The core data of this paper: R&D expenses of listed companies in photovoltaic power generation sector; Number of published papers on photovoltaic power generation
Description of the full-text statistical caliber: 1) Statistics on the number of papers published are based on "solar photovoltaic" and "solar energy"
Photovoltaic "is the key word, and" China "and" Paper "are selected for screening. 2) The statistical time is as of August 29th, 2022. 3) If there is any special statistical caliber, an explanation will be made at the bottom of the chart.
Summary of photovoltaic power generation industry technology
1, technical principles and types
(1) technical principle of photovoltaic power generation industry
Photovoltaic power generation is a technology that directly converts light energy into electric energy by using photovoltaic effect of semiconductor interface, and its power generation principle is as follows.
(2) Types of photovoltaic power generation
Photovoltaic power generation is generally divided into centralized power generation and distributed power generation. Centralized power generation is mainly a large ground photovoltaic system; Distributed power generation is mainly used in commercial/industrial and building roofs.
2. Technical panorama: mainly the technical route of photovoltaic cells.
The middle reaches of the industrial chain of photovoltaic power generation industry are battery chips, battery components and system integration, among which various photovoltaic cell technologies are the key technical routes. According to the different semiconductor materials, photovoltaic cell technology mainly includes crystalline silicon cells, thin-film cells, laminated cells and new structure cells (third generation cells).
Crystalline silicon battery is the first generation of solar cell technology that was first researched and applied. According to the morphology of materials, it can be divided into monocrystalline silicon cells and polycrystalline silicon cells, among which monocrystalline silicon cells can be divided into P-type cells and N-type cells according to the doping of base silicon. At present, the most widely used single crystal PERC battery is P-type monocrystalline silicon battery, while new solar cell technologies such as Topcon, HJT and IBC mainly refer to N-type monocrystalline silicon battery.
Thin-film photovoltaic cells are divided into silicon-based thin-film cells and compound thin-film cells, represented by compound thin-film cells such as copper indium selenium (CIGS), cadmium antimonide (CdTe) and gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Laminated and new structural batteries include organic solar cells, copper-zinc-tin sulfide cells, perovskite solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dot solar cells and so on.
Technological development of photovoltaic power generation industry driven by the evolution of battery technology route
The technological development of photovoltaic power generation industry is mainly driven by the evolution of photovoltaic cell technology route. From the first generation photovoltaic cells represented by silicon-based cells to the second generation photovoltaic cells represented by copper indium selenium (CIGS), cadmium antimonide (CdTe) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) thin film cells, photovoltaic cell technology has now developed to the third generation, mainly including organic solar cells, copper zinc tin sulfide cells, perovskite solar cells and so on.
Technical policy background of photovoltaic power generation industry: policy blessing and technical level improvement
In recent years, China has issued a series of policies related to photovoltaic power generation technology and research and development. Through policy guidance, the industry has accelerated the promotion and innovation of photovoltaic power generation technology and promoted the rapid development of photovoltaic power generation industry.
Technical development status of photovoltaic power generation industry
1. Current situation of technical research investment in photovoltaic power generation industry
(1) National Key R&D Plan Project
According to the published national key R&D projects, from 20 18 to 202 1, there are 15 national key R&D projects related to photovoltaic power generation technology in China.
Note: In 20 19, the national key R&D projects related to photovoltaic power generation technology were not announced.
(2) R&D expenses of A-share listed companies
After years of development, the photovoltaic power generation industry has relatively mature products, but the overall R&D investment level of the industry is relatively high. From the A-share market, from 20 17 to 202 1, the total R&D expenses of listed companies in China photovoltaic sector increased year by year. In the first quarter of 2022, the total R&D expenses of listed companies in the photovoltaic sector were about 2.81.1.3 billion yuan.
2, photovoltaic power generation technology research and innovation achievements
(1) Number of published papers
Judging from the number of papers published on photovoltaic power generation, the number of papers published on photovoltaic power generation in China has been increasing year by year since 20 10, which shows that the research enthusiasm of photovoltaic power generation continues to rise. By August, 2022, there were 8289 papers on photovoltaic power generation published in China.
Note: The statistical time is as of August 2022.
(2) Hot spots of technological innovation
Through innovative word cloud, we can understand the most popular technical keywords in photovoltaic power generation industry and analyze the latest key research and development topics in this technical field. The most common keywords in about 5,000 patents in this technical field are extracted by Wisdom Bud, including photovoltaic components, solar energy, photovoltaic panels, solar panels, photovoltaic power generation, solar panels, inverters and other keywords. Involving a large number of patents, it shows that the R&D and innovation of photovoltaic power generation industry focus on photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic panels.
(3) patent focus field
From the focus of photovoltaic power generation patents, the current focus of photovoltaic power generation patents is obvious, mainly concentrated in solar energy, photovoltaic panels, solar cells, photovoltaic modules and so on.
Comparative analysis of main photovoltaic cell technologies
From the technical point of view, silicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide multicomponent compounds (copper indium gallium selenide is a typical representative) are the best group of optional photovoltaic materials. The advantages and disadvantages of their various performances directly lead to the status quo of photovoltaic cell technology.
Note: The average conversion efficiency is only recorded as positive efficiency.
The Pain Point and Breakthrough of the Technological Development of Photovoltaic Power Generation Industry
1, the technical development pain point of photovoltaic power generation industry
(1) Silicon-based photovoltaic cells: P-type cells have low conversion efficiency.
The photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells directly affects the benefit of the whole photovoltaic system, so the photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells is very important, and the improvement of photoelectric conversion efficiency mainly depends on technological upgrading. At present, crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells are facing the problem of low conversion efficiency, especially P-type cells.
According to the data of Hamelin Solar Energy Research Institute (ISFH), the theoretical limit efficiency of PERC battery is 24.5%, and the mass production efficiency of PERC production line has reached 23%, which is gradually approaching the theoretical limit efficiency.
(2) The conversion efficiency of thin film battery is low.
Thin-film photovoltaic cells have the characteristics of low attenuation, light weight, low material consumption and low preparation energy consumption, and are suitable for BIPV. However, thin-film batteries are facing the problems of low conversion efficiency and low cost performance.
2. Breakthrough in the technological development of photovoltaic power generation industry.
(1)N-type battery technology breaks through the limit conversion efficiency of P-type battery.
Compared with P-type battery, N-type battery technology has the advantages of long minority carrier life, no photo-induced attenuation, good weak light effect, small temperature coefficient and high conversion efficiency. Facing the theoretical efficiency limit of P-type battery, N-type battery technology can break through the theoretical efficiency limit of P-type battery and achieve higher conversion efficiency. According to the data of China Photovoltaic Industry Association (CPIA), in 2022-2023, the average conversion efficiency of N-type battery technology can reach the theoretical limit efficiency of PERC battery (24.5%).
(2) Perovskite battery can achieve high conversion efficiency.
Perovskite battery is the third generation solar cell using perovskite-type organometallic halide semiconductor as light absorption material. Perovskite materials have stronger light absorption than crystalline silicon materials, so perovskite batteries can achieve high conversion efficiency. Perovskite battery not only has high conversion efficiency, but also has the advantages of low price, small investment and simple preparation.
Technical development direction and trend of photovoltaic power generation industry: reducing cost and increasing efficiency
In August 2022, the Action Plan for Accelerating the Green and Low-carbon Innovation and Development of Power Equipment jointly issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposed that in five to eight years, focusing on solar equipment, the industrialization of crystalline silicon solar cell technologies such as Topcon, HJT and IBC, perovskite and laminated battery modules should be promoted, and the research and application of new high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic cell technologies should be carried out.
It can be seen that photovoltaic power generation technology will develop in the direction of reducing costs and increasing efficiency in the future. On the one hand, because the existing photovoltaic cells are gradually approaching the highest theoretical conversion efficiency, batteries with higher conversion efficiency will become the development direction of photovoltaic cell technology; On the other hand, the improvement of photovoltaic module conversion efficiency and the reduction of manufacturing cost are the key factors to reduce the construction cost of photovoltaic power station and ultimately the cost of photovoltaic power generation.
Forward-looking Carbon Neutralization Strategy Research Institute focuses on the policies, technologies and products in the field of carbon neutrality, aiming at the forefront of international science and technology, serving the country's major strategic needs, carrying out organized and planned scientific research around "carbon neutrality", promoting the transformation and popularization of carbon neutrality technological achievements, finding technological breakthroughs for enterprise innovation, and providing strategic path management consulting and technical consulting for carbon dioxide emission peaks and carbon neutrality for governments at all levels. Dean Dr. Xu Wenqiang graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. For more than 20 years, we have been deeply involved in basic research, product development and industrialization in the fields of low-carbon clean energy and green materials. He has 55 patents and 33 papers, and has put more than 30 products on the market, creating a commercial value of 5 billion yuan, focusing on clean energy research such as hydrogen energy, solar energy and energy storage.
The above data refer to Foresight Industry Research Institute's Technical Trend Foresight and Investment Value Strategic Consulting Report of Photovoltaic Power Generation Industry.
Main listed companies in the industry: Longji shares (601012); Jing 'ao Technology (002459); Jingke Energy (688223); Tongwei shares (600438); Trina Solar (688599), etc.
The core data of this paper: R&D expenses of listed companies in photovoltaic power generation sector; Number of published papers on photovoltaic power generation
Description of the full-text statistical caliber: 1) Statistics on the number of papers published are based on "solar photovoltaic" and "solar energy"
Photovoltaic "is the key word, and" China "and" Paper "are selected for screening. 2) The statistical time is as of August 29th, 2022. 3) If there is any special statistical caliber, it will be indicated at the bottom of the chart.
Summary of photovoltaic power generation industry technology
1, technical principles and types
(1) technical principle of photovoltaic power generation industry
Photovoltaic power generation is a technology that directly converts light energy into electric energy by using photovoltaic effect of semiconductor interface, and its power generation principle is as follows.
(2) Types of photovoltaic power generation
Photovoltaic power generation is generally divided into centralized power generation and distributed power generation. Centralized power generation is mainly a large ground photovoltaic system; Distributed power generation is mainly used in commercial/industrial and building roofs.
2. Technical panorama: mainly the technical route of photovoltaic cells.
The middle reaches of the industrial chain of photovoltaic power generation industry are battery chips, battery components and system integration, among which various photovoltaic cell technologies are the key technical routes. According to the different semiconductor materials, photovoltaic cell technology mainly includes crystalline silicon cells, thin-film cells, laminated cells and new structure cells (third generation cells).
Crystalline silicon battery is the first generation of solar cell technology that was first researched and applied. According to the morphology of materials, it can be divided into monocrystalline silicon cells and polycrystalline silicon cells, among which monocrystalline silicon cells can be divided into P-type cells and N-type cells according to the doping of base silicon. At present, the most widely used single crystal PERC battery is P-type monocrystalline silicon battery, while new solar cell technologies such as Topcon, HJT and IBC mainly refer to N-type monocrystalline silicon battery.
Thin-film photovoltaic cells are divided into silicon-based thin-film cells and compound thin-film cells, represented by compound thin-film cells such as copper indium selenium (CIGS), cadmium antimonide (CdTe) and gallium arsenide (GaAs).
Laminated and new structural batteries include organic solar cells, copper-zinc-tin sulfide cells, perovskite solar cells, dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum dot solar cells and so on.
Technological development of photovoltaic power generation industry driven by the evolution of battery technology route
The technological development of photovoltaic power generation industry is mainly driven by the evolution of photovoltaic cell technology route. From the first generation photovoltaic cells represented by silicon-based cells to the second generation photovoltaic cells represented by copper indium selenium (CIGS), cadmium antimonide (CdTe) and gallium arsenide (GaAs) thin film cells, photovoltaic cell technology has now developed to the third generation, mainly including organic solar cells, copper zinc tin sulfide cells, perovskite solar cells and so on.
Technical policy background of photovoltaic power generation industry: policy blessing and technical level improvement
In recent years, China has issued a series of policies related to photovoltaic power generation technology and research and development. Through policy guidance, the industry has accelerated the promotion and innovation of photovoltaic power generation technology and promoted the rapid development of photovoltaic power generation industry.
Technical development status of photovoltaic power generation industry
1. Current situation of technical research investment in photovoltaic power generation industry
(1) National Key R&D Plan Project
According to the published national key R&D projects, from 20 18 to 202 1, there are 15 national key R&D projects related to photovoltaic power generation technology in China.
Note: In 20 19, the national key R&D projects related to photovoltaic power generation technology were not announced.
(2) R&D expenses of A-share listed companies
After years of development, the photovoltaic power generation industry has relatively mature products, but the overall R&D investment level of the industry is relatively high. From the A-share market, from 20 17 to 202 1, the total R&D expenses of listed companies in China photovoltaic sector increased year by year. In the first quarter of 2022, the total R&D expenses of listed companies in the photovoltaic sector were about 2.81.1.3 billion yuan.
2, photovoltaic power generation technology research and innovation achievements
(1) Number of published papers
Judging from the number of papers published on photovoltaic power generation, the number of papers published on photovoltaic power generation in China has been increasing year by year since 20 10, which shows that the research enthusiasm of photovoltaic power generation continues to rise. By August, 2022, there were 8289 papers on photovoltaic power generation published in China.
Note: The statistical time is as of August 2022.
(2) Hot spots of technological innovation
Through innovative word cloud, we can understand the most popular technical keywords in photovoltaic power generation industry and analyze the latest key research and development topics in this technical field. The most common keywords in about 5,000 patents in this technical field are extracted by Wisdom Bud, including photovoltaic components, solar energy, photovoltaic panels, solar panels, photovoltaic power generation, solar panels, inverters and other keywords. Involving a large number of patents, it shows that the R&D and innovation of photovoltaic power generation industry focus on photovoltaic modules and photovoltaic panels.
(3) patent focus field
From the focus of photovoltaic power generation patents, the current focus of photovoltaic power generation patents is obvious, mainly concentrated in solar energy, photovoltaic panels, solar cells, photovoltaic modules and so on.
Comparative analysis of main photovoltaic cell technologies
From the technical point of view, silicon, gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide multicomponent compounds (copper indium gallium selenide is a typical representative) are the best group of optional photovoltaic materials. The advantages and disadvantages of their various performances directly lead to the status quo of photovoltaic cell technology.
Note: The average conversion efficiency is only recorded as positive efficiency.
The Pain Point and Breakthrough of the Technological Development of Photovoltaic Power Generation Industry
1, the technical development pain point of photovoltaic power generation industry
(1) Silicon-based photovoltaic cells: P-type cells have low conversion efficiency.
The photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells directly affects the benefit of the whole photovoltaic system, so the photoelectric conversion efficiency of photovoltaic cells is very important, and the improvement of photoelectric conversion efficiency mainly depends on technological upgrading. At present, crystalline silicon photovoltaic cells are facing the problem of low conversion efficiency, especially P-type cells.
According to the data of Hamelin Solar Energy Research Institute (ISFH), the theoretical limit efficiency of PERC battery is 24.5%, and the mass production efficiency of PERC production line has reached 23%, which is gradually approaching the theoretical limit efficiency.
(2) The conversion efficiency of thin film battery is low.
Thin-film photovoltaic cells have the characteristics of low attenuation, light weight, low material consumption and low preparation energy consumption, and are suitable for BIPV. However, thin-film batteries are facing the problems of low conversion efficiency and low cost performance.
2. Breakthrough in the technological development of photovoltaic power generation industry.
(1)N-type battery technology breaks through the limit conversion efficiency of P-type battery.
Compared with P-type battery, N-type battery technology has the advantages of long minority carrier life, no photo-induced attenuation, good weak light effect, small temperature coefficient and high conversion efficiency. Facing the theoretical efficiency limit of P-type battery, N-type battery technology can break through the theoretical efficiency limit of P-type battery and achieve higher conversion efficiency. According to the data of China Photovoltaic Industry Association (CPIA), in 2022-2023, the average conversion efficiency of N-type battery technology can reach the theoretical limit efficiency of PERC battery (24.5%).
(2) Perovskite battery can achieve high conversion efficiency.
Perovskite battery is the third generation solar cell using perovskite-type organometallic halide semiconductor as light absorption material. Perovskite materials have stronger light absorption than crystalline silicon materials, so perovskite batteries can achieve high conversion efficiency. Perovskite battery not only has high conversion efficiency, but also has the advantages of low price, small investment and simple preparation.
Technical development direction and trend of photovoltaic power generation industry: reducing cost and increasing efficiency
In August 2022, the Action Plan for Accelerating the Green and Low-carbon Innovation and Development of Power Equipment jointly issued by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology proposed that in five to eight years, focusing on solar equipment, the industrialization of crystalline silicon solar cell technologies such as Topcon, HJT and IBC, perovskite and laminated battery modules should be promoted, and the research and application of new high-efficiency and low-cost photovoltaic cell technologies should be carried out.
It can be seen that photovoltaic power generation technology will develop in the direction of reducing costs and increasing efficiency in the future. On the one hand, because the existing photovoltaic cells are gradually approaching the highest theoretical conversion efficiency, batteries with higher conversion efficiency will become the development direction of photovoltaic cell technology; On the other hand, the improvement of photovoltaic module conversion efficiency and the reduction of manufacturing cost are the key factors to reduce the construction cost of photovoltaic power station and ultimately the cost of photovoltaic power generation.
Forward-looking Carbon Neutralization Strategy Research Institute focuses on the policies, technologies and products in the field of carbon neutrality, aiming at the forefront of international science and technology, serving the country's major strategic needs, carrying out organized and planned scientific research around "carbon neutrality", promoting the transformation and popularization of carbon neutrality technological achievements, finding technological breakthroughs for enterprise innovation, and providing strategic path management consulting and technical consulting for carbon dioxide emission peaks and carbon neutrality for governments at all levels. Dean Dr. Xu Wenqiang graduated from the University of California, Berkeley. For more than 20 years, we have been deeply involved in basic research, product development and industrialization in the fields of low-carbon clean energy and green materials. He has 55 patents and 33 papers, and has put more than 30 products on the market, creating a commercial value of 5 billion yuan, focusing on clean energy research such as hydrogen energy, solar energy and energy storage.
The above data refer to Foresight Industry Research Institute's Technical Trend Foresight and Investment Value Strategic Consulting Report of Photovoltaic Power Generation Industry.