Looking back at the historical process, we can easily see the crystallization of the wisdom of the ancient working people in China-they learned to use transportation. Let's review our history:
Earlier, humans did not have the term "vehicle". At that time, people mainly visited and contacted on foot. So at that time, science and technology, politics, economy and so on were very underdeveloped. After all, two places far away can't communicate well, and people can't communicate and integrate, so the development is extremely slow.
According to legend, as early as 5000 years ago, the compass was invented in the era of the Yellow Emperor. At that time, the Yellow Emperor used it to point out the direction on the foggy battlefield and defeated Chiyou. In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yuetang people in the south lost their way back to China, and the Duke of Zhou used a guide car to escort Yuetang envoys back to China. In addition to gear transmission, the South Compass built by Ma Jun of the Three Kingdoms also has an automatic clutch device, which uses the gear transmission system and clutch device to indicate the direction. Under certain conditions, the wooden arm is still guiding when the car turns. Technically better than the car in memory. The south guide car is a means of transportation to indicate the direction in ancient times, and it is also one of the means of transportation used by ancient emperors as a ritual when they go out to show the majesty and luxury of imperial power. With the acceleration of time, people's intelligence level has been significantly improved. With the carriage and other animal-drawn vehicles, it can be regarded as a "huge" leap in the history of transportation, and it also relatively promotes the communication between tribes and the ruling and opposition parties, forming a virtuous circle in a small scale. Soon after, water vehicles gradually took shape, but the rapid development of vehicles was also used in the battlefield. During the three kingdoms period, top fighting tools and. Among them is the unicycle invented by Zhuge Liang. Let me introduce the historical background of the unicycle to you: It is said that the founder of the unicycle was Zhuge Liang, the Shu Xiang of the Three Kingdoms, and its predecessor was Liu Ma, a cattle herder. This kind of wheelbarrow is smaller than that of the Han nationality in the north, commonly known as "small car". In the southwest Han nationality, when driving with it, "Luo" keeps ringing, commonly known as "chicken car" The Han nationality in the south of the Yangtze River, because of its sharp front and two pushers at the rear, is called a "claw car". At that time, the unicycle was an economical and widely used means of transportation and a very important invention in the history of transportation. In the ancient war hall, there are two large painted bronze chariots and horses on display. The original bronze chariots and horses were unearthed in the west of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum 1980 winter. Each chariot has four horses, and each chariot has a royal statue. It is about half the size of a real car, a real horse and a real person. The horses and chariots are equipped with a full set of leather armor and are luxuriously decorated. It can be seen that the transportation in China has reached the advanced level in the world at that time.
Let's think about it. I want to ask you a question: "Do you know who is the founder of bicycles?" Although everyone is familiar with bicycles, few people can answer this question! Then I will introduce you in detail, the great scientist. We have a special stranger. I browsed the Internet, and there were many sayings on the Internet, such as: ① China was the first country to invent bicycles in the world. The ancestor of bicycle was a unicycle in China in more than 500 BC. During the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty (1662 ~ 1722), Huang Lvzhuang once invented bicycles. "Grand View of unofficial history in Qing Dynasty" has been published for eleven years: "Huang Lvzhuang built a two-wheeled vehicle, which is more than three feet long and can sit for one person without pushing or pulling. When walking, turn your arm around the axis, then walk as before, and walk 80 miles around the sun with your arm. " This is the earliest bicycle in the world. Bicycles were invented by western Europeans. In A.D. 1790, the Frenchman Sifrak developed a wooden bicycle without handlebars, pedals and chains. Bicycles were invented by Russians. But these statements may be a bit unreliable, because many, many data prove that the inventor of the bicycle was a German ranger named delaisse. People's footsteps don't stop at non-machinery. With the completion of the first industrial revolution, people entered the mechanical society. I wonder if you have ever wondered why the first industrial revolution happened in Britain? In fact, this question is not difficult to answer, because they. Created an era in which machines replaced hand tools. Among them, the widespread use of steam engines as power machines is an important symbol of this revolution. Hearing this, you may wonder why it has nothing to do with "traffic" for so long. I ask you to listen carefully. I mentioned the first industrial revolution to introduce the steam engine. The development of modern productive forces drives and directly affects the development of transportation. The development of vehicles is divided into four stages, namely, steam stage, internal combustion engine stage, electrical stage and automation stage. I don't think I need to tell everyone!
With the changes of the times and the progress of science and technology, there are more and more means of transportation around us, which brings great convenience to everyone's life. Cars on land, ships in the sea and planes in the sky have greatly shortened the distance between people. The invention of rockets and spaceships made the ideal of exploring another planet come true. It can be seen that transportation has become an indispensable part of our lives!
1863 Britain built the first subway line, 1888 the United States built the first tram line, marking the entry of urban traffic into the era of rail transit. Postnatal and initial development stage (1863- 1924), atrophy stage (1924- 1949), and re-development stage (1949- 1969).
With the rapid development of modern science and technology, when we are really committed to leading the trend of the social times, further new means of transportation have once again entered life! It must be wrong to distinguish between underground and above ground. Underground is only considered from the implementation conditions, including land use conditions, environmental requirements, development intensity, etc. But if it is possible to go underground, I don't think any mayor will choose to make rail transit underground. The cost difference is several times! In fact, in the final analysis, the difference, or the essential difference, is the traffic flow. The volume of traffic determines the number of marshalling, vehicles, axle load, and the length of the platform (very important, involving reserved land, land is money to the city, and underground stations directly involve costs, so passenger flow prediction is very important! )。 Because of the different models, subway and light rail are easy to distinguish. Generally, light rail vehicles are bullet trains, while subways are a mixture of bullet trains and trailers.
The rail transit adopts medium-load carriages, which can adapt to the long-term one-way maximum peak hour passenger flow of1.5 ~ 30,000 passengers. If a large-capacity carriage is used, it can adapt to the long-term one-way peak hour passenger flow of 30,000 ~ 60,000 passengers, which is collectively called subway. Of course, there are underground, above-ground and elevated subways (for example, an elevated subway built on the ground can also be called rail transit); Light rail railways are also underground, above ground and overhead. Some people think that the subway must be built underground, and those who drive on the ground think it is a light rail; Some people even think that the rail weight of light rail is lighter than that of subway. These understandings are all wrong. The difference between them mainly depends on the one-way maximum peak hour passenger flow. Generally, the rated capacity of light rail vehicles with medium passenger capacity is 202 passengers/vehicle (224 passengers/vehicle is overcrowded), and each train consists of 2-4 carriages, such as the planned Xinzhuang-Minhang light rail. Generally, the rated passenger capacity of subway cars with large passenger capacity is 365,438+00 passengers/car (the overcrowding is 465,438+00 passengers/car), and each train is divided into 6 sections, such as Shanghai Metro 1 Line and the built Metro Line 2.