However, due to its many advantages, lithium batteries are widely used in electronic instruments, digital and household appliances. But lithium batteries are mostly secondary batteries, and there are also disposable batteries.
The life and safety of a few secondary batteries are poor. Later, Japan invented a lithium battery with carbon material as the negative electrode and lithium-containing compound as the positive electrode. In the process of charging and discharging, there is no metallic lithium, only lithium ion, which is the lithium ion battery.
When the battery is charged, lithium ions are generated at the positive electrode of the battery, and the generated lithium ions move to the negative electrode through the electrolyte. As a negative electrode, carbon has a layered structure with many micropores, and lithium ions reaching the negative electrode are embedded in the micropores of the carbon layer. The more lithium ions are embedded, the higher the charging capacity.
Similarly, when the battery is discharged (that is, when we use the battery), lithium ions embedded in the negative carbon layer come out and move back to the positive electrode. The more lithium ions returned to the positive electrode, the higher the discharge capacity.
What we usually call battery capacity refers to discharge capacity. In the process of lithium ion charging and discharging, lithium ion is in a state of movement from positive electrode to negative electrode and then to positive electrode.
Lithium-ion battery is like a rocking chair. The two ends of the rocking chair are the poles of the battery, and lithium ions run back and forth in the rocking chair like athletes. So lithium-ion battery is also called rocking chair battery.
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History of lithium battery lithium battery
Lithium battery is a battery with lithium metal or lithium alloy as negative electrode material and non-aqueous electrolyte solution. The first lithium battery came from the great inventor Edison.
Because the chemical characteristics of lithium metal are very active, the processing, storage and use of lithium metal have very high requirements for the environment. So lithium batteries have been useless for a long time.
With the development of microelectronics technology in the 20th century, there are more and more miniaturized devices, which put forward high requirements for power supply. The lithium battery then entered a large-scale practical stage.
It was first used in cardiac pacemakers. Because the self-discharge rate of lithium battery is extremely low, the discharge voltage is gentle. It is possible to implant pacemakers into the human body for long-term use.
Lithium batteries generally have a nominal voltage higher than 3.0 volts, which is more suitable for integrated circuit power supply. Manganese dioxide batteries are widely used in computers, calculators, cameras and watches.
In order to cultivate more excellent varieties, people have studied various materials. Thereby creating an unprecedented product. For example, lithium sulfur dioxide batteries and lithium thionyl chloride batteries are very distinctive. Their positive active materials are also solvents for electrolytes. This structure only appears in the electrochemical system of non-aqueous solution. Therefore, the research of lithium battery also promotes the development of electrochemical theory in non-aqueous system. In addition to using various non-aqueous solvents, people have also studied polymer thin film batteries.
1992 Sony has successfully developed a lithium-ion battery. Its practicality greatly reduces the weight and volume of people's mobile phones, notebook computers and other portable electronic devices. The service time is greatly prolonged. Because lithium-ion battery contains no heavy metal chromium, compared with nickel-chromium battery, it greatly reduces the pollution to the environment.
What is the development process of lithium batteries? The development process is 1, 65438+ Exxon's 70s m.
S .Whittingham made the first lithium battery with titanium sulfide as cathode material and lithium metal as cathode material.
2, 1980, J. Goodenough found that lithium cobaltate can be used as cathode material for lithium ion batteries.
3. The R of Illinois Institute of Technology ranges from 65438 to 0982. r .
Agarwal and J.R.
Selman found that lithium ion has the characteristic of embedding graphite, and this process is rapid and reversible. At the same time, the safety hazards of lithium batteries made of metallic lithium have attracted much attention, so people try to make rechargeable batteries by using the characteristics of lithium ions embedded in graphite.
Bell Laboratories successfully produced the first usable lithium-ion graphite electrode. 41983m.
Thackeray, J .Goodenough and others found that manganese spinel is an excellent cathode material with low price, good stability, excellent conductivity and lithium conductivity.
Its decomposition temperature is high, and its oxidation degree is much lower than that of lithium cobaltate. Even if there is short circuit and overcharge, the danger of combustion and explosion can be avoided. .
The history of battery development in ancient times, human beings may have been constantly studying and testing this thing "electricity".
1932 a pottery bottle thought to be thousands of years old was found near Baghdad, Iraq. It has an iron bar inserted in a copper cylinder-it may be used to store static electricity, but the secret of the bottle may never be revealed.
Whether the ancestors who made this pottery bottle knew about static electricity or not, it is certain that the ancient Greeks did. They know that if you rub a piece of amber, you can attract light objects.
Aristotle also knows that there is such a thing as a magnet, which is a kind of ore with strong magnetic force and can attract iron and metal. 1780, when Italian anatomist Gavagni dissected a frog, he accidentally touched the frog's thigh with different metal instruments in his hand, and the muscles of the frog's leg twitched immediately, as if affected by current, but only one metal instrument touched the frog, but there was no such reversal.
Galvani believes that this phenomenon is due to a kind of electricity generated in animals, which he calls "bioelectricity". 179 1 year, Gavagni wrote a paper about the experimental results, which was published in academic circles.
Galvani's discovery aroused great interest of physicists, who competed to repeat the experiment of flail Vanni, trying to find a way to generate current. After many experiments, Italian physicist Volt thinks that Galvani's bioelectricity theory is incorrect. The reason why frog muscle can generate current is probably that some liquid in the muscle is working. To prove his point, Volt immersed two different kinds of metal sheets in different solutions for experiments.
It is found that as long as one of the two kinds of metal sheets reacts with the solution, an electric current can be generated between the metal sheets. 1799, Volt immersed a zinc plate and a silver plate in salt water, and found that a current passed through the wire connecting the two metals.
So he put many pieces of flannel or paper soaked in salt water between zinc and silver, and then folded them flat. When you touch both ends with your hands, you will feel a strong current.
In this way, Volt successfully made the world's first battery-"Volt reactor". This "volt stack" is actually a series battery pack.
It became the power supply for early electrical experiments and telegrams. Italian physicist Volt repeated galvani's experiment many times.
As a physicist, his attention is mainly focused on those two metals, not on the frog's nerves. For the frog leg twitching phenomenon discovered by Gavagni, he thought it might be related to electricity, but he thought that the frog's muscles and nerves had no electricity. He speculated that the current may be caused by the contact between two different metals, whether they are in contact with living or dead animals.
Experiments have proved that as long as hard paper, linen, leather or other spongy things soaked in salt water or alkaline water are separated between two metal sheets (which he thinks is a necessary condition for the success of the experiment), and the two metal sheets are connected with metal wires, whether there is frog muscle or not, there will be current passing through them. This shows that electricity is not generated from the frog's tissue, and the frog's leg is only equivalent to a very sensitive electroscope.
1836, Daniel of England improved the "buried pile". He used dilute sulfuric acid as electrolyte to solve the problem of battery polarization and made the first unpolarized zinc-copper battery, also known as "Daniel battery".
Since then, "Bunsen battery" and "Grove battery" with better depolarization effect have appeared one after another. However, these batteries all have the problem that the voltage decreases with the extension of service time.
1860, Plante of France invented a battery with lead as the electrode. This kind of battery is unique in that when the battery is used for a period of time to reduce the voltage, it can be energized with reverse current to increase the battery voltage.
Because this kind of battery can be used repeatedly, it is called "storage battery". However, no matter what kind of battery needs to be filled with liquid between two metal plates, it is very inconvenient to carry, especially the liquid used by the battery is sulfuric acid, which is very dangerous when moving.
Also in 1860, Reckling invented the precursor of the battery (carbon-zinc battery) which is widely used in the world. Its negative electrode is an alloy rod of zinc and mercury (the negative electrode of zinc volt prototype battery, which has been proved to be one of the best metals as negative electrode materials), while its positive electrode is a mixture of crushed manganese dioxide and carbon in a porous cup.
A carbon rod is inserted into this mixture as a current collector. Both the negative electrode rod and the positive electrode cup are immersed in ammonium chloride solution as electrolyte.
This system is called "wet battery". Reclin's battery is simple but cheap, so it was not replaced by the improved "dry battery" until 1880.
The negative electrode was improved into a zinc can (that is, the shell of the battery), and the electrolyte became paste instead of liquid. Basically, this is what we now know as a carbon-zinc battery. 1887, Englishman Hellesen invented the earliest dry battery.
The electrolyte of dry battery is paste-like, does not leak and is easy to carry, so it has been widely used. 1890 Thomas Edison invents rechargeable iron-nickel battery 1896 mass-produced dry battery 1896 invents d battery. 1899 Waldmar Jungner invented the nickel-cadmium battery. 19 10 commercial rechargeable iron-nickel battery 1. 9 1 1 China builds a factory to produce dry batteries and lead-acid batteries (battery factory of Shanghai Ministry of Communications) 19 14 Thomas Edison invents alkaline batteries; 1934, Schlecht and Akermann invented the sintered plate of nickel-cadmium battery; 1947, Neumann developed sealed nickel. Cadmium battery. 1949 Lew Urry developed a small alkaline battery. 1954 Gerald Pearson, Calvin fuller and Darryl Chapin developed solar cells. 1956 strength. Made the first 9V battery 1956 China built the first nickel-cadmium battery factory (Fengyun Equipment Factory (755 Factory)) around 1960 Union Carbide Company. Commercially produced alkaline batteries. China began to study alkaline batteries (jointly developed by Xi 'an Tsinghua Factory and other three companies). Maintenance-free lead-acid batteries appear around 1970. Primary lithium batteries were put into practical use around 1970. Scientists at Philips Research invented the Ni-MH battery around 1980. Around 65438 AD, stable alloys for Ni-MH batteries were developed. 36638.6886686866 1
What is the development process of lithium metal battery? Cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries: There are many cathode materials to choose from, and lithium iron salt is the main one at present.
Comparison of different cathode materials: development course165438+Exxon's m in 1970s. s .
Whittingham made the first lithium battery with titanium sulfide as cathode material and lithium metal as cathode material. 2。
1980, J. Goodenough found that lithium cobaltate can be used as cathode material for lithium ion batteries.
Illinois institute of technology 3 1982 R. r .
Agarwal and J.R.
Selman found that lithium ion has the characteristic of embedding graphite, and this process is rapid and reversible. At the same time, the safety hazards of lithium batteries made of metallic lithium have attracted much attention, so people try to make rechargeable batteries by using the characteristics of lithium ions embedded in graphite.
Bell Laboratories successfully produced the first usable lithium-ion graphite electrode. 4 1983m。
Thackeray, J .Goodenough and others found that manganese spinel is an excellent cathode material with low price, good stability, excellent conductivity and lithium conductivity.
Its decomposition temperature is high, and its oxidation degree is much lower than that of lithium cobaltate. Even if there is short circuit and overcharge, the danger of combustion and explosion can be avoided. .
The development history of storage battery The birth of storage battery is based on people's demand for continuous and stable current.
However, the invention of the battery was inspired by the anatomical experiment of a frog, which was somewhat accidental. /kloc-one day in 0/780, when Italian anatomist luigi galvani dissected a frog, he accidentally touched the frog's thigh with different metal instruments in his hand, and the muscles of the frog's leg twitched immediately, as if it were * * * by electric current, but if only one metal instrument was used to touch the frog, there would be no such reaction.
Galvani believes that this phenomenon is caused by a kind of electricity generated in animals, which he calls "bioelectricity". Galvani's discovery aroused great interest of physicists, who raced to repeat galvani's experiment and tried to find a way to generate electricity.
Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist, believes after many experiments that the reason why frog muscles can generate current is probably that some liquid in the muscles is working. To prove his point, Volt immersed two different kinds of metal sheets in different solutions for experiments.
It is found that as long as one of the two kinds of metal sheets reacts with the solution, an electric current can be generated between the metal sheets. 1799, Volt successfully manufactured the world's first battery "Volt stack".
This "volt stack" is actually a series battery pack. 1836, Daniel of Britain improved the volt battery, and more effective Bunsen batteries and Grove batteries came out one after another.
But at that time, no matter what kind of battery, it was necessary to fill liquid between two metal plates, which was inconvenient to carry, especially because the liquid used in the battery was sulfuric acid, which was very dangerous to move. The birth of dry batteries The originator of dry batteries was born in the middle of19th century.
1860, Reckling invented a carbon-zinc battery that was easier to manufacture. The initial wet and watery electrolyte was gradually replaced by a sticky and muddy way similar to paste, so when it was put into a container, a "dry" battery appeared. 1887, Englishman Hellesen invented the earliest dry battery.
Compared with liquid batteries, the electrolyte of dry batteries is mushy, non-leakage and easy to carry, so it has been widely used. Now dry batteries have developed into a huge family, with more than 100 kinds.
Common zinc-manganese dry batteries, alkaline zinc-manganese dry batteries, magnesium-manganese dry batteries and so on. However, the earliest invented carbon-zinc battery is still the most productive battery in modern dry batteries.
In the process of continuous development of dry battery technology, new problems have emerged. It has been found that although dry batteries are easy to use and low in price, they are discarded after use and cannot be reused.
In addition, using metal as raw material is easy to cause waste of raw materials, and waste batteries will also cause environmental pollution. Therefore, after many charge and discharge cycles, reusable batteries have become a new direction.
In fact, the earliest invention of battery can also be traced back to 1860. At that time, Frenchman Plante invented a battery with lead as electrode.
The unique feature of this battery is that when the battery voltage drops for a period of time, it can be energized with reverse current to make the battery voltage rise. Because this kind of battery can be used repeatedly, it is called "storage battery".
1890 Edison invented the rechargeable iron-nickel battery, which was commercialized in 19 10. Now there are more and more types and forms of rechargeable batteries, from the earliest lead batteries and lead crystal batteries to iron-nickel batteries and silver-zinc batteries, and then to lead-acid batteries, solar batteries and lithium batteries.
At the same time, the application field of storage battery is wider and wider, the capacitance is larger and larger, the performance is more and more stable, and the charging is more and more convenient. Lithium batteries are produced in the field of batteries, and lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells have become the most eye-catching stars.
As can be seen from the above story, the whole development history of batteries can also be said to be a history of "trying whether various metals can be used as batteries". Now the hottest metal in the battery industry is "lithium".
Lithium is the lightest of all metals, lighter than water and extremely active, so it needs to be preserved in paraffin. In fact, Edison once invented the lithium battery, but because the chemical characteristics of lithium metal are very active and the processing, preservation and use of lithium metal have very high requirements on the environment, lithium batteries have not been applied for a long time.
Nowadays, people are "thirsty for talents" for batteries, and these problems are not problems. Lithium batteries have the advantages of high energy-to-weight ratio, high voltage, low self-discharge and long-term storage, so they have made great progress in the past 30 years.
The batteries in our computers, calculators, cameras and watches are lithium batteries. After the lithium battery is assembled, the battery has voltage and does not need to be charged.
This kind of battery can also be charged, but its cycle performance is not good. In the process of charge and discharge cycle, lithium dendrites are easy to form, which leads to short circuit inside the battery, so it is generally forbidden to charge this kind of battery. Later, Sony invented a lithium-ion battery with carbon as the negative electrode and lithium-containing compounds as the positive electrode. In the process of charging and discharging, there is no metallic lithium, only lithium ion.
The advantages of lithium-ion battery are obvious: high working voltage, small volume, light weight, high energy, no memory effect, no pollution, small self-discharge and long cycle life. Lithium-ion batteries are charged and discharged by lithium ions moving between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
The best technology in this respect is the "stacked battery structure", that is, several batteries are made into thin layers and then stacked together, so that high efficiency can be achieved with a small volume. Therefore, lithium-ion batteries are widely used in automobile, notebook and mobile phone industries.
Later, Henan Hongbin Battery Company developed lithium batteries, introduced cold injection molding technology, produced cold injection batteries-Hongbin batteries, and also appeared high-capacity commercial lithium-ion batteries. Nowadays, high-capacity commercial batteries have entered people's sight and attracted more attention.
In addition to developing lithium-ion batteries, there is also a promising battery, namely "fuel cell", which is a power generation device that directly converts chemical energy existing in fuels and oxidants into electrical energy. Fuel and air are fed into the fuel cell respectively, and electricity is wonderfully generated.
What is the development process of lithium batteries? In 1960s, 1 and1970s, M.S.Whittingham of Exxon made the first lithium battery with titanium sulfide as cathode material and lithium metal as cathode material.
2. 1980, J. Goodenough discovered that lithium cobaltate can be used as cathode material for lithium ion batteries.
3. In 1982, R.R.Agarwal and J.R.Selman of Illinois Institute of Technology found that lithium ion has the characteristic of embedding graphite, and this process is fast and reversible. At the same time, the safety hazards of lithium batteries made of metallic lithium have attracted much attention, so people try to make rechargeable batteries by using the characteristics of lithium ions embedded in graphite. Bell Laboratories successfully produced the first usable lithium-ion graphite electrode.
4.1983 m Thackeray, J.Goodenough and others found that manganese spinel is an excellent cathode material with low price, good stability, excellent conductivity and lithium conductivity. Its decomposition temperature is high, and its oxidation degree is much lower than that of lithium cobaltate. Even if there is short circuit and overcharge, the danger of combustion and explosion can be avoided.
5. In 1989, A.Manthiram and J.Goodenough found that higher voltage can be generated by using the positive electrode of polymeric anions.
6. 199 1 year, Sony released the first commercial lithium-ion battery. Subsequently, lithium-ion batteries completely changed the face of consumer electronics.
7. 1996 Padhi and Goodenough found that phosphate with olivine structure, such as LiFePO4, is superior to the traditional cathode material, so it has become the mainstream cathode material at present.
With the widespread use of digital products such as mobile phones and notebook computers, lithium-ion batteries have been widely used in such products for their excellent performance, and gradually developed into other product application fields. From 65438 to 0998, Tianjin Power Research Institute began to produce lithium-ion batteries commercially. Traditionally, lithium-ion batteries are also called lithium batteries, but these two batteries are different. Lithium ion batteries have become the mainstream.