In the Book of Songs (Poem 300), the creative techniques of Fu, Bi and Xing were created, which provided an example for later poetry creation.

I. Fu in The Book of Songs

Nan Zhou's "Mayflies": Flies that are picked and picked are picked and picked with fine words. Pick slugs, fine print. Select slugs and make a short comment. Pick slugs and smooth them with fine print. Pick slugs and talk about them. Pick and choose, say short words.

Zhu's Biography of Poetry says: Fu Ye.

Fang Yurun's Primitive Book of Songs: I know the beauty of this poem, because it has no real meaning, the better. Fu's poems are not always truth-seeking. They sound natural, pleasant, especially deep and infinite. It's boring to press it. Readers try to calm down, recite this poem, and listen to the women of the Tian family. On the 3355 th, the group songs in the plain embroidered fields echoed with beautiful weather and lingering sound. If it suddenly stops to continue in the distance, I don't know why its feelings move, but why God is so broad, so this poem doesn't need to be detailed or complacent. ...... Today, it is still a tradition for southern women to climb mountains to pick tea and sing hymns together.

Second, Bixing in The Book of Songs

Feng Wei said that people: hands are soft and skin is solidified. Collars are like salamanders, and teeth are like rhinoceroses.

"Chen Fengze North": Pize's evil is universal. If there is a beautiful person, it hurts! Sleep and do nothing, it's raining cats and dogs.

Zheng Xuan's Notes on Mao Poems: Pu uses metaphor to describe (yue) the nature of men and metaphor to describe (yue) the ability and body of women.

Third, the role of Fu Bixing's expression techniques

Fu is the most basic and commonly used expression. It is characterized by telling the truth, that is, telling things directly, laying out the plot and expressing feelings.

Comparison is divided into metaphor and analogy. The characteristic of Beatty's poetry is to write this thing with another thing. The things described in the poem are not what the poet really wants to praise, but express the poet's thoughts and feelings through analogy. For example, the poem "Storytelling" uses metaphor to express the greedy and cruel nature of slave owners by describing disgusting mice. Why not express it directly and use comparison? Using analogy to express favorite things can make them lifelike and give people a cordial feeling; Using it to express ugly things can make it show its true colors and give people a sense of disgust.

Xing, that is, rising, is at the beginning of a poem or a chapter of a poem. Let's look at a poem first. The sentence expressed by xing in Thunderstorm is "Thunderstorm mourns the crow of chickens; The wind and rain are rustling, and the chickens are glued together; Regret the storm, the chicken crows. "Why don't you just say what you want to write and say something else first? Through the study of the Book of Songs, the rise of some poems played a role in rendering the atmosphere. For example, "The Tempest" is written at night, when it is raining and windy outside, the heroine is thinking about her husband, and at this time she hears a rooster crowing outside. Set off the heroine's lovesickness and melancholy. Xing played a role in rendering the desolate atmosphere here, and deepened the lovesickness of the lyric heroine. In our research, we found that the interest in some poems did not play a role in rendering the atmosphere, which has nothing to do with the following. For example, the yellow bird's "mating yellow bird" stops at the spine, at Chu, and at mulberry. This has nothing to do with the following story. Three sons of Ziche family died for Qin Mugong. The rise has played a role in prompting and rendering the atmosphere, helping us to complete the transition from daily life to poetry appreciation.

People often confuse comparison with xing. In the study, we think that "Bi" and "Xing" are not completely separated, but there is a certain connection in some poems. For example, in Meng, natural phenomena are used to express the changes of the heroine's emotional life, while the poems expressing her emotional life come from rising poems, and the leaves are bright yellow, which symbolizes the happiness and pain of emotional life. Xing has a comparison here.

Xing plays an extremely important role in poetry. Without it, poetry will lose its aesthetic value and appeal.

Fu Bi Xing is a summary of the expressive methods of China's ancient poems, which is based on the creative experience of The Book of Songs. The earliest record is found in Zhou Li Chun Guan: "The master ... taught six poems: Yue Feng, Yuefu, Yuebi, Lexing, Leya and Yuesong." Later, Preface to Mao Poetry called "six poems" six meanings: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu." In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius' Mao Shi Zheng Yi explained that "elegance and praise are different from poetry; Fu, Bi and Xing are different words in The Poem. ..... Fu, Bi and Xing are the words of poetry, and style, elegance and praise are the composition of poetry. Using those three things to achieve these three things is why they are all called righteousness. " At present, it is generally believed that "style, elegance and praise" are the classification of the contents of the Book of Songs; "Fu, Bi and Xing" refers to its expression method.

After the theory of "Fu Bi Xing" was put forward, many scholars have studied and discussed it for more than two thousand years since the Han Dynasty, but there have been various opinions on the specific understanding and explanation.

Interpretation of Fu, Bi and Xing in Han Dynasty The most representative interpretations of Fu, Bi and Xing in Han Dynasty are Zheng Zhong and Zheng Xuan, which have great influence on later generations. Zheng said: "a comparison is like one thing ... an exhibitor, supporting things with things." (Quoted from Mao Shi Zheng Yi) He linked the technique of "Bi Xing" with the external images, and thought that "Bi Xing" was a rhetorical figure of speech, and "Xing" was a technique of "starting from the beginning", that is, relying on "plants, birds and animals to see the meaning". Although the discussion is simple, it generally captures the characteristics of artistic thinking and expression of "Bi Xing". Zheng Xuan's explanation is different. He believes: "Fu's words are spread, directly spreading the good and evil of today's politics and religion. Comparison, seeing today's loss, dare not criticize, take analogy. Xing, seeing the beauty of today, is too flattering, and persuade it with kindness. " (Quoted from Justice in Mao Poetry) Apart from the fact that "Fu" is characterized by its relatively realistic means of expression, other explanations are related to politics, education and aesthetics, which makes a certain means of expression a feature of a particular style and inevitably far-fetched. The interpretation of The Book of Songs by Mao Zhuan and Jian Zheng often leaves the artistic image to seek the "great sense" of the monarch, the minister and the son. For example, the love poem Guan Ju is said to show the virtue that "the empresses say that they are happy gentlemen". This misinterpretation of "Fu, Bi and Xing" led Kong to disagree with Zheng Xuan's proposal. (Mao Shi is just) But Zheng Xuan's view that "Bi Xing" is the height of aesthetic irony is enlightening to the theory of "Bi Xing" advocated by Bai Juyi in Tang Dynasty.

Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties discussed the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. The representatives who discussed "Fu, Bi and Xing" mainly included Zhiyu, Liu Xie and Zhong Rong. Zhiyu inherited Zheng Zhong's point of view and said, "The giver is also called Chen; Compared with others, the metaphor is also; Excited people have feelings. " (Selected Works, Volume 56) He also sharply criticized that Han Fu was not "based on emotion" but "based on form" and made full use of its luxury. The expression of "Fu" has been widely used and developed in the creative practice of Han Fu, forming a unique style, which is on the one hand; On the other hand, it also caused a considerable number of descriptions of the beauty of the court and the prosperity of hunting in Han Fu, so that they lacked profound and meaningful ideological content. Zhiyu's criticism of Han Fu hit the nail on the head. Because a large number of figurative words are used in Han Fu, it is easy to make people mistakenly think that Fu is closely related to ratio and seems to have nothing to do with Xing. Therefore, when Liu Xie talked about Han Fu, he called it "Japanese comparison, forgetting the prosperity of the moon, learning small and abandoning the big", and the result was "comparison with the body" and "destruction of form and meaning". In fact, the "comparison" mentioned here is the "comparison" in Fu. Because of this, and because China's ancient lyric poetry is far more developed than narrative poetry, people sometimes use "Bi Xing" instead of "Fu" to summarize the "three meanings" of poetry.

Liu Xie's exposition of "Bi Xing" was influenced by the far-fetched attached poems in Mao Zhuan and Jian Zheng. For example, he said that "Guan Yu is different, so the empresses are virtuous; Corpse dove' (referring to "Zhao Nan Que Chao" is true, so the lady is just like righteousness "("Wen Xin Diao Long Bi Xing ") and so on. But at the same time, it inherited Zheng Zhong's opinion and made further development, thinking that "the comparison is attached; Ye Qi traveler. Those who are attached to the principle refer to things, while those who are emotional give priority to suggestions. Starting from the feeling, the body is established and the rational proportion is born. Some people think that the requirement of "comparison" is "to give meaning to what is written and to get to the point of what is said". This summarizes the characteristics of Bi Xing as an artistic thinking and expression. He also pointed out that "poets are more interested than others and touch things more comprehensively." In other words, the thinking and techniques of "Bixing" must be based on the observation and feeling of external things. These opinions are all very desirable. The concept of "Fu Bi" existed as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, and accumulated continuously. First of all, it was summarized by the master as "teaching six poems, which are called" wind ","fu ","comparison ","xing ","elegance "and" ode ". Based on Liu De, with six methods as the voice ". [1] The author of "Preface to Han Mao's Poems" put forward "six meanings of poetry": "Therefore, poetry has six meanings, one is wind, the other is fu, the third is comparison, the fourth is pride, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu." [2] Obviously, style, elegance and fu all belong to the stylistic classification of The Book of Songs, but the meanings of fu, bi and xing are not explained. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius' Mao Shi Zheng Yi said: "Xing is the use of poetry, elegance is the achievement of poetry"; It means that the former is the practice of poetry and the latter is the genre of poetry. Generally speaking, Fu and Bi are clear, but Xing has doubts. There are many differences in the interpretation of later generations. So far, there is no conclusion. Liu Xie's so-called "the wind is smooth and the fu is the same", that is, the wind, elegance and ode are connected, and the fu, as a general expression of poetry, is also the same. All these are easy to understand, but the issue of harmony and prosperity has been explained by many generations. Generally speaking, there are three ways of interpretation, namely, political interpretation, linguistic interpretation and literary interpretation.

One, three different angles of interpretation

Political explanation. For example, in the Han Dynasty, the theory of "comparing thorns to promote beauty" was put forward. This is the interpretation of Confucian classics in Han Dynasty. Zheng Xuan said in the annotation of Six Poems: "Fu Zhi's words spread out the good and evil of today's politics and religion. In contrast, seeing today's loss, I dare not condemn it, for example. Xing, seeing the beauty of today, is too flattering, and persuade it with kindness. " [3] This statement is based on the beauty thorn theory in the social culture of the Han Dynasty to explain Bi Xing, which is far from literature and art and has little to do with literary creation. The interpretations of The Book of Songs in Mao Zhuan and Jian Zheng often leave the emotions expressed in the poems and the images depicted in lyric poems to look for the "words of benevolence and righteousness" of the monarch, minister and father. For example, the love poem Guanju is said to show "the virtue of being a gentleman" and so on. Similar to this kind of "Fu, Bi and Xing" in the Tang Dynasty, Kong disagreed with Zheng Xuan's statement that "Bi Xing" belongs to "beautiful words" and pointed out: "In fact, every beautiful word has its own Bi Xing." (Shi Mao Zheng Yi) Comparison is not necessarily associated with "thorn", but with "beauty". This method of political interpretation by scholars still had great influence in ancient China. Even Liu Xie can't help it. For example, the article "Bixing" said: "Guan Yu is different, so the empresses are virtuous; The dead pigeon is innocent, so the lady is righteous. " It means that Guan Yu is different from men and women, which is used to compare the virtues of empresses. Cuckoo is single-minded, so the poet uses it as a metaphor for his wife's single-minded intention. This method of reading poems inherits Zheng Xuan's political interpretation method. This method is characterized by covering up art with politics and misinterpreting the meaning of poetry with ideology, which is out of common sense of poetry and is not desirable.

An interpretation of language. Zhu's explanation can be taken as a representative. Zhu said in Biography of Poems: "An excited person says something else first to arouse what he said. Compare, compare this thing with another thing. " "The giver applies Chen Qi, and the outspoken." [4] Most people agree with this statement. In Zhu's explanation, emphasizing metaphor is a rhetorical device and a language skill. This explanation is quite different from Zheng Xuan's theory of political education, which undoubtedly advanced the explanation. From the perspective of pure exegetics, it cannot be said that it is unreasonable. However, as a linguistic interpretation, it is ok to use it in non-literary works, but there seems to be a layer between it and literary works. Because the language of poetry is the language of emotion, without emotion, it is difficult to explain the poetry belonging to the emotional world clearly from the perspective of textual exegesis. In fact, even Zhu himself sometimes doubts this explanation. (details)

Literary interpretation. The most noteworthy explanation. There are four representatives, namely, Liu Xie's theory of "Bi Xing", Zhong Rong's theory of "writing is exhausted" and Li's theory of "writing things and touching things". Modern interpretation of best friend xu. Here, I will briefly introduce the views of Zhong Rong and Li, and then focus on Liu Xie's views and Xu's views.

Zhong Rong said in "Preface to Poetry": "Therefore, poetry has three meanings, one is prosperity, the other is comparison, and the third is fu, and the text is full of meaning and is prosperous; Metaphor, comparison, straight book, fable writing, fu also. Macro, three meanings, use it as appropriate. Blow it dry with the wind, moisten it with Cai Dan, and make the taster infinite and the listener tempted. This is the best poem. " In Zhong Rong's view, all three are literary methods. Because the use of Xing should be "made by the wind and moistened by it", the ultimate goal is to make "those who taste it endless and those who hear it tempted", in which the interpretation of Xing is "more than meaning in writing", which makes the implied literary function of Xing more clear. This seemingly "different from exegesis" (Huang Kan's Notes on Carving Dragons with Literary Mind) is "unclear" (li jinxi's "Bi Xing Pian"). It just reveals the literary function of "Xing", which is very meaningful. Zhong Rong has a great influence on this interpretation of "Xing". Since the Tang Dynasty, poetics has actually advanced along the will of "more meaning in writing".

Li's explanation is also very meaningful. He said: "those who describe things with words and feelings are called fu, and those who are full of emotions are also;" Seeking the ratio of things is expression, and those who attach things to feelings are also; Touching things with emotion is called prosperity, and those who have feelings are also. " [5] Li explained "Fu, Bi, Xing" from three angles: telling things, seeking things and touching things. In his view, "narrative" as a fu is not only "laying out", but also must be combined with "romance", that is to say, the author should express his feelings incisively and vividly, and also describe the objective images incisively and vividly. This is a big step forward than the traditional explanation, and it is more in line with the requirements of "Fu" in creation. Many poets in the Tang Dynasty used "Fu", which really showed such characteristics. For example, Du Fu's Northern Expedition, Chanting 500 Words from Beijing to Fengxian, Three Officials and Three Farewells, Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel mainly use "Fu", but they also enjoy it. As a "comparison", "seeking things", that is, asking and choosing objects to express feelings, is not entirely a matter of metaphor, and the author must also express his sincere feelings by metaphor. Metaphors in many poems in the Tang Dynasty, such as Li Bai's Spring Thoughts: "The grass in the north is as blue as jade, and the mulberries here are bent like green lines ...", are all used with "bi" here, but attached to things with emotion, unlike some Han Fu, which turned all kinds of metaphors into simple rhetoric. "Touching things", such as "Xing", is inspired by external things to stimulate feelings, and then infiltrate emotions into the described objects. Obviously, Li's explanation of "Fu, Bi and Xing" all boils down to one word "Qing", which is more in line with the aesthetic characteristics of literature.