Paper Keywords: Cao Caozhi Literary Thought Yuefu

Cao Shi and his son created a large number of Yuefu poems, paying attention to expressing true feelings, which reflected the great liberation of people's thoughts bound by Confucian classics for a long time. The social status and royal life experience of Cao Shi and his son played an important role in the formation of their literary thoughts. Cao Shi and his son both loved Yuefu poems and created a large number of Yuefu poems. Cao Pi put forward the famous "Wen Qi Theory" and put forward the correct attitude that literary criticism should hold. He thinks that there are many writers and experts, but few generalists. He discussed the role of the article in the political life of the country and summarized the writing style at that time.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, people gradually got rid of the shackles of Confucian classics, and orthodox ideas began to fade and their thoughts became active. Emphasizing individuality, desire, emotion and strong life consciousness has become the core of Jian 'an scholars' inner life. Cao Pi is good at writing Yuefu poems, and his two poems Ge Yanxing occupy an important position in the development history of seven-character poems. In the late Jian 'an period, Chen Lin, RoyceWong and other literati were snared by Cao Cao, and Cao Pi and Cao Zhi traveled with them. "If you walk, you will be connected, and if you stop, you will sit." "Wind and water rise, silk and bamboo play together, lead a drunken life and dream of death, and compose poems" (Cao Pi's Book with Wu Zhi) is a story in the history of literature. Cao Pi's literary thoughts are embodied in his literary theory criticism book Dian Lun Wen.

First, Yuefu Complex

After Cao Pi ascended the emperor's throne, he made a lot of changes to the "China Music" at that time. In this regard, the Book of Songs records:

In the second year of Huangdi, Bayu Dance, Zhaowu Dance, Anshi Music, Zhengshi Music, Jiaxu Music, Lingying Music, Wudele Music, Wusong Music, Zhao Rongle, Zhao Yele and Qiao Yun Dance were changed to Phoenix.

Great martial arts dance. Most of his brother's poems are old poems of the previous generation, but Guo Wei was the first to compose them. RoyceWong was changed to Gordon, Anshi and Ba Yu Shi.

This document not only records the specific content of Cao Pi's change of "John", but also reveals the situation that Wang Shen was ordered to write "Ge Shi" (Gordon). During Jian 'an in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Huang Chu in Cao Wei, literati had the conditions to create Yuefu poems. All the pleasures that Cao Pi usually comes into contact with are the convenience of the imperial court, which provides the greatest convenience and reliable guarantee for Cao Pi to create Yuefu poems. In addition to going out to war, Cao Shi and his son also lived in the Prime Minister's mansion and palace, throwing pots and shooting swallows all day long, which constituted a hotbed for his creation of Yuefu poems.

Cao Pi wrote a large number of Yuefu poems, including 22 poems in Yuefu Poetry Collection. For this imperial writer, although historical records record that he is "eight years old, he can be a writer." He is a gifted scholar who is proficient in ancient and modern books of a hundred schools of thought, but he grew up in the comfort zone of Yedu, and married Zhen Shi at the age of 18. At this time, Cao Pi was almost omnipotent at the amusement banquet, relying on Redjade to fight cocks. Therefore, Cao Pi's poems and other works before he ascended the throne mainly describe the life of this noble son, among which feasting and bisexual acacia are the most typical. Poetry and Fu can truthfully record the enjoyment of music and wine, but they can't sing along with the music. Therefore, Yuefu poetry, which belongs to the category of rhyme literature, naturally became Cao Pi's first choice. Cao Pi is keen on the creation of Yuefu poems, not because of the prosperity and development of Yuefu poems, but because of the needs of Yuefu life.

Second, Wen Qi said.

Cao Pi's talk about the author has a remarkable feature, that is, the theory of "Qi". For example, Xu Gan is "full of anger from time to time", Kong Rong is "excellent in body spirit and outstanding in people", and "evaded Qi State because of something, but didn't say anything", and commented on RoyceWong's "pity for his weakness and lack of trust". Dian Lun Wen also summed up the relationship between paper and qi: "Wen is mainly qi. Turbidity has a body, but it cannot be forced. For example, all kinds of music, although uniform in curvature, have the same rhythm. As for uneven bleeding, it is skillful and well known. Although you are at the father's place, you can't rotor. " In the history of China's literary criticism, "Wen Qi Lun" began with Dian Lun Wen and Yu Zhi Shu. Mr. Luo Zongqiang wrote in the History of Literary Thought in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: "The proposal of Wen Qi Theory marks that the development of China's literary thought has entered a new stage in theory, from focusing on the external relations of literature to focusing on the internal laws and characteristics of literature. The presentation of Wen Qi Theory marks the beginning of the conscious era of literary theory criticism. He fully affirmed the significance of Cao Pi's "theory of literary grace" in the history of China's literary thought.

Cao Pi's exposition of the author's "Qi" mainly refers to the author's personality temperament. He believes that personality temperament comes from natural endowment, "although in the father and brother, you can't move." He also believes that the different temperament of natural endowment can be divided into two categories: clear and turbid. "Between heaven and earth, everything is born, with beauty and evil. Why are things beautiful? It is also born of clearing the air. Why are things evil? Turbid gas does also "("Quan Jinwen "Volume 54). The distinction between turbidity and turbidity refers to the quality of temperament, not to the different characteristics of temperament and affection. The writer's spirit mainly refers to temperament and affection, which reflects the tendency of attaching importance to self in the change of ideological field after the shackles of Confucian classics are lifted. Attaching importance to body spirit, personality and emotional temperament are all manifestations of attaching importance to self. Qi is the author's temperament, embodied in the article, refers to an emotional motivation and emotional strength to express personality characteristics, and is the vitality embodied in the article. "Writing is based on qi", that is, it is based on emotional momentum and emotional strength. However, the momentum and strength of this emotion show different styles and personality characteristics because of the different temperament and affection of the author.

Dian Lun Wen and Yu Zhi Shu criticized writers with "Qi", which was related to the atmosphere of describing people's temperament and talents with "Qi" in the late Han and Three Kingdoms periods. Here are some examples to illustrate this point:

Shen Tupan is mysterious and sensitive. (After the Han Dynasty, Shen Tu Pan spread in Cai Yong)

(Wei Yuanpi) Purity of dry gas. (Anonymous "Liangzhou Secretariat Wei Yuanpei Monument")

(Xu Gan) contains Xiu Yuan's Qingming spirit and has the nature of a talented philosopher. (Anonymous) (On China >; Preface)

Zhou Chengwang's body is sacred and suffocating. (Zeng Pi's On Zhou Cheng and Zhao Han)

(Ji Sun) Enlightening the intellect and performing arts. (Sun Quan's "Imperial edict to Sun Quan to open a government to govern half a state")

In the above examples, the so-called mysterious qi, pure uniformity, smart qi, resting qi,

Huey spirit is used to praise the pure and beautiful character and high wisdom of characters.

Huo Guanghuai is very brave. (Ji Kang's "On Mingdan")

Be loyal, no matter the difficulties. (Zhang is "there is no qiuxing on the table")

(Gong Dexu, Wang Yijiang) Strong and vigorous. (Yang Opera "Han Ji Chen Fu Zan")

(Xu Miao) Cai Bo is furious. (Biography of the Three Kingdoms Shu Wei Xu Miao).

The so-called courage, loyalty, firmness and fierceness in the above examples are all used to praise the firm and brave quality and character of the characters. These materials show that it is quite common to explain people's character, temperament, talent and physiology with "Qi" in the late Han and Three Kingdoms periods. In Cao Pi's time, people began to use "Qi" to evaluate characters and explain music and words related to literature. As the saying goes: "Poetry expresses ambition, sings its voice and dances its content. The three are heart-oriented and then happy. Therefore, it is profound and civilized, and it is full of energy and incarnation. ...' happy gas' and' full of gas' both talk about happiness with gas. Zheng Xuan also believes that different music songs have different temperament and are suitable for different audiences. " "Le Ji" said: "Zi Gan saw Teacher B asking, and the Japanese said,' It is appropriate to send him a song. If he does, what song should he give? Zheng Note: "Sound and music are suitable, and qi is also smooth." The Eastern Han Dynasty's "Changhua Taifu" has the saying that "the sound originates from silk and bamboo". Cao Pi once praised the beauty of music and singing with the word "clear air", and his "Charity" said: "The flute spits out the clear air." There is another cloud: "beauty ... kindness is happiness." The mourning string is subtle, clear and fragrant. " Cao Zhi's "A Gift to Ding Yi": "Qin Zheng made a Western accent. "Qi" refers to both the sound of Qin people and the qi of music. The reason why "Qi" is used to represent music is probably because of the close relationship between music and law. When playing music, you must adjust the sound with musical instruments to make it harmonious. The ancients believed that the twelve laws were closely related to the Qi of Yin and Yang in heaven and earth. Poetry, song and dance in ancient times are often integrated, so the so-called "musical spirit" is the unity of poetry, music and dance.

For example, in The Reflection of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu and Zhang Pin Zhuge, it is said that "every time I ascend to the DPRK, I act according to the ceremony, and my words are embarrassing, but my words are more than loyal", also known as Zhang Zhao's "every time I see the DPRK, my words are forceful and my meaning is tangible". The same book Zang Hongchuan said that Cang Hong vowed to "speak generously and cry bitterly". In these examples, the words "extreme", "vulgar", "embarrassed", "strong" and "generous" all leave a general impression on the listener, which is caused by the content and the tone and attitude of the speaker. Similar to the word "organ" is the word "organ". Cui Yuan's "Hejian Zhangxiangping Zibei" calls Zhang Heng "Xiang", which means that he speaks elegantly. Kong Rong called Mi Fei "flying in to argue, furious", meaning that he talked endlessly, responded endlessly, was brilliant and invincible.

It is in this era and climate that Cao Pi further proposed that "writing is based on qi" and discussed writers with qi. When people use "Qi" to comment on characters and explain music and words, its content is relatively broad, which is a common impression. Cao Pi's "Qi" is very close to what we call a writer's creative style today, which refers to the style characteristics formed by a writer's different body spirit and environment.

Third, the "generalist" theory.

"Dian Lun Wen" award day;

My wife is good at self-observation, but literature is not an organic whole, and she is rarely prepared. Is based on each other's advantages and disadvantages. The husband's text is the same, but it is different at the end. Gaiyiya, Shulun Yi Li, Ming Yi Shangshi, Li Yu. These four subjects are different, and what they can do is partial. Only communication can prepare the body.

This passage means that different genres of articles have their own characteristics and requirements. Except for "generalists", most authors have their own strengths and weaknesses. And they always take their own strengths and despise the shortcomings of others. When talking about a writer, Cao Pi often points out their advantages and disadvantages and their good style. This criticism method is similar to the popular criticism method of people and things since the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ying Kun's "Hundred Poems" said that "talents are indispensable, and each has its own shortcomings", which is one of the contents of this theory. In Lun Heng Shu Jie, Wang Chong said: "People have advantages, but they are naturally inferior; People have something to do, and it is awkward. " Liu Shao's "People's Tales" also repeatedly emphasized this point. He systematically and deeply discussed the identification and use of talents. In the chapter of "Nine Signs", he extensively analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of various personalities, such as: "Strict and resolute, material and positive, and loss." Gentle and tolerant, the beauty lies in tolerance, but the loss lies in the lack of decision. ..... worldly fear, so respectful, lost and paranoid. ""Argumentation and reasoning can be solved, but lost in the stream "and so on. He applied this theory to the political field and pointed out: "Different talents have different political positions. "The monarch's responsibility is to use those partials properly. Cao Cao has ordered many times that teachers must be abolished. The so-called "capable people may not be able to make progress; "An enterprising person may not be able to do something well." It was the practical application of talent theory at that time. However, Dian Lun Wen _ and Wu Zhishu pointed out that "literature is not unified and rarely good", which can be regarded as a reflection of this theory in the field of literary criticism. Cao Pi once wrote a book "Poetry", which fully shows that he was influenced by people's interest at that time and applied this interest to literary criticism. He was well aware of the talent bias at that time. Therefore, he said, "a gentleman judges others by himself, so he can write a paper without being tired." His opposition to "each has his own strengths and each has his own weaknesses" and "expensive and far away, backing the truth on the sound" in literary criticism is a relatively fair and objective attitude.

Fourth, stylistic theory.

When it comes to style, Dian Lun Wen said: "Fu Wen is the same but different at the end. The cover is elegant, the book is reasonable, the inscription is realistic, and the poetry is beautiful. " Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, various styles have flourished, among which official document writing such as memorials has become increasingly developed with the development of political life in feudal countries. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the examination of chapters was also regarded as a part of selecting officials. During the Andi period, Hu Guangju went to Luoyang from Lian Xiao to try out the first chapter in the world. Ying Shao wrote 30 volumes of On the History of Han Dynasty, and Chen Shou wrote 30 volumes of Notes of Famous Officials in Han Dynasty (see Sui Shu's Records of Jing Shi), which is a collection of memorials of Han Dynasty. Cao Pi thinks that the language style of such official documents, which are often used in the military affairs of the imperial court, should be elegant.

During the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were two social trends of thought. One is the atmosphere of writing books and discussing articles, and the other is the atmosphere of openness and mutual debate. These two ethos interact with each other. After Yang Xiong imitated the Book of Changes to write Tai Xuan and The Analects to write Fa Yan, the author of Zishu rose. Huan Tan's New Theory, Wang Chong's Lun Heng, Cui Huan's Political Theory, Ying Shao's Customs Tong, Shen Jian's Late Night, Xu Gan's Zhong Lun, Zhong Changtong's Song of Eternal Sorrow and Wang Fu's On a Thousand Commandments all came into being under the influence of this trend of thought. At that time, in order to show their talents, scholars often talked endlessly as soon as they met, and sometimes even talked all night. For example, there is a four-character poem by Cao Zhi, which says, "Empty talk is wrong for your country, but self-help." (Cao Zhi's four-character poem) reflects the atmosphere of this period. Under the influence of this atmosphere, the style of writing and writing by scholars is also very popular. Cao Pi thought that "the theory of calligraphy should be reasonable" was put forward in view of this trend, and it was a high summary of people's requirements for the writing of calligraphy at that time. Liu Shao's Tales of People summarized the topics that people often discussed at that time, and analyzed the personality differences of the discussants. He said: "My husband's argument is well-founded. If he wins, his words will win. The winner of reason is white and black, with broad theory, exquisite interpretation and free communication. The resigner breaks the right principle and seeks differences, seeking differences and losses. " He also said, "A good metaphor tells several things in one word. Those who are not good at metaphors don't understand a word ... those who are good at difficulties explain the facts, and those who are not good at difficulties finally give up the facts and truth. If you give up this and manage to the end, you will make a speech. " These words of Liu Shao pointed out that the argument should be based on reason, not just words, otherwise it would be strange. Although it is mainly for talking, it is similar to the theory of writing books. Perhaps Cao Pi's proposition that "book theory should be reasonable" was inspired by this passage.

The inscription reached its peak in the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Cai Yong, who was good at writing inscriptions, appeared. Since the prevalence of inscriptions, a large number of tomb works have appeared. Cai Yong once said: "I have no shame in writing inscriptions for people, but I have a monument for Guo Youdao." Many inscriptions are praises to the dead, coupled with the extravagant style of funeral, which is regarded by some people as a move to change customs. According to the Book of Rites in the Song Dynasty, Cao Cao ordered no burial and no erection of monuments in the tenth year of Jian 'an. The theory of "Ming Shi" put forward by Cao Pi in Dian Lun Wen is put forward under such a social background, which contains the meaning of hating the inaccuracy of inscriptions. It is a requirement for the content of this kind of works, and it also requires the works to have an unpretentious style.

Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, people have become increasingly popular in writing five-character poems, and the poetic language has become increasingly gorgeous. Compared with the relatively simple style of The Book of Songs, the five-character poems at that time gradually tended to pay attention to rhetoric and pursue magnificence after they entered the field of literati creation from the folk. The creation of Cao Pi and Cao Zhi embodies this trend. The statement that "Poetry and Fu desire beauty" in Dian Lun Wen reflects people's views at that time.

V. The value and function of the article.

"Dian Lun Thesis" said: Building articles is a great cause of the country and an immortal event. Cao Pi called all kinds of articles "the great cause of governing the country", which fully affirmed the important value and role of articles in the national system. In ancient times, various applied articles such as imperial edicts, policies, chapters, tables, achievements and discussions were used very frequently. Guaranteed to be used in diplomatic occasions; Battles are used in wartime; Fu and ode are used to praise merit, and fu can also be used to satirize and remonstrate; After the death of some important people, scholars competed to organize funerals, and even often used miscellaneous styles such as "Julian". During the Zen Pass, scholars also compete to write poems and fu, which fully shows the great role of articles in the political life of the country. No wonder Cao Pi called the article "the great cause of statecraft".

As far as the effect of article creation on individuals is concerned, it is also an "immortal event". In addition to the relevant words quoted in Dian Lun Wen, Wang Lang Shu also said:

Life is seven feet, and death is the only coffin. Only when virtue is famous can it be immortal, followed by writing articles. There were several epidemics. Scholar down and out, who is left alone, who can live a lifetime? Therefore, there are more than 100 articles about canon, poetry and fu.

He made up his own canon and poems and copied them to Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao. There is a saying of immortality in the Spring and Autumn Period. Since Yang Xiong, it has been quite common to write books for immortality, but most of them are scholars with low status and political dissatisfaction. They seek immortality by writing books. Cao Pi's political status is very high. In order to show his literary talent, he also wants to write books to make him immortal, which is quite valuable. His poems expressing true feelings include leaving home, feeling far away, Philip Burkart, being a woman, bereavement, widowhood, feeling for things, mourning for oneself, etc. His admirers include playing chess, lovelorn, Manar, Chequ, mourning for oneself, etc.

To sum up, Cao Pi occupies an important position in Jian 'an literary world. He attached importance to the creation of Yuefu poems, and he expressed his true feelings in Yuefu poems, which was related to his court life. The social reality at that time prompted him to pay attention to people's livelihood and wrote many works reflecting social reality. He put forward some pioneering literary ideas such as "On Wen Qi", spoke highly of the role of the article, showed his outstanding literary creation talent and unique literary thought, and made a great contribution in the history of China's literary thought, which had a great influence on the creation of later writers.