue efficiency in execution, so people, skills, experience and opportunities account for a large proportion in success. Because of this characteristic of sales, it is easy to cause people engaged in sales to lose their long-term vision. Conceptually speaking, sales is a kind of thinking from the inside out, but the current market has changed from the previous seller's market to the current buyer's market, and the thinking mode of sales has been difficult to meet the current market demand. Therefore, it can be said that sales pay more attention to the realization of short-term and medium-term goals, which is a kind of thinking that values profit and ignores the market.
Marketing also values results, but it is better at analyzing and studying the market and making corresponding countermeasures; However, an important element of marketing is' integration', that is, organically combining the existing elements of the company and the goals that the company wants to achieve with the market demand, and paying close attention to the situation of competitors and possible measures.
Marketing often determines the general direction and goals with a long-term strategic vision, and achieves short-term goals with practical and effective tactical strategies. Among them, sales only play a vanguard role in business wars. These characteristics of marketing will inspire and cultivate people who are engaged in this work to have a long-term business vision and the desire and ability to seize market opportunities. Conceptually speaking, marketing is an outside-in thinking, which is more suitable for the market, so marketing is not only suitable for the long-term development of enterprises, but also a profit-making thinking based on the market.
What effect does the blister on goldfish have? Academically useless. . . . To him, it's pure human hybrid. If there is any use, it is only to protect the eyes. It's really useless