Su Shi's main achievements
1. Literary achievements
curie
Su Shi has made extraordinary achievements in the creation of ci. As far as the development of a style itself is concerned, Su Shi's ci is a historic contribution.
It surpassed Su Wen and Su Shi. After Liu Yong, Su Shi carried out a comprehensive reform of ci style, and finally broke through the traditional pattern of "Ke Yan", improved the literary status of ci, changed ci from an accessory of music to an independent lyric style, and fundamentally changed the development direction of ci history.
The transformation of Su Shi's ci is based on his concept of ci and his creative idea of "being unique".
Ci has been regarded as "Tao" since the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties. Liu Yong devoted his life to the creation of ci, which promoted the development of ci style, but failed to improve the literary status of ci. This task needs Su Shi to complete. Su Shi first broke the concept that poetry is superior to ci in theory. He believes that poetry is homologous, and the word "is the seedling of poetry". Although there are external differences between poems and words, their artistic essence and expressive function should be the same. So he often compares poetry with poetry. Because he raised the word to the same position as the poem from the stylistic concept, it provided a theoretical basis for the word to move closer to the poetic style and realize the mutual exchange and infiltration between the word and the poem.
In order to make the aesthetic taste of ci really keep pace with poetry, Su Shi also put forward the creative proposition that ci should be "one family". The theory of "being a family" here is put forward according to the different "lasting appeal" of Liu Yong's ci, and its connotation includes: pursuing magnificent style and broad artistic conception, ci should conform to people's quality, and ci should express its true temperament and unique life feelings like writing poems. Because only in this way can we "write like a man" in the creation of Ci (Answer to Zhang Wenqian's immortal book). Su Shi always pays equal attention to integrity in his articles, but he opposes conformity in literature, so he is not satisfied with Qin Guan's "learning Liu Qi's words" and lacks "integrity".
Expanding the expressive function of ci and opening up the realm of poetry is the main direction of Su Shi's ci style reform. He extended the traditional expression of women's gentleness to the expression of men's pride, and extended the traditional expression of love to the expression of temperament, so that words can fully express the author's temperament embrace and personality like poetry. Su Shi let ambitious people full of enterprising spirit, lofty ideals and passion into the world of ci, changed the original feminine artistic conception of ci, and set a precedent for new poets in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Su Like's poems and Su Shi's poems often express his thoughts on life. This rational thinking on the fate of life has enhanced the philosophical meaning of ci. Although Su Shi deeply felt that life was like a dream, he did not deny life because of it, but tried to pursue self-detachment, and always maintained a tenacious optimistic belief and a detached attitude towards life.
Su Ci fully shows the author's mental journey from positive to contradictory depression, striving to get rid of self-adaptation and constant pursuit, and his wild, romantic, affectionate and thoughtful personality temperament. After Liu Yong and Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi further made the lyric characters and creative subjects in his poems move from separation to unity.
Su Ci not only expanded the inner world, but also expanded the outer world. The life scenes expressed by literati ci in the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties are very narrow, mainly confined to the enclosed colorful buildings, embroidered households and pavilions and courtyards. After entering the Song Dynasty, Liu Yong began to extend his ci realm to natural spaces such as Duyi Town, Qianliguan River and Weicun Hill, while approaching the daily life environment of officialdom. Su Shi not only described the author's daily communication, leisure reading, farming, hunting, sightseeing and other life scenes, but also further demonstrated the magnificent scenery of nature.
Su Shi used his own creative practice to show that there was nothing to write about and no intention to enter. Ci, like poetry, has the function of fully expressing social life and real life. Because Su Shi expanded the expressive function of Ci, enriched the emotional connotation of Ci, expanded the temporal and spatial scenes of Ci, improved the artistic taste of Ci, and introduced Ci into the literary hall in an upright manner, which made Ci rise from a "path" to a lyric style with the same status as poetry.
"Poetry as Ci" is Su Shi's main weapon to change the style of Ci. The so-called "taking poetry as a word" is to transplant the expression of poetry into words. The success of Su Ci lies in two aspects: preface and postscript and allusion.
With the title and word order, it is not only convenient to explain the writing time, place and source of words, but also enrich and deepen the aesthetic connotation of words. The extensive use of allusions in Ci also began with Su Shi. The use of allusions in ci is not only an alternative and centralized narrative way, but also a tortuous and profound lyric way. Su Ci used a lot of prefaces, postscripts and allusions, which enriched and developed the expressive techniques of Ci, and had a great influence on the development of Ci in later generations.
Su Shi's "Poetry as Ci" is essentially to break through the restriction and bondage of music on Ci, and make Ci become an independent lyric style from the accessory of music. Su Shi writes ci mainly for people to see, while Dont Ask For Help sings, so he pays attention to the freedom of expressing emotions, although he also abides by the rhythm of ci without being bound by it. For this reason, Su Shi wrote his lyrics with great composure, even though he occasionally disagreed with the musical norms. It is the poems that make Su Ci show rich passion, rich imagination and changeable and colorful language style. Although most of Su Shi's existing 362 poems are still close to the traditional graceful and feminine style, there are also a considerable number of works that reflect the bold and unconstrained new style, such as the famous Mink Head (when is the bright moon)
Su Shi was a key figure in the change of ci style in Song Dynasty. Wang Zhuo's "Bi Ji Man Zhi" Volume 2 said: "Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to melody, and occasionally writes songs. He points out that all the way up, the world will be new, and the eyes and ears will be new, which will make the author know and find new things." Strengthening the literariness of ci and weakening the dependence of ci on music are "all the way up" pointed out by Su Shi for later poets. Later poets and Xin poets further developed along this road.
poetry
Su Shi's views on society and thoughts on life are undisguised in his literary works, among which poetry is the most hearty. In more than 2,700 Su poems, the theme of intervening in social reality and thinking about life is very prominent. Su Shi's attitude towards various unreasonable phenomena in social reality is "out of date", and he always regards criticizing reality as an important theme of his poems. What is more valuable is that Su Shi's criticism of society is not limited to the New Deal or the present. He criticized the long-standing abuses and bad habits in feudal society, and embodied a deeper critical consciousness.
Su Shi's life was ups and downs, and he traveled everywhere, and his life experience was extremely rich. He is good at summing up experience from life experience and seeing laws from objective things. In his eyes, ordinary life content and natural scenery contain profound truth, such as Xilin Wall Topic and Mianchi Nostalgia. In these poems, natural phenomena rise to philosophy, and the perception of life is also transformed into rational thinking. What is particularly commendable is that the philosophy in poetry is naturally expressed through vivid and distinctive artistic images, rather than through logical deduction or discussion and analysis. This kind of poem is both beautiful and interesting, worthy of the name. "I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain" and "Snow Mud Red Claw" became a popular idiom as soon as they came out, which shows that Su Shi's reasonable poems are widely loved. There are many similar works in Su Shi's poems, such as the Sangha Pagoda in Sizhou, the rain on the lake after the Qing Dynasty, and the wind control in Cihu. Su Shi is very insightful, so he can find wonderful ideas everywhere.
Deep life thinking makes Su Shi hold a calm and broad-minded attitude towards ups and downs, which is fully reflected in Su Shi's poems. Su Shi's poems in adversity, of course, contain pain, resentment and depression, but Su Shi shows more contempt for suffering and transcendence of pain.
Su Shi has profound knowledge, mastered the artistic skills of poetry to the point of perfection, and has an amazing spirit of innovation in treating artistic norms. Moreover, the expressive force of Su Shi's poems is amazing, and there is almost no theme that Su Shi's poems can't contain.
The late Northern Song Dynasty, represented by Yuan You's poetry circle, was the heyday of Song poetry. The creation of Wang Anshi, Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao and others pushed the art of Song poetry to a peak. The prominence and distinctiveness of Wang, Huang and Chen's poems in style and personality may be more striking than Su Shi's poems. But in terms of creative achievements, Su Shi is undoubtedly the first poet in the Northern Song Dynasty. Su Shi's poems are outstanding in the dimensions of wide subject matter, diverse forms and profound emotional connotation. More importantly, Su Shi has a strong artistic compatibility, and he did not push a certain style to the status of a statue in theory and creation. In this way, although Su Shi made great contributions in the process of creating a new look of Song poetry, he basically avoided the two main shortcomings of Song poetry, namely, sharp and blunt and boring. Therefore, Su Shi surpassed his contemporaries in overall achievement and became the most popular poet in the Song Dynasty.
essay
Su Shi's literary thought pays equal attention to literature and Taoism. He praised Han Yu and Ouyang Xiu for their contributions to ancient Chinese prose from two aspects: literature and Taoism. However, Su Shi's views on literature and Taoism were very unique in the Northern Song Dynasty. First of all, Su Shi thinks that article art has independent value, such as "pure gold and beautiful jade". Article is not only a tool to carry Tao, but also an advanced form of human spiritual activities. Secondly, the "Tao" in Su Shi's mind is not limited to Confucianism, but refers to the law of things in general. Therefore, Su Shi advocates that articles should be as natural as the objective world, with a natural attitude. He advocated the diversity and vividness of artistic style, and opposed the unification of literary style, believing that it would make the literary world as barren as "yellow hair and white reed".
It is under the guidance of this unique literary thought that Su Shi's prose presents rich and colorful artistic characteristics. He absorbed artistic nutrition extensively from his previous works, the most important source of which was the heroic momentum of Mencius and strategists in the Warring States period, Zhuangzi's rich association and natural and unrestrained writing style. Su Shi is really expressive, and there is almost nothing objective or inner feelings that his works can't express. Su Wen's style changes freely with different objects and is as natural and smooth as running water. Han Yu's ancient prose relies on eloquence, layout and momentum to achieve the same goal, while Su Wen relies on a contented and thoughtful way. Su Wen is full of energy, but his language is simple and natural, which is one of the characteristics that Wen Song is different from Tang Wen.
Su Shi is good at writing argumentative essays. His historical essays written in his early years have a strong habit of strategists, sometimes pretending to be amazing and unreasonable. For example, On Jia Yi accused Jia Yi of not knowing how to make friends with ministers in order to win the trust of the court, and On Fan Zeng suggested that Fan Zeng should be the righteous emperor who killed Xiang Yu. But there are also many original opinions, such as "On Hou", which advocates that the old man was a hermit in Qin Dynasty, and humiliation is to cultivate his perseverance; On Wang Ping criticizes Zhou Pingwang's blunder in avoiding bandits and moving the capital, which is novel, profound and enlightening. These historical theories are good at randomness, amazing in writing, showing a high degree of argumentation skills, and became the model essays for scholars at that time, so they spread widely. Su Shi's political essays in his early years also had similar stylistic features, but with the deepening of his experience, the habits of strategists gradually weakened. For example, some memorials written by Yuan You are purposeful in content and calm in words, which are close to the styles of Jia Yi and Lu Zhi.
Although the historical and political theories show Su Shi's extraordinary talent, essays, letters, prefaces and postscripts can better reflect Su Shi's literary achievements. These articles are also good at renovation, but the form is more lively and the discussion is more vivid, often mixed with narration and lyricism. They strengthen logical persuasion with artistic appeal, so they are more beautiful than historical and political theories.
Su Shi's narrative notes wandering prose, narrative, lyricism and discussion are well combined.
Because Su Shi's composition is based on the principle of "what he says must be done", he should do what he should do, stop when he should, and say few words and sentences, which is most prominent in his notes and essays. For example, the full text of Night Travels in the Sky is only over 80 words, but its artistic conception is detached and its charm is meaningful. It is a wonderful work in the Song Dynasty.
Su Shi and Si Liu also made great achievements in their ci and fu. His Ci and Fu inherited Ouyang Xiu's tradition, but it was more integrated with ancient prose and absorbed the lyrical meaning of poetry, which made Zhao You better than Lan, and created famous works such as Fu on the Red Wall and Fu on the Back Red Wall. Red Cliff Fu follows the traditional question-and-answer mode of subject and object, restrains the object, extends the subject, expresses its own philosophy of life, and describes the beautiful scenery of the Yangtze River on a moonlit night. It is a beautiful prose poem, which is full of prose and scenes.
Su Shi's flowing style is even reflected in forty-six. When he was in imperial academy, the composition of imperial edict was rich and magnificent, which was rare among Taige figures. After he was demoted, the expression he wrote was even more real and touching, which was a rare temperament work in CET-4 and CET-6.
Su Shi's prose is as famous as Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi in Song Dynasty, but from the literary point of view, Su Wen is undoubtedly the most accomplished one in Song Wenzhong.
2. Artistic achievements
calligraphy
Su Shi is good at writing running script and regular script, and he is also called "Song Sijia" with Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang. He studied with famous artists in Jin, Tang and Five Dynasties, and integrated the creative styles of Wang Sengqian, Xu Hao, Li Yong, Yan Zhenqing and Yang Ningshi into his family. He once claimed: "I can't create ideas in books" and "I am innovative and don't practice the ancients". Huang Tingjian called him: "In the early years, the pen was refined and not as natural as the boss." This shows that Su Shi's life is full of ups and downs, which led to the ups and downs of his calligraphy style. The existing works include Red Cliff Fu, Huangzhou Cold Food Poetry and Yellow River Sacrifice.
draw
Su Shi is good at painting ink bamboo, and his paintings are as heavy as spirit. He advocated that painting should have feelings beyond painting, painting should have sustenance, and opposed similarity and procedural constraints. He advocated "the unity of poetry and painting, ingenious and fresh" and clearly put forward the concept of "literati painting", which laid a certain theoretical foundation for the future development of "literati painting". His works include Atlas of Ancient Trees and Strange Stones and Atlas of Xiaoxiang Bamboo Stones.
Su Shi's Character Evaluation
1. Comprehensive evaluation
Su Shi has high attainments in literature and poetry, and can be called the representative of the highest literary achievement in Song Dynasty. Moreover, Su Shi's creative activities are not limited to literature. He has made outstanding achievements in calligraphy, painting and other fields, and also made contributions in medicine, cooking, water conservancy and other skills. Su Shi is a typical representative of the cultural spirit in Song Dynasty. Judging from the scope of literary history, Su Shi's significance mainly has two points: First, Su Shi's attitude towards life has become a paradigm respected by later scholars: advancing and retreating freely, not being shocked by humiliation. Because Su Shi integrated the two attitudes of feudal scholars on the same value scale, he was able to keep calm and go all out. Of course, this paradigm is more suitable for scholars who have suffered from ups and downs, and it can lead to a life of integrity and abundance, which is exactly what scholars in the past dynasties after the Song Dynasty hoped to do. Secondly, Su Shi's aesthetic attitude provides an enlightening aesthetic paradigm for later generations. He embraces the world with a broad aesthetic vision, so everything is considerable and beauty is everywhere. This paradigm has opened up a new world for future generations in subject matter, content and expression. Therefore, it is a historical necessity that Su Shi is universally loved by later literati.
Su Shi enjoyed a high reputation in the literary world at that time. He inherited Ouyang Xiu's spirit and attached great importance to discovering and cultivating literary talents. At that time, there were many young writers around him. Among them, Huang Tingjian, Zhang Lei, Chao Cuo Zhi and Qin Guan are collectively called "Su Men Four Bachelor's Degree". Together with Chen Shidao and Li Zhi, they are called "Six Gentlemen of Sumen". In addition, Li, Li Zhiyi, Tang Geng, Zhang Shunmin, Kong, He Zhu and others were also directly or indirectly influenced by Su Shi. Su Shi's achievements include all kinds of literary styles, and his own creation has no fixed norms to follow, so Su Men writers present different faces in their creation. Huang Tingjian is good at poetry, Qin Guan is good at ci, Li Zhi is good at classical Chinese, and Zhang and Chao are good at poetry. At the same time, their artistic styles also have their own personalities. For example, Huang's poems are innovative, Chen's poems are simple, and their styles are not good. Later, Huang and Chen also opened another school.
Su Shi's works were very famous at that time and were very popular in Liao countries, North Korea and other places. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the court once banned the circulation of Su Shi's works, but the stricter the ban, the wider it spread. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Su Shi's collected works were widely circulated with various versions, and were repeatedly engraved in later dynasties.
In the eyes of later scholars, Su Shi is a brilliant literary master, and people compete to learn nutrition from Su Shi's works. In the era of confrontation between Jin State and Southern Song Dynasty, Su Shi had a far-reaching influence on both the north and the south. Su Shi's poems not only influenced the poems and songs of the Song Dynasty, but also inspired the poets of the Ming Dynasty and the Song Dynasty in the early Qing Dynasty. Su Shi's spirit of liberating ci style was directly inherited by the new school of ci writers in the Southern Song Dynasty, forming a bold ci school that kept pace with graceful ci, and its influence has been spread to people in the Qing Dynasty. Su Shi's prose, especially his essays, is the artistic source of the unique spirit of the prose of the police school in Ming Dynasty. Until the Qing Dynasty, the influence of Su Wen could still be seen in the prose of Yuan Mei and Zheng Xie.
Su Shi's amiable and humorous image remained in the minds of ordinary people in later generations. His travels around the world and his life inventions are all topics talked about by later generations. Among the writers in the Song Dynasty, Su Shi is unparalleled in terms of the degree of being widely loved by later generations.
2. Historical evaluation
History of Song Dynasty: When Su Shi was a teenager, Shijie handed down the poem "Li Qing Shengde".
For people in Shu, Han, Fu, Du and Fan Zhuxian are quoted in the poem to ask the teacher. If the teacher speaks strangely, he will say, "Curiosity is everyone's ear." Covered with the meaning of saints and philosophers. Weak crown, father and son brothers arrived in Beijing, and became famous in one day, wandering around. Then he boarded the first poem, resigned, entered the book, and went out of the state. Profound knowledge, excellent exposition, incisive articles and shrewd politics can all be based on maverick ambition, supplemented by the spirit of courage. Intention, words are enough to achieve the goal, and actions are enough to achieve the goal. As for disasters, chastity is enough to strengthen its defense, which is also determined by ambition and qi. Renzong first read History and Tactics, but retired and rejoiced, saying, "My descendants have two prime ministers." Zong Shen loves his works, reads in the palace, forgets to eat and sleep, and is called a genius by the world. Both of them have knowledge of history, but the death of history cannot be of great use. Ouyang Xiu was the first to know, and his name was consistent with it. Isn't the strength of stone hidden? The world is the most public, and there is no life for each other. Alas! Isn't it lucky not to meet each other? Or, "I'm a bit overreached. Although I didn't get a handle, I should avoid disaster." Although, if anything he is asked to do is false, he still has to be a poet.
Zhao Zhen: I am now the Taiping Prime Minister of my descendants.
Liu Anshi: Dongpo's grand ceremony of establishing a dynasty was very impressive and brilliant, but he believed in himself.
Huang Tingjian: ① People say that Dongpo wrote this article because it is difficult to see coincidence, so it was extremely hard. I don't think so. He was older than the article, so he wrote. (2) The article is wonderful and loyal. (3) true fairy people.
Su Zhe: It exists in people. If it is not as good as fear, it is good to call it fear. If you don't look well, you will be afraid; Do the right thing bravely, no matter how harmful it is. I am trapped in the world of this number, but I don't hate it.
Wang Zhifang: Dongpo tried to show his innocence and literary potential with his fine print, saying, "Why do you travel a lot?" The two said to each other, "Small poems are like fine print, and Mr. Fine print is like poetry." Chao Wuxia: Su Dongpo's ci, people say there are many discordant rhythms. However, the vulgar words are outstanding, and naturally they can't draw in the song.
Wang Zhuo: Mr. Dongpo used the rest of the article to write poems, and he used the overflowing part to write songs and lyrics. He was fascinated by heights and laughed in the mirror, regardless of his peers. Or: "Poetry is also in long and short sentences." Because of this, it is the poison of Liu Yong's wild fox saliva. Poetry and Yuefu came out together, so why should they be different? If you follow the Liu family law, you respect yourself. Mr. Dongpo is not addicted to temperament, and occasionally writes songs, pointing out that all the way up, new eyes and ears in the world, so that the author began to know and wake up. Nowadays, young people pretend that Dongpo's poems are translated into short sentences, but he will learn from Cao Yuanchong instead of Liu Yiqing. It's ridiculous, but there's no need to laugh.
Zhao Shen: Sincere words and suggestions, a great festival in court, courtiers are second to none.
Lu You: ① It is said that Dongpo can't sing, so Yuefu is not harmonious. Chao Tao said, "At the beginning of Shao Sheng, Dongpo was different from the frontier merchants. Dongpo was drunk and sang the sunshine song. Then the public can't sing, but he is bold and unrestrained and doesn't like to cut his temperament. Try to choose the song of Dongpo's ci. At the end of the song, it is urgent to feel the wind and rain. (2) public welfare is not a blessing, and it is easy to worry about the country and the people. A thousand years later, it got angry.
People who read Su Shi's Life Story also read:
1. A brief introduction to Du Fu's life
2. Ceng Gong's life story materials
3. Introduction of the original text and the author.
4. Review the test questions and answers in Unit 34 of Chinese in Senior Two last semester.
5. Guangzhou Baiyun Mountain Travel Guide