After the industrial revolution, with the gradual realization of the dream of a harmonious industrial new village put forward by Owen, the pioneer of the socialist movement, China is entering a period of rapid urbanization. In urban society, with the remarkable changes in economic structure and spatial structure, the scale of the city is also increasing significantly. Of course, this urbanization process has played a great role in promoting regional economic development, but a series of "urban makeup movements" have also brought a series of ecological and environmental problems. Environmental pollution, destruction of soil and water resources, urban heat island effect, and incomplete humanistic atmosphere … all these are trying to arouse people's respect and protection for natural ecology and historical humanities. Landscape ecology is based on natural and primitive humanistic feelings, aiming at shaping the city image and creating a more beautiful, optimized and purified living environment, and applying a series of ecological concepts to solve the problems of environment, resources and social development. This paper will take Qijiang Park in Zhongshan City, which won the honor prize of national landscape design and the gold medal of 10 China Art Exhibition in 2002, as an example, trying to explain the ecological impact and social benefits brought by urban green space design under the guidance of landscape ecology.

Key words: landscape ecology, urban green space design, Zhongshan Qijiang Park

The outbreak of the industrial revolution promoted the rapid development of the world economy. People's living standards are improving day by day under the wave of reform and opening up, and people put forward higher and higher requirements for living conditions. In order to meet the arrival of modernization, a series of urban modernization movements have been vigorously launched in cities all over the world. However, in the 1960s and 1970s, some western scholars suggested that Silent Spring awakened people from the dream of affluence in the industrial age, The Tragedy of Public Resources revealed that data exhaustion originated from human nature and the nature of capitalist economy, and the proposal of The Limits of Earth Resources warned the crisis of human living environment. All these gradually lead people from being intoxicated with beauty and form to paying attention to nature and culture. Designers begin to understand that using plants can prevent and control soil erosion more effectively than building dams artificially, microorganisms can keep water clean more permanently than chemicals, and natural wind is healthier than air conditioning. These are people's new understanding of nature and culture. In this context, the concept of "design and nature" is highly respected, resulting in a broader landscape ecological design.

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, the idea of "garden city" put forward by Howard, a British social activist, and the idea of building a "landscape city" put forward by Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist in China, are all trying to integrate nature into the city and make the city a part of nature. These ideas truly achieve the integration of nature and culture, design environment and living environment, aesthetic form and ecological function. It makes the park no longer a special land isolated in the city, but integrated into the lives of citizens. It allows nature to participate in design, allows the changing process of nature to accompany people's lives, and allows people to re-perceive, experience and care about natural processes and natural design.

1 Basic concepts of landscape ecology

1. 1 landscape ecology

Landscape ecology is based on geography and ecology, taking the whole landscape as the research object, and studying the influence of its structure (spatial pattern), function (ecological process) and evolution (spatial dynamics) on biological activities and human activities. Using the principle of landscape ecology, the study of urban green space system planning makes urban landscape conform to ecological significance and helps to solve the problems of urban resources, environment and social development.

1.2 patch-corridor-matrix

1.2. 1 patch

Plaque is a kind of nonlinear surface area which is obviously different from the surrounding environment in appearance. The size, quantity, shape and pattern of patches have specific ecological significance. In the study of urban green space, we can regard urban green space as patches with different resolutions. As a green space in the urban area, Zhongshan Qijiang Park covers an area of 1 1 hectare. The green space is oval in plan and complete in area. In landscape ecology, curly patches are the most efficient in strengthening the connection between patches and substrates. Moreover, the park covers a large area.

There are many species that can be supported, and the diversity and productivity level of species also increase with the increase of area.

1.2.2 corridor

Corridor is a strip of land different from the background. It can be considered as a linear or strip patch with dual properties: on the one hand, it separates different parts of the landscape and is an obstacle to the separated landscape; On the other hand, it connects different parts of the landscape and is a channel. There are generally three forms of urban corridors: the first is the blue road, that is, the river corridor, which not only refers to the water surface of the river, but also includes vegetation zones distributed along the river and different from the surrounding matrix. River corridor is the most important corridor type in the landscape, especially in the transport of mineral nutrients and the migration of some biological species, which plays an irreplaceable role in other corridor types; The second type is greenway, that is, planting corridor, which is a linear element mainly for plant greening in the city, such as tree-lined trails and windbreaks. The third is gray roads, which are man-made streets and highways. The original environmental quality of Qijiang Park is poor, so when designing the corridor, the basic functions of recreation and sightseeing should be taken into account, and the ecological environment protection should be given priority. Try to reduce the gray roads in the park and increase the greenways. Because greenways are not only important for protecting biodiversity, but also allow people to rediscover the leisure and fun of cycling and walking.

1.2.3 matrix

Matrix is the landscape element type with the widest range, the highest connectivity and the best practical function in landscape function. As the background area in the landscape, it controls and affects the exchange of material and energy between habitat patches, and strengthens and buffers the "islanding" effect of habitat patches; At the same time, it controls the connectivity of the whole landscape, thus affecting the migration of species between patches. If the green space in the city is regarded as a patch, the vast urban area is its matrix-this relationship is a bit like the "map-bottom relationship" of lattice psychology-the green space in the city is a map and the urban area is the bottom.

1.3 landscape heterogeneity and landscape diversity

1.3. 1 landscape heterogeneity refers to the spatial or temporal variability of the types, combinations and attributes of landscape elements in a landscape area. Heterogeneity is an important attribute of landscape. According to the study of landscape ecology, the greater the landscape heterogeneity, the more landscape types, the stronger the ability to prevent external interference and the more stable the ecosystem. There are many types of landscapes in Qijiang Park, including hydrology, soil, plants and cultural landscapes such as water towers, railway tracks, chimneys and gantry cranes left over from the original shipyard. Rich landscape types make parks more attractive and attractive to people.

1.3.2 Landscape diversity refers to the diversity of habitats, biological communities and ecological processes in the biosphere, also known as ecosystem diversity. It includes patch diversity, landscape type diversity and landscape pattern diversity, which reflects the complexity of landscape. Related research shows that diversity produces stability.

2 Ecological design

2. 1 Ecological design concept

"Design" is the conscious shaping of matter, energy and process to meet the expected needs or desires. Design is to connect nature and culture through material and energy flow and land use. According to the definition of ecological design by Sim van Fandrey and Stuart Cown, any design form that is in harmony with the ecological process and minimizes its damage to the environment is called ecological design. This coordination means that the design respects biodiversity, deprives resources to a minimum, maintains nutrition and water circulation, and maintains the quality of plant habitats and animal habitats to help.

Ecological design is a way to coordinate with nature, which covers a wide range, including the architect's consideration of its design and material selection; Re-understanding of flood control methods by hydraulic engineers: industrial product designers control the use of harmful substances; Thoughts of industrial process designers on energy saving and emission reduction. Ecological design provides us with a unified framework, which helps us to re-examine the design of landscapes, cities and buildings, as well as the ways and behaviors of people's daily life. Simply put, ecological design is an effective adaptation and combination of natural processes, and it needs to comprehensively measure the impact of design methods on the environment.

2.2 Ecological design principles

Based on the above principles of ecological design, combined with the principles of human ecosystem design and regeneration proposed by John Lyle, sustainable landscape and visual ecology proposed by Robert Thayer, and eco-city principle, combined with the design of Zhongshan Qijiang Park, this paper attempts to elaborate the basic principles of landscape and urban ecological design.

2.2. 1 region

We often marvel at the beauty of the rural layout in China like the Peach Blossom Garden, but in fact, most of them are creative designs that are in harmony with the natural process on the basis of a deep understanding of nature through the long-term experience of residents and places. In other words, design should be rooted in the place. For any design, the first thing a designer should consider is, where do we design? What design does nature allow us to make? What can nature help us?

The design respects the place culture, that is, traditional culture and rural knowledge. According to the local people's experience, they depend on the living environment to get all the needs of daily life, including water, food, shelter, energy, medicine and spiritual sustenance. Everything in his living space is meaningful and endowed with spirit. Their knowledge and understanding of the environment is the organic derivation and accumulation of place experience. Therefore, an ecological design suitable for a place should first consider the inspiration given by local people or traditional culture and make a design about the relationship between man and land. A good landscape is not created out of thin air by professional designers, but formed over time. The best way to create a good and meaningful environment is to preserve the legacy of the past. For example, Qijiang Park in Zhongshan City, whose original site was Yue Zhong Shipyard, experienced a short and touching course from 1953 to 1999, from development to elimination of busyness. There are many things left in the past. From the natural elements, there are water bodies, numerous ancient banyan trees and well-developed zonal plant communities, as well as suitable habitats and soil conditions. From the perspective of humanistic elements, there are many docks, factories, water towers, chimneys, gantry cranes, railway tracks, transformers, various machines of different times, and even bank revetments by the water, and the quotations of "grasping revolution and promoting production" on the wall of the factory building. It is these things that render the atmosphere of this place.

2.2.2 Protection and preservation of natural capital

In order to realize the sustainability of human living environment, we must protect and save the use of non-renewable resources. Even renewable resources have limited regenerative capacity, so they need to be used in the way of capital preservation and interest recovery, rather than killing the goose that lays the golden egg. Therefore, for the logistics and energy flow of natural ecosystems, ecological design emphasizes the need to protect resources, reduce the use of energy and transform and reuse the original resources.

Using abandoned land and original materials, including vegetation, soil and masonry, to serve new functions can greatly save the consumption of resources and energy. In the design of Zhongshan Qijiang Park, the designer did not completely tear down the old shipyard for development, but used the original ancient banyan trees, factories and machines to design an open leisure place for the citizens. However, the "design" of the original venue will only reflect people's work and life in the past, as well as their aesthetic and value orientation at that time. From the artistic point of view, it needs to be refined to narrow the distance with modern people's desires and functional needs. Therefore, it is necessary to change or modify the original form and venue. Through the design of addition and subtraction, a new form is produced on the basis of the original "design". Its purpose is to reproduce the life and work scene of the original site more artistically, tell the story of the site more dramatically and reveal the spirit of the site more poetically. At the same time, more fully meet the needs and desires of modern people. Several typical addition and subtraction designs of Qijiang Park include: the utilization and transformation of old water towers, the reuse of chimneys and gantry cranes, the reuse of docks and the reuse of robot limbs. The materials in the original site, including steel and native species, have been processed and reused to reflect the new landscape and meet the new functions. Abandoned steel is used as paving materials, local weeds become symbols of natural beauty, and the "red box" which embodies the spirit of socialism and collectivism all embodies a modern temperament with historical figures.

2.2.3 Let nature do work.

The natural ecosystem is endless and tireless, which provides various conditions and processes for maintaining human survival and meeting their needs. This is the service of ecosystem. These services include air and water purification; Reduce the harm of flood and drought disasters; Adjust the local climate; Maintain species diversity; Provide aesthetic feeling and wisdom enlightenment, and enhance humanistic spirit.

The natural system is magnanimous and contains rich and diverse creatures. Biodiversity at least includes the following meanings: the diversity of biological genetic genes; Biological species diversity and ecosystem diversity. Diversity maintains the health and efficiency of ecosystem, so it is the basis of ecosystem service function. The design that cooperates with nature should respect and maintain its rich diversity. The most profound meaning of ecological design is the design without biodiversity. The fundamental thing to protect biodiversity is to maintain and maintain the diversity of protozoa and habitats. In the design of Qijiang Park, a large number of original plants and some well-developed vegetation belts are protected, and the plant types are diverse, including more than 20 kinds of plants such as ancient banyan, kapok, brown bamboo, reed, rose, nightshade, lotus, calamus, Zizania latifolia and Eclipta prostrata, creating a beautiful living environment for the lovely five-star ladybug and seven-star ladybug.

Expose the essence

Modern urban residents are getting farther and farther away from the city, and natural elements and processes are becoming more and more invisible. The skyline of the distant mountain, the horizon and horizontal line at the foot are all becoming abstract nouns. Just as the natural process disappears from the public's eyes in traditional design, the systematic support of urban life is often hidden. The disappearance of natural processes makes it impossible for people to care about the present situation and future of the environment, let alone the environment and ecology, and control their daily behavior. Therefore, in order to let people participate in the design and care for the environment, we must re-expose the natural process, so that urban residents can feel the surge of streams after the rain, and the surface runoff meets the pond. Through the swaying of branches and leaves, we can feel the existence of natural wind, from blooming to falling, and see the changes of four seasons ... landscape should be the language to reveal ecology.

The design of the hydrophilic ecological revetment in Qijiang Park shows this natural process to the public. The water level of the lake in the park changes with the water level of the Qijiang River, and the mud at the bottom of the lake is deep, which leads to the instability of the lake shore. Faced with these natural challenges, the designers adopted terrace planting platform, waterfront trestle and aquatic plant community respectively, achieving the purpose of maintaining the hydrophilic ecology of the lake under great changes. Several retaining walls were built at the bottom of the lake between the highest and lowest water levels, and silt was backfilled between the walls, forming a series of terrace aquatic and hygrophytic plants, which were all or partially submerged by water in different periods. At the same time, the combination of carefully selected wild plants and granite artificial plank road has produced exquisite beauty. With the passage of time, the aquatic community will continue to enrich and mature, the biodiversity will continue to improve, and the ecological, intimate and aesthetic effects will be more remarkable.

3 Conclusion

Compared with traditional design, ecological design has its own characteristics in dealing with many design problems. However, ecological design should be regarded as the evolution and continuation of design methods, rather than mutation and fragmentation. Ecological design that lacks cultural significance and aesthetic feeling cannot be accepted by society, so it will eventually be forgotten and submerged, and the value of design will not be experienced. Ecological design should and must be beautiful.

Ecological design should also be a process. Through this process, everyone is familiar with the natural process of a specific place, so as to participate in the ecological environment and community construction. Ecological design is a process to make cities and communities ecological and more sustainable.

Qijiang Park interprets a complete concept of ecological design: the primary task of designers is to understand the site and keep "design without designers", because this is a work of time, a natural process and a historical accumulation. Let ecology do the design, which should be the main theme of contemporary design.

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Landscape in ecology is not exactly the same as the word landscape in spoken language.

The concept of landscape has its aesthetic definition, geographical definition and ecological definition. In ecology, landscape is a geographical space unit composed of different types of ecosystems.

In ecology, landscape is the level above the ecosystem, emphasizing heterogeneity. Landscape ecology is a relatively new subject, and many people are studying it now, which is also very hot, but few people really study it from the perspective of theoretical ecology and classical ecology. Most people study landscape from the perspective of geography and GIS application.

Landscape ecologists study landscape ecology. People who study landscape ecology are usually ecologists, or people who combine GIS and ecology for ecological research.

The study of landscape ecology is not completely independent, and it needs the knowledge of many other related disciplines.

As for education and salary, it varies from person to person. Some of them are professors or researchers, others are students. Therefore, some people earn higher wages, while others receive only a little state subsidy.

It should be said that all people who study ecology should know something about landscape ecology. They specialize in Shenyang Institute of Ecology and Ecological Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences, and many universities also have such research institutions.