The primary school composition is divided into three parts, and the number of words in the third grade composition is about 200. 4. There are about 350~450 compositions in grade five, about 500~550 compositions in grade six, and about 600~800 words in junior and senior high schools. Composition genres include: narrative, expository, practical, argumentative, prose and poetry.
1 . composition:←[，k？ mp？ Creation, writing and composition; Composition, work; Composition; Composition, composition; Mixture, composition
2. Writing: ['raiti? Write, write; A work, a work
There are several genres of composition, such as practical writing, argumentative writing, expository writing and narrative writing.
There should be a certain structure and order when writing.
For example, arguments, arguments and narratives in argumentative essays should be based on documentary, supplemented by expressing emotions, and explanatory essays should briefly write out their characteristics, functions (habits, functions) and so on.
(a) Narrative
It is a style with narrative and description as its main forms of expression and characters, narrative, scenery and objects as its main contents.
Classification [1]
1. In terms of content and expression:
(1) a simple narrative.
② Complex narrative.
2. From the perspective of different writing objects:
(1) write a narrative.
(2) Narrative narrative.
(3) Narrative based on landscape writing.
(4) Narrative mainly tells things.
key element
The general view is: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
Writing method
1). Determine the center and write the profound meaning. We should try our best to dig out the philosophy of life contained in the written events or find out its bright spots, think repeatedly and determine the central idea of the article. Is that he is good at writing profound meanings from ordinary little things.
2) The six elements of the article should be clearly explained. The occurrence of a thing can not be separated from six aspects: time, place, people, cause, process and result of the thing, which is the so-called "six elements". Only by explaining these aspects clearly can readers have a clear and comprehensive understanding of the things described.
3). Speak methodically and clearly. Arrange the materials in a reasonable order according to the time. There are three kinds of general narration: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.
4). Be detailed and appropriate, and highlight the key points. The materials of general events are divided into primary and secondary, which can reflect the center of the article. This part should be written in detail, and the secondary content can be slightly written or not, which will leave a deep impression on readers.
5). Make things concrete. Whether you can make things specific depends on whether you are good at describing things layer by layer, that is, dividing things into several stages and writing out the development and changes of things in these stages. Only in this way can the content of the article be concrete and vivid.
6). Rendering environment, vivid and touching. Everything can't happen and develop without the environment. Grasping the characteristics of the environment to write will render the atmosphere, express feelings and make the article more vivid and touching.
First, why Syria?
Narrative can generally be divided into several types, such as remembering people, narrating, writing scenery and chanting things. Remember people, to show the thoughts, feelings and personality of the characters; Narrative, writing the meaning of events, these meanings can be political and ideological, can also express a certain philosophy, or a certain interest; To write a scene, we should express some personal feelings or profound feelings through the description of the scene; Chanting about things, or revealing some pleasure of life in the world, or expressing meaning with things, shows one's feelings for some people and phenomena in society. So we always write narratives for a certain purpose and always express some thoughts and feelings, which is actually what we usually call "the theme of the article". The theme is the soul of the article, which runs through the article like a red line. Narrative without a clear theme can only be a running account, so to write a good narrative, we must be clear about "why", that is, the theme should be clear. We should pay attention to three points when defining the theme: First, we should be positive, that is, the determined theme, thoughts and feelings must be healthy and meaningful.
B, to be focused, an article can only have one theme, and the full text should be written around this center. When some students write, they want to write this and that. As a result, the articles written are either aimless or have several centers, and many centers have no centers.
C, it can be implicit, not necessarily straightforward. The theme should be included in the specific narrative and description, and it is generally not appropriate to reveal it with obvious words. For example, the industrious quality of characters should be expressed through concrete things and vivid details, and it is not appropriate to label characters with the word "industrious". Another example is to describe a meaningful thing. It is not appropriate to talk about its "meaning" in an empty and abstract way, but to show it naturally in a specific plot. Engels said that the more hidden the meaning of the event and the character, the stronger the artistic charm of the work.
Second, say what?
Write whatever you say, and choose what materials to write a narrative. Three criteria should be adhered to when selecting materials: first, typicality, that is, choosing materials that can fully express the center; The second is authenticity, that is, selecting real people and stories, including artistic truth from real life; The third is reality, that is, selecting materials with realistic positive significance. In the specific operation of material selection, the most effective method is to expand association and combine life, that is, when selecting materials, you can choose people and things you are familiar with and contact with from any aspect such as family life, school life and social life through association. For example, when writing "Thank you for your love for me" (1995 composition topic of Nanjing senior high school entrance examination), we might as well start to communicate, and choose the love materials given to me by grandparents and parents from family life, teachers and classmates from school life and enthusiastic people such as neighbors, passers-by and police from social life. When selecting materials, we need to carefully cut them to be meticulous and appropriate, so we should pay attention to two points: First, we should cut off similar materials. Some narratives use more than one material to express the center, so these materials should express the center from different sides. If they show the center from the same aspect, some of them are "similar" and should be deleted. Second, we should pay due attention to the details. Materials that are not closely related to the center should be written briefly, and materials that are closely related to the center should be written in detail.
Third, how to distinguish
How to describe is how to write an article in detail, involving the structure, expression, wording and sentence formation of the article.
Let's talk about the structure of the article first, that is, what structure is used to express the narrative to be written. Including how to write this article in several layers, which materials should be written first, which materials should be written later, which should be written in detail, which should be omitted, how to arrange the transition, where the stage is located, where to echo, how to start and how to end, and so on. From the whole narrative, the common structures are sequence, flashback and insertion. Xu Shun is narrated according to the occurrence, development and process of things. Including the following situations: first, it is described according to the passage of time; Second, according to the development of things to describe; Third, according to the process of cognitive development; Fourth, describe it according to the author's whereabouts. Flashback is to write the ending or highlight of a thing in front, and then describe it in the order of events. There are four kinds of flashbacks: one is to advance the end of the event, cause suspense, and then describe the occurrence and development of things in chronological order; One is to intercept the most exciting or tense fragments in the event, write them in front, shock and attract readers, and then describe the cause, development and ending of the event in chronological order; One is to write what is in front of you first, so as to evoke memories, and then trace back to the past to form flashbacks. The other is to write about the present situation first, and then recall the past, in sharp contrast, leaving a deep impression on readers. Interpolation is to temporarily interrupt the narrative clue, insert some content related to the central event, and then continue the original narrative. The specific content and form of narration are different: some are retrospective narration, recalling the past, and some are supplementary narration, which makes necessary supplements and explanations to related people and things; Some are reverse narratives, and the relevant contents are traced back from near to far, from today to ancient times. Flexible and diverse narratives can make the theme dig deeper, the plot unfold more fully, the content be richer, the characters be portrayed more fully, and the flat auxiliary direct narrative is avoided.
Let's talk about expression first. Narration is generally the main way of expression, but narrative writers often need to describe when writing notes and scenes. A proper description of people and environment can make people, events or scenes vivid and vivid, and make people immersive. There are many types of description, from the object of description, there are character description and scenery description, and character description includes portrait, language, action and psychology. From the perspective of description, there are positive description and side description. This should be used flexibly in specific writing. In addition, in narrative, in order to highlight the noble quality of characters or highlight the significance of events, it is sometimes necessary to express feelings and discuss. Moreover, sometimes in order to express his feelings, the author directly expresses his feelings on the basis of narration, or embodies his feelings in narration, and emotions are permeated everywhere in the process of narration. In this way, the comprehensive use of expression, written articles will cadence, colorful.
Finally, talk about phrasing. A narrative is ultimately composed of one sentence, so everyone should pay attention to accuracy, vividness and image in language expression. Accuracy refers to proper use of words; Distinctive means that the meaning expressed by a word in a specific language environment is clear, definite and unambiguous. Vivid image means vivid and colorful words. At this time, we should pay more attention to the use of metaphor, personification, parallelism, contrast, repetition, exaggeration, rhetorical questions and so on.
(2) Description text
Description is a kind of style, which is mainly used to introduce or explain the state, nature, structure, function, production method, development process, reasons, advantages and disadvantages of things. 1, classification of descriptive text
From description object (content):
(1) Description of physical things.
(2) explanation.
(3) scientific essays.
From the perspective of language expression:
(1) Simple explanation.
(2) literature expository.
2. The characteristics of the explanatory text:
(1) is very scientific in content.
(2) The structure is clear and organized.
(3) There is strict accuracy in language.
3. Explain the order:
(1) time series
(2) Spatial order
(3) Logical order
4. Interpretation method:
Examples, numbers, metaphors, comparisons, definitions, classifications, explanations, charts, imitations, quotations, etc.
(3) Practical writing
Practical writing is a practical style that meets the actual needs of daily life, work and study, and has a certain format, short length, simplicity and popularity. 1, types of practical writing:
(1) letters:
General letters and special letters (thank you letter, commendation letter, condolence letter, letter of introduction, open letter, confirmation letter, application, proposal, proposal,
Invitation letter), telegram, remittance.
(2) Precautions:
Diary, reading notes.
(3) Official documents:
There are thirteen orders, decisions, announcements, circulars, notices, circulars, motions, reports, requests for instructions, replies, opinions, letters and minutes of meetings.
(4) Propaganda category:
Advertising draft, speech draft, blackboard newspaper, news, newsletter, product manual.
(5) notification category:
Apocalypse poster.
(6) Etiquette:
Invitation, congratulatory letter (congratulatory letter, telegram), condolence letter.
(7) contract:
Articles (receipts, IOUs, receipts, IOUs, leave notes, messages, etc.). ), contracts (agreements) and conventions.
(8) Chronicle:
Biography, local chronicles, family history (school history, village history).
argumentative writing
Argumentative writing is a common style that takes argumentation as the main way and directly expresses the author's views and opinions through facts and reasoning. (1), the classification of argumentative papers:
By content use:
(1) General argument.
Two comments.
Prose (essays, essays, notes).
4 after reading.
According to the way of argument:
(1) Do a paper.
2 refute the paper.
Edit the introduction of the elements in this paragraph.
Six elements
Time, place, people, cause, process and result of events (mostly narrative)
The composition must be plainsong.
You shoot one, I shoot one, and keep the time in mind;
You shoot two, I shoot two, don't forget to write the location;
You shoot three, I shoot three, and writing movable type is the key;
You shoot four, I shoot four, and things are written in detail;
You clap five, I clap five, and the reasons at the beginning should be clearly written;
You shoot six, I shoot six, and the result must not be lost;
Accumulate more descriptive language and study hard every day;
Make good use of the six elements of composition, and the sunshine composition will grow rapidly!
The real elements of narrative
The theme of the story
Pay attention to materials
Draw a series of lines (including reasons, processes and ending events)
Explanatory element
Objective, clear and vivid
Argument factor
Heap up arguments, arguments, and principles of arguments.
Edit this paragraph classification introduction
From the time limit of composition writing
From the time limit of writing, composition can be divided into limited composition and unlimited composition. Time-limited composition can be divided into two categories: classroom composition and exam composition.
Divide by the number of words in the composition
According to the number of words written in the composition, the composition can be divided into limited word composition and non-limited word composition. The new curriculum standard of the Ministry of Education has certain requirements for the number of words in students' compositions. Students must work hard on "thinking" if they want to write an unusually good composition with a limited number of words.
From the writing proposition of composition
From the writing proposition of composition, composition can be divided into propositional composition and non-propositional composition. Propositional composition generally means that the questioner gives a given topic and asks the candidates to write according to this given topic.
Editing the writing method of this paragraph
1. Start writing
Writing at the beginning: Everything is difficult at the beginning, so is writing a composition, but the beginning of the article is very important. Commonly used methods are as follows:
(1) background method: explain the time, place, scene and other background of the event.
(2) Character method: explain the main characters or related characters to be described in the article.
(3) Topic syntax: Put forward a viewpoint or argument as a topic to be clarified or discussed in the article.
(4) questioning method: Asking questions leads to the content of the article and attracts readers' attention.
(5) Amazing sense of language: Starting with sentences with amazing sense of language, arouse readers' interest.
(6) Story method: spread the article in the form of storytelling, and spread the article on this basis. Mostly used in narrative and argumentative essays.
(7) Data method: citing verified figures to cause topics.
(8) Grammatical quotation: quote famous sayings or commonly used idioms and proverbs as the beginning of the article.
(9) Definition method: it is common to define the topic first, and then explain it in detail through examples, logical reasoning and other methods.
(10) exaggeration: attracting readers on the premise of an absolutely impossible event.
(1 1) Description of rollover: From another aspect, it sets off the theme of the article and leads to the following.
(12) Set suspense: arouse readers' interest and sublimate the style of the article.
2. Writing of the text
(1) Deduction method:
From general to individual. Put the sentence with universality and generality at the beginning of the paragraph, and the other sentences in the paragraph are the concretization of the topic sentence and the concrete explanation of the topic sentence.
(2) induction:
From special to ordinary. According to specific and individual cases, the general rules are summarized.
Step 3 write it at the end
(1) brief evaluation or conclusion: the last few sentences of the article summarize the full text, further affirming the central idea of the article or the author's point of view.
(2) Anaphora sentence: Go back to the central idea or topic sentence of the article to achieve the effect of re-affirmation or emphasis.
(3) Ending with a rhetorical question: Although the form is a question, the meaning is affirmative, with obvious emphasis, which can arouse readers' thinking.
(4) Put forward a prospect or hope: put forward a prospect or hope for the future and call on readers to act on it.
(5) Quote famous sayings, proverbs and common idioms at the end.
Edit this paragraph.
(1) Learn to examine questions.
First, check the object.
When the teacher gives the purpose of the question, don't write it in a hurry. You should look at the topic carefully first and understand the requirements of the topic accurately. Whether to write people or take notes; Is it a landscape or something; A diary or a letter? Whether it's reality or imagination ... if these are made clear, the composition will have a basic direction. Some topics are obvious, and you can see them at a glance by writing notes. Such as "My Mom" and "My Dear Teacher", you can tell at a glance that it was written by someone. Another example is "an unforgettable event" and "an event that happened during the summer vacation". You can tell it's a story at a glance. Another example is Beautiful River. You can tell at a glance that it's about the scenery. "Cute puppy" is a thing at first sight. The proposal belongs to practical writing, and I belong to imaginary writing in 3049. But some themes, such as "Winter Morning", can not only write scenery, but also record; On the way to school, you can not only write about what happened on the way to school, but also write about the ideological quality of the characters through what happened, that is, write about people.
Second, the scope of the examination.
When reviewing the topic, it is also necessary to make clear what restrictions the topic has on the materials selected by the author in terms of time, space, quantity, object and content. If you don't understand these ranges and ignore the limitation of the topic on a certain aspect, it is easy to stray from the topic when writing. For example, Fragments of Summer Life defines the scope of material selection-summer life; My Good Friend points out the object of narration-a good friend; "Happy Sunday" stipulates the time for selecting materials-Sunday; "Fragrant Mountain" stipulates the location of material selection-Xiangshan; "Remember one thing in primary school life" defines the first thing, not two or three things.
For complex composition topics, we should learn to analyze them from the grammatical structure. For example, "the meaningful life I have experienced" is a complex topic, which includes four requirements:
① The content of the article should be "I";
(2) it is required to write "experienced" a period of life, not just feelings;
(3) it is required to write "life", not just one day or one thing;
(4) it should be meaningful to write about this kind of life, not general and plain.
Examine the scope of the composition, including which style is more suitable for writing. For example, "Be a good polite student", this topic requires writing a short essay to explain clearly why you should be polite; "The new fashion I have seen" requires writing a narrative, specifically describing the new fashion I have seen in society or in school; "How to raise rabbits" requires writing an explanatory article to tell the common sense of raising rabbits; "Notices and Precautions" requires writing an application article to introduce the importance and writing of notices and precautions.
Third, the focus of the trial.
After reading the composition question, you should think about what the key point of the question should be written. For example, Lei Feng's deeds taught me. The key point of this topic requires that the word "education" should not only write about Lei Feng's deeds, but also what "education" I got from it. If you only write about Lei Feng's deeds, but don't write about my education, it will become the story of Lei Feng. If you write about "I" education, it is only a manifestation of determination, but also an inversion of importance, and the focus is not prominent.
Learn to give titles to articles.
First, it should conform to the ideological content of the article, not "the topic is wrong."
For example, if you want to remember a wonderful football match, but the title of the article is "Little Fans", it is called "the title is wrong" and the "center" has shifted.
Second, we should be specific and have content, not empty and flashy.
For example, it is also an article that expresses the theme of students studying hard. Books grow with me. Books are the ladder of human progress, which is better than my love of reading. I want to love books. The former is concrete and the latter is empty.
Third, we should attract attention, be innovative and fascinating.
For example, writing the same composition that loves hometown, the image of "fairy tale world-Seven Star Rock" is better than "I love Seven Star Rock"; "In the land where martyrs fought bloody battles" is more distinctive than "I love the land of my hometown"; Hunting bears is more noticeable than hunting in the deep mountains.
Fourth, be concise, not cumbersome.
Mr. Lu Xun is very particular about the topics of his articles, such as Medicine, Blessing, A Little Thing, The Storm and so on. They are short and concise. Some students worry that the title of the article is too few words to understand, so they simply lengthen the title, such as "an unforgettable thing hidden in their hearts", which is slow and verbose and can be changed to "an unforgettable thing" or "an unforgettable thing"
[3] Picture composition and imagination
Look at the picture composition, it is the starting composition. Reading pictures and speaking in grade one and writing in grade two are the basis of reading pictures and writing. Picture-reading writing has been running through the composition training in primary schools, and it is an effective means to cultivate the ability of observation, imagination, thinking and expression. At the same time, composition by looking at pictures is also a common form of graduation joint examination for primary school students in China. Therefore, it is very important to learn to read and write.
Composition based on pictures is the basis of propositional composition. To write a good-looking composition, like a propositional composition, we must first learn to examine the topic and make clear the nature of the topic. Is it a note or a person's? Is it landscape or plastic? Because only by understanding the nature of the topic can we determine what kind of expression to use. For example, "deskmate" is mainly written by people; "Teacher-student relationship", the main note ... See the topic clearly, grasp the meaning of the topic, and you will not stray from the topic.
Painting composition is an exercise to describe the content of a painting or a group of paintings provided. A good picture or a group of pictures is created by the author's repeated observation and analysis of life, and then the picture that best reflects the theme is selected for conception. Therefore, if you look at the picture and practice your composition, you must observe it carefully, so that you can write concretely and grasp the key points, and accurately express the central idea in the picture.
The requirements for reading and writing include reading and writing. Looking at the picture is observation. Observation should be orderly, accurate and meticulous, grasp the key points and reasonably imagine, so as to accurately understand the main content and center of the picture. Composition is expression, which requires observation to be written in an orderly, focused and concrete way around the center of the picture.
Look at picture composition, there are two kinds of composition: reading a single picture composition and reading a single picture composition. Below, combined with examples, to analyze the writing methods of these two forms of composition.
Look at the composition of a single picture, which is a major form of composition. It requires: express around the center of the diagram, and write the contents of the diagram clearly and accurately. Generally, a simple graph is observed in the order from the whole to the part and then back to the whole. For example, when looking at a scene map, we should distinguish the primary and secondary scenes, determine the key points, and pay attention to the level of description. "A Corner of the Park" reproduces the beauty of a corner of the park by writing from far to near.
[4] Learn to describe details
When writing people, we must grasp the characteristics of the characters in order to write vividly.
To write a good character, we must first observe all kinds of people in daily life, and carefully observe the behavior, appearance psychology, living habits, hobbies and so on. And get to know them better. For example, there are forty or fifty students in your class, and everyone's face, temper, personality and hobbies are different. Some are simple and honest, some are clever and naughty, some talk like machine guns, and some talk methodically. Two good classmates were walking on the road when suddenly a sprinkler came. A person is anxious to avoid being splashed by water. One not only didn't hide, but also smiled and ran with the sprinkler, letting the water sprayed on the car wash his feet ... You observed it carefully, so the characters written were very vivid and real.
(5) Learn to learn things
Things, that is, animals, plants, still life (mainly daily necessities, handicrafts, toys, specialties, buildings) are faithfully, meticulously and accurately depicted, which makes people feel lifelike.
Animals are children's angels. It is the nature of every child to like small animals. When adults recall their childhood life, they will never forget how small animals germinate childlike innocence and love, and they will never forget the good times when they get along with small animals full of childlike interest. Therefore, describing small animals is an essential composition topic for primary school students.
Nature is beautiful. Lush, evergreen trees and colorful flowers decorate nature and people's lives with their colors, ways, shapes and functions, creating a beautiful and colorful environment for us and providing all kinds of indispensable resources for mankind. Our survival and life are inseparable from plants, not to mention children who love flowers and grass. Therefore, plants have become a rich theme of primary school students' compositions.
As for other physical objects, such as school supplies, daily necessities and buildings, we have to contact each other every day, and no one can do without each other. It is also important to learn to explain the real thing.
(6) Accumulate and use vocabulary
Cloth should be used to make clothes, wood should be used to build houses, and materials should be used to talk and write articles. This is the vocabulary. Some students have a small vocabulary. As soon as they lift the pen, they feel that there is no writing, their stomachs are empty and there is nothing in them. Even if they barely write it, it is empty and dry, and there are always a few words.
[7] Learn to associate and imagine
Youth is a golden age full of fantasy. Both boys and girls are whimsical visionaries. Your imagination is the most active, bold and wonderful.
Lenovo and imagination are twin sisters and the mother of creation.
(8) Learn to observe life
Give a good review.