Introduction: In the historical development of mankind, beautiful environment is the goal that people have been pursuing. The earliest gardening attainments can be traced back to the memorial site of the gods, the hunting and entertainment places of emperors and nobles and the improvement of residents more than 2,000 years ago.
In the historical development of mankind, a beautiful environment has always been the goal pursued by people. The earliest gardening attainments can be traced back to the places where gods were sacrificed more than 2,000 years ago, the hunting places of emperors and nobles, and the green planting carried out by residents to improve the environment. Early gardens were mainly a combination of plants and buildings, with simple shapes, buildings as the main body and gardens as accessories of buildings. With the development of society, gardens gradually get rid of the shackles of architecture, and the scope of gardens is not limited to single relatively independent spaces such as gardens, manors and villas, but extends to urban environment, scenic spots, protected areas, earth landscapes and other fields, involving various living spaces of human beings. But generally speaking, the purpose of building a garden is to create a beautiful environment for people to watch and relax in a certain area by means of soil preparation, water management, plant planting and architectural layout, etc. Some extraordinary arts, such as flower arrangement and bonsai, can all belong to the category of garden art because of the same creative materials and management methods. Today's garden forms are rich and colorful, and the garden technology is improving day by day. Thousands of years of practice have proved that gardens with long-term vitality should be closely related to social production methods and lifestyles, scientific and technological level, cultural and artistic characteristics, historical geography, and reflect the needs of the times and society, technological development and aesthetic value orientation.
Generally speaking, the garden is always a complex of topography, water, plants and buildings. Therefore, mountain building, water management, plant arrangement and building construction have become the four important contents of gardening. These four tasks need to be realized through material and engineering technology, so they are social material products. Terrain, water, plants and buildings are combined into an organic whole through people's conscious collocation, creating rich and colorful landscapes, giving people the enjoyment of beauty and the cultivation of sentiment. In this sense, the garden is an artistic creation. Garden art is different from music, painting, sculpture and other arts. Gardens have practical value, which requires a certain amount of manpower, material resources and funds. Garden art is based on this practical technology and has become a valuable part of human cultural heritage. Gardens not only meet people's material needs, but also meet people's spiritual needs. It is not only a material product, but also an artistic creation.
Creating space is the fundamental purpose of landscape design. Every space has its specific shape, size, material, color, texture and other elements, which comprehensively express the quality and function of space. In the design, we should not only consider these qualities and characteristics of space itself, but also pay attention to the relationship of space in the overall environment.
I. Space and its elements
The essence of space lies in its availability, that is, the function of space. An open space will not be a space without a reference scale. However, once space objects are added to form a space, accommodation is the basic attribute of space. "Land", "roof" and "wall" are the three elements of space, and land is the starting point and foundation of space. Walls stand on the ground, or divide the space, or enclose the space; The roof is designed for shelter. Compared with the indoor space of a building, the roof plays a smaller role in the external space, while the wall and the ground play a greater role, because the wall is vertical and is often a place where the line of sight can easily reach. The existence and characteristics of space come from the forms and components of space, and space will have some characteristics of components to some extent. The degree of air permeability between the roof and the wall determines the composition, and the characteristics of lines, shapes, colors, textures, smells, sounds and other elements of the floor, roof and wall comprehensively determine the quality of the space. Therefore, we should first put aside the characteristics of the ground, roof and walls, and only consider their space, and then consider the characteristics of the elements. And these features can accurately express the characteristics of the desired space.
Second, the spatial form.
Garden space includes volume space, three-dimensional space and their mixed space. The basic form of mass space is enclosure, space is static, centripetal and cohesive, and the characteristics of wall and ground in space are more prominent. The basic form of three-dimensional space is filling, which has rich spatial levels and a sense of fluidity. Accommodation is the fundamental symbol of space, but when designing space, don't be limited to this, but also give full play to your creativity and imagination. For example, a pavement in the lawn has a sense of separation because of its uniqueness. This sense of space is very weak, and only the element of land implies a territorial space. Another example is a stone tablet sitting on a pedestal with several steps, which generates centripetal force in the environment because of its solemnity. It can be seen that separation and centripetal force form a space of some significance and degree. The physical space surrounded by entities can be created. When people experience it personally, it is not difficult to get different feelings.
Third, the proximity of space.
The enclosing quality of space is related to compactness, which is mainly reflected in the height, compactness and continuity of vertical elements. Height is divided into relative height and absolute height. Relative height refers to the ratio of the actual height of the wall to the sight distance, which is usually expressed by the angle of view or the height-width ratio D/H, and absolute height refers to the actual height of the wall. When the wall is under sight, the space is more open, and when the wall is above sight, the space is more closed. The closed degree of space is determined by these two sides and three heights. Another factor that affects spatial compactness is the continuity and compactness of walls. At the same height, the more empty the wall is, the worse the enclosing effect is and the stronger the internal and external infiltration is. The walls in different positions have different sense of space closure, and the walls in corners have stronger enclosing ability.
Fourth, space processing.
Space processing should be considered from two aspects: the relationship between a single space itself and different spaces. When dealing with a single space, we should pay attention to the size and scale of the space, the compactness, the composition mode and the characteristics of the constituent elements (shape, color, texture, etc.). ), and the meaning or personality expressed by space. The treatment of multiple spaces should be based on the relationship between spatial contrast, infiltration, hierarchy and order. The size of space should depend on the function and artistic requirements of space. Large-scale space is magnificent, infectious and often awe-inspiring, especially in the magnificent natural landscape and commemorative space. Small-scale space is friendly and pleasant and suitable for most activities. In order to get rich garden space, we should pay attention to the infiltration and level change of space. Mainly by dealing with the relationship between spatial separation and connection to achieve the goal. Separated spaces were originally static, but once they were connected, they seemed to extend to the other side with mutual penetration, thus breaking the original static state, producing a sense of mobility, and at the same time showing the hierarchical changes of space. Spatial contrast is an important means to enrich spatial relations and form spatial changes. When two spaces with significant differences are arranged together, these features are more prominent because of the contrast of appearance, size, light and shade, movement and reality. Spatial sequence is related to the overall structure and layout of the garden. When organizing a series of spaces, we should consider the overall sequence relationship of spaces, arrange tour routes, connect different spaces, and create personalized space sequences through space comparison, infiltration and guidance. When organizing the space and arranging the order, we should pay attention to the transition from the beginning to the end, so that the development of space can have a complete conception and produce certain artistic appeal.
As students majoring in landscape architecture, they are most concerned about how to do a good job in design. Many people think that as long as they invest considerable time and energy. Actually, it is not. For design, it is very important to master the design methods and rules, so that when we really face a design problem, we can push the design work deeper according to certain design methods after collecting relevant information. Landscape design itself is a highly comprehensive subject. If you want to design a good garden, you must also have a thorough understanding of the garden.
Garden design is a process of continuous improvement from the simple to the deep, which is mainly composed of the following links. After receiving the task, the landscape architect should first fully understand the specific requirements of the design client, then be good at conducting base investigation, collecting relevant information, comprehensively analyzing the whole base and environmental conditions, putting forward reasonable scheme ideas and ideas, and finally completing the design. It mainly includes scheme design, concrete design and construction drawing design. These three parts have a clear division of responsibilities on the basis of mutual restriction. As the first stage of landscape design, scheme design plays a guiding role in the whole landscape design process. The work at this stage mainly includes establishing design ideas, functional zoning, and determining the plane position of each use area in combination with base conditions, space and visual composition, including traffic layout, square and parking lot layout, building and entrance determination, etc.
The specific design stage is to comprehensively design all aspects of the whole scheme, including determining the accurate shape, size, color and material, and completing the specific elevation profile, detailed drawing, perspective view of the landscape, bird's eye view of the overall design, etc.
The construction drawing stage is the link between design and construction. According to the design scheme and the requirements of each type of work, make various drawings to guide the construction concretely and accurately, which can clearly show the size, position, shape, material, type, quantity, color, structure and structure of each design content, and complete the construction plan, topographic design plan, planting plan and garden building construction plan, etc.
Characteristics and requirements of landscape design
Landscape design itself is a complicated process. As a brand-new content, it is completely different from the practice of painting skills. The characteristics of garden scheme design can be summarized into five characteristics, namely, creativity, comprehensiveness, duality, process and sociality.
1. Creativity
The process of design itself is a creative activity, which requires the creative subject to have rich imagination and flexible and open way of thinking. In the face of various types of garden green space, landscape designers must be able to flexibly solve specific contradictions and problems and give full play to their innovative consciousness and creativity in order to design garden works with rich connotations and novel forms. For beginners, innovative consciousness and creativity should be the goals of their professional study and practice.
2. comprehensive
Landscape design is a comprehensive discipline, involving many disciplines such as architectural engineering, biology, society, culture, environment, behavior, psychology and so on. As a landscape architect, you must be familiar with and master the knowledge of related disciplines. In addition, the types of garden green space itself are various, including roads, lakes, squares, residential green spaces, parks, scenic spots and so on. Therefore, it is very important to master a set of effective learning methods and working methods.
3. Duality
As a design course, its thinking activities are different from other disciplines and have the characteristics of dual thinking methods. The process of landscape design can be summarized as the cyclic development process of analysis and research, conception design, analysis and selection, and re-conception design. In each "analysis" stage, designers mainly use logical thinking, while in the "conception stage", they mainly use image thinking. Therefore, we must give consideration to both logical thinking and image thinking in our usual study and practice.
4. Process
In the process of landscape architecture design, we should analyze and investigate scientifically and comprehensively, think deeply and imagine, take pains to listen to users' opinions, and optimize the selection scheme on the basis of extensive argumentation. The process of design is a process of constant deliberation, modification, development and perfection.
5. Sociality
As a part of urban space environment, garden green landscape has a wide range of sociality. This sociality requires that the creative activities of garden workers must comprehensively balance the relationship between social benefits, economic benefits and personality characteristics. Only by finding a feasible combination point can we create excellent works that respect the environment and care for human nature.
Scheme design method
Function and form are two aspects that designers should always pay attention to. The methods of scheme design can be roughly divided into two categories: "function precedes form" and "form precedes function". The biggest difference between them is mainly reflected in the different starting point and emphasis of the scheme conception.
"Function first" is based on graphic design, focusing on functional requirements, and then paying attention to spatial image organization. Starting from the functional plane, this method is easier to master, which is conducive to establishing the scheme as soon as possible and is more suitable for beginners. However, the design of spatial image is easily blocked, which restricts the creative play of garden image to a certain extent.
"Form first" means starting with the topography and environment of the garden, designing the scheme, focusing on spatial organization and modeling, and then filling the function. This method is easier to bring people's imagination and creativity into play and design innovative spatial images. However, it is difficult to adjust the function in the later stage, which is generally not suitable for novices.
The above two methods are not diametrically opposed. For designers, it needs to be done alternately at the same time, which not only meets the plane function, but also pays attention to the expression of spatial form.
Psychology and Aesthetics in Morphological Composition
The aesthetic law of morphological composition is a reflection of people's aesthetic consciousness, while the structural law of morphological composition itself is objective. Compared with aesthetic consciousness, the law of configuration is much more stable. In this sense, mastering the methods and laws of configuration is the foundation, and the improvement of aesthetic consciousness depends on self-cultivation. Only by combining these two aspects can we improve our ability in this respect.
Visual perception of form
1. Simple principle
The changes of morphological elements are getting smaller and smaller (such as changes in length, orientation and angle, changes in the beginning of basic units, etc.). ), the easier it is to be familiar with and master. This explains why people prefer simple geometry. For complex shapes, people also tend to decompose them into simple shapes and structures to understand. The method of easily identifying simple shapes and being familiar with objects with simple shapes and structures as much as possible is called the simplification principle.
2. Grouping rules
The grouping law reflects the relationship between parts and the whole. Because of the similarity or contrast in appearance, size, color, direction, etc. All the parts are connected to form a whole.
3. Figure-bottom relationship
When people observe a certain range, some elements are highlighted as graphics, while others are regarded as the visual perception mode of the background. "Figure" refers to the "shape" we see, and "bottom" is the background of "Figure".
4. Graphic hierarchy
In the three-dimensional composition, from the perspective of observation, there is a clear and true relationship between form and form, which is what we call hierarchy. In plane composition, people also tend to be familiar with the shapes in plane graphics in such relationships. According to different plane graphic relationships, the hierarchical relationship of each shape can be determined.
Psychological feeling of form
1. sense of quantity
It is a psychological grasp of the form in the volume.
2. Sense of strength and movement
Because of the experience of force and movement in real life, we see that some similar forms will have a feeling of force and movement.
3. Space and sense of field
Field sense is the influence range of shape on people's psychological perception of the surrounding environment. The sense of space can only be produced by body shape, and complete emptiness is not the space in the sense of our composition.
4. Texture and texture
Texture is people's psychological feeling of shape texture. By processing the surface texture of the shape, different textures can be produced and extremely diverse visual feelings can be created. The modeling of the same material will also produce extremely different visual effects because of different texture treatments.
5. Illusions and hallucinations
Illusion is people's wrong judgment of shape, and illusion is an imagination caused by shape. There is a subtle difference between the two.
6. sense of direction
A body with a sense of movement and strength can show a sense of direction, but not necessarily. A body with a sense of direction does not necessarily show a sense of movement and strength. The sense of direction is directly related to the outline of the body: when the proportions of all directions are close, the sense of direction of the body is weak, and vice versa.
In recent years, with the increasing concern of human beings for the environment, landscape architecture has become a hot major in society. As a multidisciplinary synthesis, designers are required not only to have profound professional knowledge, but also to have broad knowledge expansion ability. In the future, I will strengthen all aspects of learning and strive to improve the creation of landscape design.