"Have China people lost confidence?" It is an essay by Lu Xun, written on the occasion of the third anniversary of the September 18th Incident, in order to refute some people's pessimistic arguments against the pre-war line and inspire national self-confidence. This paper holds that the enemy's argument cannot prove the "breakthrough" of the enemy's argument, and refutes the pessimistic argument by combining positive argument with indirect rebuttal. Rigorous structure, progressive layer by layer, strong rebuttal. The language is spicy, sharp, powerful, ironic and emotional.

Class arrangement

2 class hours

Teaching objectives

Knowledge target

1. Accumulate words: read the pronunciation correctly, remember the font clearly, and understand the meaning of key words.

2. Combined with the writing background of this article, understand the deep meaning of important sentences.

3. Understand the relevant knowledge of refuting the paper.

capability goal

1. Clear the train of thought of the article and realize the characteristics of combining direct rebuttal and indirect rebuttal in this article.

2. Try to figure out the taste sentences and experience the language characteristics of spicy, sharp, powerful, ironic and sensational.

Emotional attitudes and values

Experience Mr. Lu Xun's sense of hardship and patriotism, carry forward the spirit of patriotism and enhance national self-confidence and pride.

Emphasis and difficulty in teaching

focus

1. Experience the rebuttal method combining direct rebuttal and indirect rebuttal.

2. Understand the meaning of key sentences.

Breakthrough method: understand the category of "China people" in the text through the quasi-outline, and then deeply explore the refutation process of combining direct refutation with indirect refutation; Through the link of "concentrate on swimming, savor carefully and savor carefully", carefully design questions and guide students to understand the profound meaning of key sentences.

difficulty

1. Experience the language charm of Lu Xun's essays.

2. Learn from Mr. Lu Xun's patriotism and enhance national self-confidence and pride.

Breakthrough method: through repeated reading, independent questioning and expanded reading, we can deeply understand the language charm of this article; Learn from Mr. Lu Xun's patriotism, and enhance national self-confidence and pride through the activity "Flowers for soul of china" in China.

teaching method

1. Create a situation to stimulate interest. By evaluating the creation of Lu Xun's famous sayings or works, we can create an atmosphere consistent with the content of the article and stimulate the interest in learning this article.

2. Clever questions, dialogue and discussion. Through the question design, students are skillfully guided to talk, encouraged to actively participate in thinking and discussion, sort out ideas, discuss the argumentation characteristics of this article, and experience the language style of this article.

3. Language activities. Design Flowers for National Soul according to what you have learned, to stimulate students' interest in reading, to lead students to learn from Mr. Lu Xun's patriotism, and to stimulate students' national self-confidence and pride. Exercise students to express with facts and avoid empty talk.

teaching process

Lesson 65438

First, create a situation to stimulate interest

Design (1)

Recall Lu Xun's article in junior middle school. In Mr. Wang's prose, we realized Mr. Wang's yearning for childhood freedom and deep nostalgia for his eldest mother and Mr. Fujino. In the third unit of this book, we have just experienced the infinite charm of Mr. Wang's novels. Today, we walk into the world of Mr. Wang's prose and learn "Have China People Lost Confidence?"

Design (2)

Mao Zedong once commented on Lu Xun: "Lu Xun's bones are the hardest, and he has no servility and obsequiousness, which is the most precious character of the colonial and semi-colonial people. Lu Xun is the most correct, courageous, resolute, loyal and enthusiastic unprecedented national hero on the cultural front, representing the majority of the whole nation. "

Essays can best reflect "Lu Xun's bones are the hardest". Today, we will learn a wonderful essay by Lu Xun.

Second, the writing background of this article.

Slide show:

Have China people lost confidence? Written on September 25th, 1934. At that time, after Japanese imperialism ravaged the three northeastern provinces, it gradually advanced into Shanhaiguan. The threat of national subjugation and extinction is imminent, and pessimism and disappointment occupy some people's minds. 1On August 27th, 934, Ta Kung Pao editorial "Confucius' Birthday Memorial" lamented: "National self-esteem and self-confidence have disappeared, and the country has long been on the verge of spiritual disillusionment." In response to this argument, Lu Xun wrote this famous essay on his 53rd birthday.

Third, read the text silently and feel it as a whole.

1. Supplement argumentative knowledge.

Multimedia presentation: argumentative essays can generally be divided into argumentation and refutation. Argumentative writing is to put forward and clarify one's own views or opinions on certain events or problems. Refutation means expressing opinions on certain events or problems and refuting one-sided, wrong or even reactionary views or propositions. Generally speaking, there are three main ways to refute the other party's argument: one is to directly refute the other party's argument, the other is to refute the argument, and the third is to refute the argument.

2. Read the text silently and organize your thoughts.

The teacher guides the students to read the text silently and circle the comments.

(1) word accumulation.

A. Read the phonetic symbols with the words added below.

Lament (k ǐ i) Xuanwei (xuán) backbone (jǐ) have (pū) enlightenment (xǐng).

If (t m: ng) slander (miè) cheat (chá) (kuāng)

B. understand the meaning of keywords.

Mystery: deception to cover up the truth in the form of confusion.

Anesthesia: a metaphor for making people confused and depressed by some means.

Sacrifice one's life: It originally means that Buddhists sacrifice their bodies to show piety, and later it generally means sacrificing themselves for the motherland or others.

Cognition: from vagueness to clarity, from mistake to right in cognition.

Plead for the people: plead for the people or relieve pain.

Deception: lying. Tricks. Tricks.

(2) Exchange feedback.

Teachers lead students to think: what is the wrong view of the other party? What is the author's positive view? What is the basis of the author's opinion?

After the students' discussion, the teacher made it clear that the other side's wrong view was that "China people have lost self-confidence", because they never believed in themselves because they believed in "land", "things" and "League of Nations", and now they are deceiving themselves by praying to God and worshiping Buddha. The author puts forward China's positive view of "Are there any China people who have lost confidence", because there are past and present facts to prove it.

Fourth, read the text by yourself and draw up an outline.

The text structure is rigorous and the level is clear. Reread this article to deepen your understanding of the content. According to transitional sentences and paragraphs, quickly screen information, distinguish arguments and arguments, clarify the relationship between paragraphs, and clarify the ideas of the article. Guide students to master the hierarchical structure and ideological content of the text through the outline.

The discussion and exchange are as follows:

The level of the article is clear and the key points are prominent. The paragraphs are closely related and the transition is natural. For example, the sentence "If the document pays attention to this phenomenon" at the beginning of paragraph 3 inherits the arguments and arguments of the opponents in paragraphs 1 and 2, and then refutes them. Another example is to arrange a sixth transition between direct refutation and indirect refutation: "However, under this shadow, do we have China people who have lost confidence?" So as to turn to positive praise and make indirect refutation.

The author's thinking can be clarified from the structure of the article. Paragraph 1 of the article puts forward the opponents' arguments, and the second paragraph continues the opponents' arguments. In paragraphs 3 to 5, the author admits that the argument put forward is true, but he can't deduce the conclusion that "China people have lost confidence" or prove it. They have long lost confidence, but they once had "confidence in others", but now they are developing "self-deception". Therefore, they shouted "China people have lost confidence" to cover up their pessimism and loss of confidence. This is a direct rebuttal. Then, in paragraphs 6 to 8, the author puts forward another argument that is contrary to another argument: Some people in China have not lost heart. The sixth paragraph connects the preceding with the following, and the seventh to eighth paragraphs praise the confident "China backbone", thus refuting each other. This is an indirect rebuttal. Paragraph 9 is the conclusion, which takes care of the topic and answers the questions raised by the topic.

Fifth, discuss the rebuttal characteristics of this article.

Guide students to clarify the meaning of "China people" in the article, understand the author's superb skills and keen thinking in refuting arguments, and appreciate the subtlety of arguments in Lu Xun's essays.

1. Differentiate the meaning of "China people" in this article, and talk about the meanings of "Premier No.1" and "underground".

Combined with the design of the second question after class. Only by defining the categories of these "China people" can we really understand the author's argumentation process.

Through discussion and exchange, it is clear that the meaning of "China people" is: it refers to the people of China except a few die-hards; Refers to the broad masses of the people; Refers to the reactionary rulers of the Kuomintang and their royal literati; Refers to all China people; Refers to the reactionary rulers of Kuomintang and their royal literati. "No.1 Prime Minister" refers to reactionary Kuomintang politicians and their royal literati at that time. "Underground" refers to the China * * * Production Party and its revolutionary forces under its leadership, which was still in the state of underground struggle.

2. The rebuttal features of this article.

Question design: Does the author admit that the other party's argument is true? If so, how do you refute each other?

The main characteristics of guiding students to appreciate this argument are: directly refuting through refuting arguments and indirectly refuting through positive arguments, thus completely refuting the fallacy of the other party.

Dial-up communication, clear:

The author admits that the argument is true, but he can't deduce the conclusion that "China people have lost confidence". We can only draw the following conclusions: belief in the land, belief in things and belief in the League of Nations is obviously "belief in him" rather than "confidence". The method of refuting the enemy's argument with the enemy's argument as an argument gives the article irrefutable power. The author then discusses the "metaphysical perfection" of praying to God and worshiping Buddha, which can only show that "China people are now developing self-deception". Progressive step by step and strict reasoning prove that the argument against the enemy is illogical. This directly refutes the other party's argument by refuting the argument.

Then, after refuting the opponents' arguments, the author points out that "self-deception" is nothing new now, but it is more intense and obvious today. But "Do we have China people who have lost confidence", and actively put forward their own views, and then reviewed the history and paid attention to the reality, and made a strong demonstration of this view. This argument is diametrically opposed to the other. Proving the correctness of this argument is tantamount to declaring that another argument cannot be established. This indirectly refutes the other side's argument.

The combination of direct criticism and indirect criticism is comprehensive, profound, ingenious and powerful. ?

second kind

Try to figure out the punch line first and taste the author's profound meaning.

The language in the article keeps the consistent style of Lu Xun's essays: spicy, sharp, powerful, ironic and sensational. Can guide students to cite some typical sentences to taste and analyze.

1. Concentrate on swimming. It tastes fine and deep.

The language of this article is sharp, aggressive and ironic.

Question design: find out the words and sentences you feel, read the taste first, and then communicate with the class.

Guiding communication, pointing out and analyzing, such as "always boasting about vast territory and rich resources" at the beginning of the article, "only looking forward to the League of Nations" and "blindly praying to God and worshiping Buddha, remembering the past and hurting the present" are full of irony. "Always", a pretentious and arrogant look; "Only", an image of a person sniffing and grasping at a life-saving straw; "Blindly", addicted to it, opinionated. These sharp and pungent words satirize the face of pessimists and leave a deep impression on readers.

2. Clever rhetoric and enhanced reasoning.

Guide students to appreciate the author's superb language art. Clear inquiry and communication: This paper skillfully uses rhetorical methods such as metaphor, parallelism, questioning and parody, which greatly enhances the persuasiveness and appeal of language.

The teacher is very clear: imitation. He imitated "self-confidence", created "faithfulness" and "self-deception", and showed superb language art. As long as one word is changed, the image of self-deception of reactionary authorities will be vividly portrayed and unforgettable.

3. What does it mean that the words added in the article were deleted by the Kuomintang books and newspapers inspection authorities?

Guide students to think about the pertinence of Lu Xun's language refutation.

Obviously, "praying to God and worshiping Buddha" is probably the last trick of the Kuomintang to deceive itself when it is at the end of its tether. Lu Xun hit the nail on the head and pointed out the harm and serious consequences of "worshipping God and Buddha", which naturally touched the sore spot of the Kuomintang and was deleted. Adding some words can also show Lu Xun's situation, but Lu Xun is not afraid of bullets to run for the people, and his selfless and fearless spirit is admirable.

Second, flowers are dedicated to the national soul and inspire national confidence.

Lead students to feel Lu Xun's patriotic spirit and inspire students' national self-confidence and pride.

Multimedia presentation materials:

Shen Junru said at Lu Xun's funeral: "Gorky died a few months ago, and the Soviet government buried him after his death. Now, as a great writer like Lu Xun, our people unanimously demand a state funeral, but the government does not care. Today, our people come to bury themselves, and all they get is the people themselves. This, I think Mr. Lu Xun must be very willing! "

On the silk copy of Lu Xun's funeral: "soul of china".

Mr. Yu Dafu said in the article "Huai Lu Xun": "A nation without great people is the most pitiful group of creatures in the world; A great people don't know how to support, love and admire the country is a hopeless slave country. "

Chinese activity design: Please choose a flower (chrysanthemum, lotus, etc. ) as Lu Xun's "soul of china", and explain the reasons. At the same time, I told Teacher Wang with the fact that China is becoming increasingly prosperous and powerful today: children in China are becoming more and more confident.

Students freely express their respect for Mr. Lu Xun, guide students to understand and apply the facts of China's development today, supplement the arguments in this paper, and enhance national self-confidence and pride in a practical sense. Exercise students to express with facts and avoid empty talk.

Third, homework

Expand reading, consolidate and improve. Lu Xun's "On Frightening Friends" was published. Frightened Friends is a short commentary of current affairs elites written by Lu Xun after the September 18th Incident in 193 1. The writing background of this article is similar to "Have China People Lost Confidence?"? It is also a wonderful rebuttal. Let students think independently about the argumentation art and language art of Lu Xun's essays.

blackboard-writing design

Have China people lost confidence?

Lu Xun

Set goals: the other side's argument: believe in "land"; Believe in "things"; Believe in the "League of Nations"; Blindly pray to God and worship Buddha.

On the other hand, China people have lost confidence.

Direct rebuttal: what is lost is "his credibility"; Develop "self-deception"

Indirect rebuttal: Argument: Some people in China have not lost confidence.

Argument: The "China Backbone" full of self-confidence since ancient times.

The combination of direct criticism and indirect criticism will make criticism comprehensive, profound, ingenious and powerful.

Teaching reflection

1. Design teaching links that conform to students' cognitive rules and Chinese learning rules. Classroom teaching revolves around the central task of "learning clever refutation skills, perceiving language features and analyzing the profound meanings of key sentences". Starting from reading and perceiving, we independently explore the argumentation features of the combination of direct refutation and indirect refutation, and then "concentrate on swimming and savoring", and guide students to understand the profound meanings of key sentences and experience the language features of Lu Xun's essays through carefully designed questions.

2. Ingeniously design the problem situation. Through the design of questions, students are skillfully guided to "swim attentively, savor carefully and deeply", and students are encouraged to actively participate in thinking and discussion, experience the language style of Lu Xun's essays and understand the profound meaning of key sentences.

data link

The Origin of the Name of Essays on Street Pavilion

Qiejie Pavilion Essays is divided into three episodes, which is an important part of Lu Xun's essays in his later period. It is comprehensive, mature, scientific and effective. When writing these essays, Lu Xun lived in a pavilion on Yin Shan Road, Sichuan North Road. This place was an area where imperialism built roads outside the concession at that time, and it was called "semi-concession". So Lu Xun took the right half of the word "rent" to form "harmony" and the lower half of the word "boundary" to form "intermediary", and then combined with the word "pavilion" to become the "Hejie Pavilion", which means "semi-concession pavilion". This not only points out the writing time and place of these articles, but also implies the social environment when writing such articles.