refer to
I. Citations in the text
Direct quotation
1. Omission in references
Citation of original materials: when quoting directly in the text, the author and year should be indicated, and the page number should be marked in brackets. If any information is omitted, you should use three ellipses (? ), 6 Chinese (); If the information between two sentences is omitted, English should be marked with four ellipses (‥‥) and Chinese with six ellipses (). If you want to insert your own explanation in the direct quotation, you should use square brackets []. If there are any spelling, grammar or punctuation errors in the material that will confuse readers, you should insert [original] immediately after the quotation and use Chinese [original]. Here are some examples:
For example, DSM iv defines this disease as a chronic depression that "in at least two years, most of the day is more than usual (standard A)" ... In children, the emotion may be irritability rather than depression, and the minimum duration required is only one year "(APA, 1994, p. 345).
Example 2: Issac (1995) pointed out that bipolar disorder "is not only uncommon, but may be the most easily diagnosed disease for children and adolescents in similar environments ... and may be the most common diagnosis among adolescents remanded to such environments by the court" (page 275).
2. Large quotations
When the Chinese quotation exceeds 160 words, use? Shielding The form of (the reference starts from a new line, the first line is indented by 4 spaces, the two ends are aligned, and then each line is indented).
When English quotes more than 40 words, don't use quotation marks, use? Shielding The reference starts from a new line, the first line is indented by 5 spaces, aligned to the left, and then indented every line. Elkind (1978) said:
Generally speaking, our findings support Piaget's view that perception and intelligence are neither completely innate nor completely innate, but are gradually constructed through the gradual development of perceptual rules. This chapter also tries to prove the applicability of Piaget's theory to practical problems by summarizing some studies on the first reading analysis. (p. 183)
(2) Indirect reference
1. Basic format
When the same author is quoted repeatedly in the same paragraph, the date must be written for the first time, and the date can be omitted after the second time.
A. English Literature: In the recent study of reaction time, Walker (2000)
Describe the method? Walker found out too? .
China Literature: Li (2004) put forward the importance of conceptual metaphor. ; Li was built at the same time.
Discuss? .
2. Single author
A English literature: surname (year of publication or publication) or (surname, year of publication or publication). For example: Porter (200 1)? Or? Porter, 200 1.
B China Literature: Name (year of publication or publication) or (name, year of publication or publication). For example: Yang (20 1 1)? Or? (Yang, 20 1 1).
3. Two authors
When quoting in English, use the surnames of the two authors in brackets, and use? & amp？ To connect, use? And then what? Connect two authors.
When quoting in Chinese, use the names of the two authors in brackets, with a pause? 、? To connect, use? And then what? 、? With what? 、? And then what? Connect two authors with the same word.
For example:
(Smith & Jones, 1994), or discovered by Smith and Jones (1994). ....
1994 Smith and Jones studied ... always mentioning these two names at the same time in the text. Chen Guohua and Tian Bing (2008) think? Or? (Chen Guohua, Tian Bing, 2008)
4. Three to five authors
When citing references for the first time in English, list the surnames of all authors except the last author, and use commas in the text? And then what? Use commas in parentheses? & amp？ Use commas between other authors before connecting? ,? ; When quoting later, the first author's surname is in English, followed by? Wait a minute. .
When quoting reference materials in Chinese for the first time, list the names of all authors except the last two. And then what? Have other previous authors used pause outside the connection? 、? ; Use the first author when quoting later? Wait? Words.
For example:
Differences were found in Strasbourg, Joergensen and Landells (1996). ...
Strasbourg et al. (1996) also created the test. ...
Staberg and others founded the discipline. ...
Wei Naixing, Li Wenzhong and Pu Jianzhong (2005) pointed out? Or? Wei Naixing, Li Wenzhong and Pu Jianzhong, 2005. (first time to use)
Wei Naixing and others (2005) pointed out? Or? Wei Naixing et al., 2005. (second use)
5. Six or more authors.
When using English, only use the first person's surname plus? Wait a minute. ; When using Chinese, only the first author's name is listed, plus? Wait? .
For example:
Pouliquen et al. (2003) or Pouliquen et al. (2003)
Wang Hongjun et al. (2007)? Or? (Wang Hongjun et al., 2007)
6. Group author
When using Chinese, use the full name for the first time, for example, (School of Education Science, Capital Normal University, 2001); Abbreviations can be used afterwards. For example, according to a survey conducted by the Institute of Educational Sciences of the First Normal University (200 1),
When using English, the first citation should spell out the group, for example, (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH],1996); In the future, it will be represented by the group abbreviation plus the year, for example, the nimh being checked (1996). ....
7. Literature without an author
When a work has no author, quote the first few words (usually the title) and year in the bibliography. For example, a survey on adult depression (? Research findings? 1997).
When the author of a work is listed as. Anonymous? , used in Chinese? Anonymous? Or? John doe? When and when to quote in English? Anonymous? Add a comma and year, that is, (anonymous, 1997), Chinese? Anonymous? Add a comma and the year, and it is, (anonymous, 1997).
8. The authors of English documents share the same surname.
When the surnames of the authors in English literature are the same, all the authors with the same surnames quote their full names in their papers to avoid confusion.
For example: R.D. Luce (1995) and G.E. Luce (1988)? .
9. Many documents
A. Multiple documents of the same author
If an author has a lot of documents you want to quote, use commas? ,? Distinguish the publication year of the work (from morning till night). If more than one document is published in the same year, please add A, B, C, etc. Years later. (Press: the use of abc should correspond to references, and the arrangement of these documents is determined by the letters of the title. )
For example:
1) A recent study found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism (Pauling, 2004, 2005a, 2005b).
2) Pauling (2004, 2005a, 2005b) conducted a study and found a possible genetic cause of alcoholism.
B. Many documents and authors
Literature is arranged according to surname letters (strokes) and publication year, and semicolons are used between different authors. ; ? Separate, do you use commas for documents of different ages by the same author? ,? Separate.
For example:? (Boutler,1992; Lasker & swanson, 1993a, 1993b).
For example:? (Dong Wei, 2065438+00; Zhou Yin, 20 1 1a, 20 1 1b). Two. refer to
All the references have been used? Hanging indent? Format. The references are arranged in alphabetical or pinyin order according to the author's surname, and the serial number of the references is in the upper left box, which is indicated by numbers and square brackets, such as [1].
[2]、? . List English documents first, then Chinese documents (if any). English punctuation marks should be used for English documents and Chinese punctuation marks should be used for Chinese documents.
1. The basic format of literary works
(1) Document format of independent authors
[serial number]+space+name (English: author's surname+comma+space+author's initials)+dot+space+(publication year)+dot+monograph name (English italics)+[reference identification]+dot+space+place of publication+colon+space+publishing company+dot. Every word in English book titles (except articles and prepositions, except the first sentence) should be capitalized and punctuated in western languages.
The format of Chinese literature is: [serial number]+space+author's name+space+(year of publication)+period+monograph name (book title must be added)+[reference identification]+period+place of publication+colon+space+publishing company+period.
[1] Chen Fukang (2000). Historical manuscript of China's translation theory [M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[2] booth, C.( 1983). Rhetoric of the novel [M]. England: Penguin Books.
(2) Two or more documents published by the same author in the same year.
[3] Week (1996a). Translation of people and life [M]. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
[4] weeks (1996b). The primary stage of translation [M]. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.
Newmark, P.( 1988a). Translation method [M]. London: prentiss.
Hall international limited ..
Newmark, P.( 1988b). Translation textbook [M]. London: prentiss.
Hall international limited ..
(3) literary works by two or three authors
For documents with two or three authors, use&; Connection; When using Chinese, is it used between two authors? And then what? Connect.
[7] Gu Jiazu, Lu Sheng and Zheng Lixin (1990). Language and culture [M]. Shanghai: Foreign Language Teaching in Shanghai
Education press.
Faber, N., & Durant Company (2003). How to write papers, dissertations and
Literary research papers [M]. Chengdu: Sichuan University Press.
(4) Literature with more than three authors
For documents with more than three authors, only the first author should be marked, and other authors in English documents should be replaced by et al? Wait? To replace.
[9] Li Xueping (1982). An Introduction to Contemporary English Grammar [M]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press.
[10] quark et al. (1985). English comprehensive grammar
Language [M]. London: Longman Group Limited
(5) books with multiple volumes of literature.
Mark which volume or volumes after the title of the book.
Zhang Daozhen (1983). Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Volume 5) [M]. Shanghai: translated from Shanghai
Edition club.
Blotner law firm. Faulkner: Biography (Volume 2) [M]. New york:
Random.
(6) Translation of works
After the title of the book, mark the translator, after the English translator's name, add the trans translator's name and then add Chinese? Translation? .
[ 13]Swift( 199 1)。 Gulliver's Travels [M]. Taipei: Taiwan Province Mike Publishing House.
Calvino I (1986). The use of literature. )[M]。
Santiago: Hackett.
(7) The author is an institution.
The author writes down the name of the institution.
[15] Foreign Language Periodicals Research Association of Colleges and Universities (1996). Index of foreign language research papers (1990- 1994)
The abbreviation of [Z]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
American library association. (1983). Handbook of knowledge freedom
【Z】。 Chicago: Allah.
(8) Reference book format
The format of reference books is the same.
[17] Yushuiyou, Okawa Wansaburo, Sato Tomio, etc. (2000). Longman Chinese-English cultural illustrations of China.
Dictionary [Z]. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
(9) Literature without authors.
When a work has no author, there is no writer without the author. When the author of a work is listed as. Anonymous? , used in Chinese? Anonymous? Or? John doe? On the reference page, the word Anonymous is arranged alphabetically in English and alphabetically in Chinese? Anonymous? Or? John doe? .
Oxford English Dictionary. (1989). Oxford: Herndon Press.
[19] Anonymous. (2002). Teaching research, research teaching [M]. new
York: Alpine Press.
(10) Update books
[20] bullinger, D.L. (1975). All aspects of language (second edition. )[M]。 New york:
Hackett Brass Jovanovic.
(1 1) Prose Collection
If there is only one English editor, please use ed. If there are two or more editors, please use Eds. Add Chinese after the author? (editor)? Or? (editor-in-chief)? .
Yang Zijian and Li Ruihua (editor. (1990). Essays on Comparative Studies between English and Chinese [C]. Shanghai:
Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.
[22] abrams, M. H .).( 1986). Norton's English anthology.
Literature (Volume II) [C]. New york: Norton Law Firm; company
[23] Blease, W, Lunk, U. & Ventola. (1988).
Spoken and written language. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
2. Article category
(1) articles in academic journals
The necessary information of English references includes: the author's last name, first name and middle name (if any) are capitalized. (year of publication). Title of the paper (English) [Reference Identification]. Magazine name (in italics), volume number and page number of the cited page.
Note: Each issue of English periodicals starts from the first page, and the issue number is marked in brackets after the volume number. If you don't know the date of publication, write it in brackets? n.d？ (i.e. no date). Also pay attention to punctuation marks, followed by commas? ,? Is there an English period after the name letter? . ? The year with brackets and dots? . ? Is there a dot after the title of the paper? . ? Is there a comma after the magazine name? ,? Is there a comma after the volume number and issue number? ,? ,
Is there a dot after the page number? . ? .
The necessary information of Chinese references includes: author's name (year of publication). Title of the paper [Reference Identification]. Magazine name, volume number, number of pages cited.
Note: If there is no volume number for Chinese periodicals, please indicate the issue number with Arabic numerals. If you don't know the date of publication, write it in brackets? No date? .
Also pay attention to punctuation marks. After the name is the year in brackets, followed by a period? . ? The title of the paper and its [reference mark] are followed by periods? . ? Is there a comma after the magazine name? ,? Is there a comma after the volume number or issue number? ,? Is there a period after the page number? . ? .
[1] Jiang Xiaohua (2003). Brazilian translator:? Eating people? Translation theory and practice and its cultural connotation [J].
Foreign languages 4 1( 1), 63-67.
[2] Hewitt, A.( 1984). Technical service in 1983 [J]. Library resources
And technical services, 28(3), 205-2 18.
(2) Quote prose.
When citing articles in the collection of papers, the bibliography should provide the following information: author. (year of publication). Title of the article (English) [reference mark]. Use of English documents? Are you online? , followed by the letters of the editor's first name and last name, which is different from that when quoted separately; Set name (English italics) [reference identification], and the starting page number of the cited article is marked after the title in brackets. Place of publication: publishing institution.
For Chinese literature, the author (year of publication) must be provided. The title of the article [reference mark] and Chinese documents are used after the title of the paper? Are you online? , followed by the editor's name, "the name of the collection" (the title must be added) [reference identification]. The starting page number of the cited article is marked in brackets after the title. Place of publication: publishing institution.
[3] Fang Mengzhi (1990). Strengthen the study of contrastive linguistics [A]. In Yang Zijian, Li Ruihua (editor. ), English.
Essays on Comparative Studies between Chinese and Korean [C](79-85 pages). Shanghai: foreign languages press, Shanghai.
[4] Searle, R. Metaphor [A].( 1979). In Ottoni, A. (Editor. ), metaphor
And thoughts [C](pp.72- 123). Cambridge: Cambridge University
News.
(3) newspaper articles
Newspaper articles should provide the date of publication. Unsigned articles, such as editorials, have no authors.
[5] Wu Tian (2000,65438+1October 23rd). The conflict between loanwords and China culture [N]. Yangcheng daily, p.
Version 4.
[6] Wang (April 3, 2002). Historical Mirror of Cultural Communication —— Comment on China and Early European Religion and Philosophers
Learn the history of communication. China Reading Newspaper, page 5.
[7] Dast, J. (1998, May 25th). Environmentalists want hotels, franchises
Removed from American Park [N]. Boston globe, PP. B6 b 1。
[8] Young, talented and inspired black people. (1988, May 18). Editorial.
Washington Post, page 20.
(4) Academic argumentation
When citing papers published in academic conferences, the title of the papers is italicized. After the title of the paper, indicate the name of the academic conference and the publication form of the paper. Appear in? Or? Where is the poster? Words, used in Chinese papers? Submit a paper? Or? Post a paper? Words. Then there is the place (usually the city) of the meeting, and the month and time.
[9] Lei L.& Wang et al. (2000). Differences of Self-regulated Learning among Students with Learning Disabilities
And non-LD students [R]. Poster of the second international conference on mental health of children and adolescents. Kuala Lumpur, June.
Jochens, J.( 1992). Gender equality in law: the case of Iceland in the Middle Ages.
Published in 26th Annual Meeting of the Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, Binghamton, new york, 10.
(5) Unpublished papers or manuscripts
When quoting a degree thesis, it should indicate whether it is published or not and the institution that awarded the degree.
Cheng, Xie (2003). A Functional Study of Discourse Coherence [D].
Unpublished doctoral thesis of Beijing Normal University.
Li Lei (1999). The relationship between parent-child communication and children's behavior problems. Unpublished manuscript, Capital Normal University
University.
3. Non-printed materials
Movies, TV, radio, etc.
The basic formats of movies, television, radio, slides, videos, recordings and artworks are the name of the director (or producer), the year (or broadcast date), the title of the film (or program) and the place of production (or radio station or broadcast place).
[1] Zhang Yimou (director) (1998). My parents [movie]. Beijing.
[2] Taylor, C., Cleveland, R. Andreas, L. (producer). (2002). Six feet.
Under [TV series] New york: HBO.
[3] Brandt, F. (producer) & messina, sports (director). (1985). Very clever.
For strangers [videos]. Burbank, California: Walter Disney Home Video.
(2) Electronic literature
When quoting electronic documents, refer to the basic format of the bibliography as much as possible, and provide the main person in charge of the cited documents, the title of the electronic documents, the source or accessible address of the electronic documents, and the date of publication or update. English literature use? Got it back? , the sender, followed by the web address; China literature use? Get information about? From the network:? Or? From the Internet:, colon followed by URL. In addition, the titles of papers (or materials) are in italics.
[4] Dewey, R. (1996). Handbook of publications of the American Psychological Association. Search 1 8th, [5] Dr. Anderson (May, 2002 1). Social constructivism and Moos [OL]. recover
August 6, 2002, from
6 Office of the United States Trade Representative. (1999). North American Free Trade
Agreement [OL]. Retrieved on125 October 2000, from
[7] Weissinker, J.A. (2000). Techniques for Teenagers and Adults to Quit Smoking
[J/OL]。 Adolescent medicine, 2. Retrieved on August 6, 2002/kloc-0 from
[8] Wan Jinkun (1996). English abstract of Journal of China University (1983- 1993) [DB/CD].
Beijing encyclopedia of China publishing house.
[9] Wang Mingliang (1998, August 16). Progress of standardized database system engineering of academic journals in China
4. Other documents
(1) patent
Patent citation shall provide the owner, patent name, patent country, patent number and publication date.
[1 1] Jiang Xizhou (1989, July 26th). Preparation scheme of a warm externally applied medicine [P]. China patent:
88 1056073。
(2) International and national standards
For international and national standards, the standard number and name shall be provided.
[12] GB/t16159-1996, basic rules of Chinese pinyin orthography [S].
(3) government documents
Government official documents need to provide time for issuing documents.
[13] Basic Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region [Z] (199 1). Hong Kong: Sanlian Bookstore Limited
Company.
[14] National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). Television and Behavior:
Ten years of scientific progress and its influence on the 1980 s
【Z】。 (DHHS publication number ADM 82- 1 195). DC, Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office.