1. Stick to the argument and choose true, typical and convincing examples;
2. Closely follow the argument, summarize the examples, highlight the essence and key points, and organically combine with the argument;
3. Insist on the argument, analyze the case, and combine the case with the argument closely.
★ Selection of Argumentative Case Arguments
First, the principle of choosing case arguments.
1. The argument should be typical.
Only typical and representative case arguments are convincing. Don't take one thing for granted, take one thing for granted, and only choose trivial matters around you as arguments. For example, when discussing the idea that those people near Mexico are black, we use "my neighbors and friends …". It is often unbelievable and unconvincing.
2. The argument should be exact.
Examples and arguments should be convincing. Its materials must be accurate and true, and fabrication is strictly prohibited. Many students are too lazy to verify the materials because of their inaccurate memories. Write from memory, and finally put the electric light invented by Edison on Einstein, and describe the medal that Madame Curie showed to the children indifferent to fame and fortune as a gold watch. The effect of the article is self-evident.
3. The arguments should be targeted.
Some examples are rich in connotation and need careful consideration when using them. At the same time, even the same thing has many reasons. If you can't grasp the subtle differences of many factors, you will play the "edge ball". Causes the argument to be inconsistent with the argument. Therefore, only when the theme of the material is consistent with the argument can it prove the argument.
4. The argument should be novel.
Many students' argumentative writing is inseparable from some old examples. For example, the relationship between failure and success seems to be inseparable from Edison's invention of the light bulb; To write about adversity, you have to write about Zhang Haidi. Of course, the article will lose its freshness and attraction. Poetry is innovative, and those articles that pick up wisdom are unreadable because they lack the aura and personality of the author's writing. Therefore. The selected materials should be novel. Give up the angle that everyone uses. Choose new materials that can make readers shine at the moment and move their hearts, and then they will certainly receive unexpected results.
★ Summary of argumentative case arguments
In the process of writing, we often encounter such a situation: we have arguments and examples, but we don't know how to describe them in words. Some students took it in a few words to save effort. After careful reading, it is found that the cited examples can not prove the argument, or the connection between the examples and the argument is not very close, or even seriously out of touch. Some students are hundreds of words, from the cause of the case to the end of the case are "moved" in. After reading his article, I can't help thinking, is it argumentative or narrative? Just like the four styles.
There are two reasons for this phenomenon:
First, excessive pursuit of "simplicity" and loss of "clarity".
In normal study, some students don't listen carefully in class and don't analyze how the arguments in the text are summarized. They just generally remember that the narrative in the argumentative paper should be concise. Therefore, when writing your own composition, I mistakenly think that as long as the number of words is small, no matter whether the argument is clearly explained or not, what needs to be explained emphatically is not expressed, which leads to dull writing and unclear narration. It also leads to the close connection between arguments and arguments, and arguments naturally cannot effectively prove the arguments to be demonstrated.
Second, "grasping the eyebrows and beards" mistakenly believes that the more detailed you write, the better.
In the composition, some students can't tell the substantive difference between the narrative in the narrative and the narrative in the argumentative essay, and blindly pursue vivid narrative and detailed writing. He absorbed the writer's narrative in his narrative, making the argument interesting and literary. Although, let readers have an addiction to appreciate American literature. However, it violates the writing rules of argumentative writing, making the narrative of the composition not like narrative, and argumentative writing not like argumentative writing. The reason for this phenomenon is that when describing an argument, you can't figure out which places are favorable and which are unfavorable, and you don't know how to delete the details irrelevant to the argument. Naturally, I will not write high-quality argumentative papers.
Coping strategies:
How can we avoid the above disadvantages? We should first make clear the difference between narrative in argumentative writing and narrative in narrative writing.
Narrative requirements in argumentative writing are general and targeted. Argumentative writing is "convincing people by reasoning", and the first consideration is the need of reasoning. Therefore, the narratives in the Discussion are often written in general terms, focusing on clearly describing the parts that can prove the argument, while omitting other irrelevant parts.
The narrative of case arguments should follow two principles:
1. Generality and conciseness of the argument.
Read the following two examples and compare them. What form do narratives and argumentative essays take to describe the same thing?
We China people have backbone. Many people who used to be liberals or democratic individualists stood up before the US imperialists and their lackeys, the Kuomintang reactionaries. Wen Yiduo was angry and angry with the Kuomintang pistol, preferring to fall down rather than give in. Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and would rather starve to death than accept "relief food" from the United States. (Mao Zedong bid farewell to Si Tuleideng)
/kloc-in the summer of 0/946, the National Southwest Associated University was dissolved. Wen Yiduo wanted to go back to Tsinghua with his teachers and students, but he was stranded because of the relocation expenses of his family. At this time, the Kuomintang authorities thought that the democratic forces in Kunming had been weakened and became arrogant. On the night of July 0, they used silent pistol to assassinate Li Gongpu, a member of the NLD Central Committee. At that time, some famous scholars ran to foreign consulates to take refuge. It was widely rumored in the city that Wen Yiduo was next on the blacklist, and the underground party informed him to hide temporarily. Regardless of his life and death, Wen Yiduo resolutely attended the memorial service for Li Gongpu held in Yunnan University on the afternoon of June 5438+05. He was not scheduled to speak at the meeting. When Li Furen introduced her husband's murder, he burst into tears, but the spies who infiltrated the meeting shouted that trouble was coming. Wen Yiduo couldn't bear it. He delivered a famous final speech in his life to thousands of teachers, students and arrogant spies, announcing that he "stepped out of the gate with his front foot and was not prepared to step into the gate with his back foot". After the meeting, he rushed to Democracy Weekly to attend a press conference. At five o'clock, on the way back to Xicangpo dormitory, he was killed by submachine gun fire in a military jeep. His eldest son Wen was seriously injured to protect his father, and the murderer drove away. (Wang Wen, "Looking Back Suddenly: Wen Yiduo's Poet Who Died for Life")
In the previous example, Wen Yiduo's performance was described as "we China people have backbone". There is only one sentence, the language is concise and clean, and there is no specific elaboration, but the momentum is heroic and explosive. The latter case explains in detail the time, place and cause and effect of Mr. Wen Yiduo's murder, which is a typical narrative writing.
2. Targeted, select the angle that can best prove the argument to summarize.
If analyzed from different angles, the meaning of everything itself is often not single, so the same case can produce multiple perspectives. An argumentative essay can only have one argument. Therefore, when describing the case, we should focus on the choice, clarify the content that is most closely related to the argument, summarize the case from the aspect that best reflects the viewpoint of the article, delete those irrelevant elements, outline the relevant content concisely and clearly, and strengthen and expand the case flexibly around the center.
For example, Pony Crossing the River.
1 proves the point of view of "practice", so we should explain and analyze it from the point of view of "pony"-everything turned out to be known only after we tried it ourselves, so we must never listen to others and jump to conclusions hastily.
2. To prove the viewpoint of "educating children", we should supplement it from the perspective of "mother"-mother knows the way of education well. She knows that the depth of the river can only let the pony find the answer by himself. What is important for parents is not to walk for their children, but to teach them how to walk by themselves. Only in this way can the child's life path be as smooth as possible, thus reducing the loss of life.
3. To prove that "doing things should conform to the objective reality", we should discuss it from the perspective of "Uncle Niu and Little Squirrel"-not only speaking and doing things from our own perspective, but also considering each other's reality, which will be more in line with the objective reality.
Exercise:
Please read the following example first to see what ideas it contains. How to deal with materials to highlight various viewpoints?
Li Shizhen was a great doctor and pharmacologist in Ming Dynasty. His family has been practicing medicine for generations, and his father often does not charge for the poor. Li Shizhen saw with his own eyes that doctors could heal the wounded and rescue the dying and relieve the patients' pain, so he made a wish to treat the poor.
At that time, practicing medicine was a despised industry. Li Shizhen's father didn't want his son to be a doctor, but Li Shizhen paid attention to learning from his father everywhere and secretly wrote down many prescriptions. Once, my father went to see a doctor, and the patient was suffering from various incurable diseases. Father can't think of an effective prescription at the moment. Li Shizhen whispered an ancient prescription, and when his father heard it, it was the right medicine. From then on, his father allowed him to study medicine, and he began to treat people at the age of 22.
Li Shizhen studied medicine while practicing medicine. He found that the old drug book had many shortcomings, and many useful drugs were not recorded. Some drugs only have names, but there is no description of their characters and growth; There are still some drugs with wrong properties and efficacy. He thought, how dangerous it is for patients to take the wrong medicine! So he decided to rewrite a relatively perfect drug book.
In order to write this book, Li Shizhen not only paid attention to accumulating experience in treating diseases, but also personally went to various places to collect herbs. He traveled all over the famous drug-producing mountains, regardless of the high mountains and long roads, cold and heat. Sometimes I don't go down the mountain for a few days, I eat some dry food when I am hungry, and I spend the night on the mountain when it gets dark. He personally tasted many medicinal materials and judged their performance and efficacy. He traveled thousands of miles and visited hundreds of doctors, old farmers, fishermen and hunters, and learned a lot from them that were not in books.
A few years later, he returned to his hometown in Qichun, Hubei Province, and began to write books. It took him twenty-seven years to finally compile a famous drug book, Compendium of Materia Medica, which has more than one million words and records 18,900 kinds of drugs. It is a masterpiece in the book of traditional Chinese medicine. Li Shizhen is 6 1 year old this year.
In this case, there are many views:
1, aim high.
2. Devote yourself to your career.
3. Have perseverance.
In order to highlight all viewpoints, it is necessary to choose the content that is most closely related to the viewpoints to strengthen and highlight them.
1, we should be ambitious: we should rewrite Li Shizhen's ambition to heal the wounded and rescue the dying and his determination to rewrite Compendium of Materia Medica since he was a child.
Example:
Li Shizhen was born into a family of doctors. Seeing his father saving lives, young Li Shizhen made a wish to save the poor. Although practicing medicine was despised at that time and his ambition was not supported by his father, Li Shizhen never wavered and worked hard to learn medical knowledge. At the age of 22, he began to treat people. When he found many fatal mistakes in the Pharmaceutical Book, young Li Shizhen made up his mind to rewrite scientific pharmaceutical works. After 27 years of research, the Compendium of Materia Medica and the Grand Ceremony of Oriental Pharmacy were born. (159 words)
2. Highlight the spirit of dedication, focusing on Li Shizhen's sightseeing and tasting herbs.
Example:
In order to complete the great cause of compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, Li Shizhen traveled all over the famous mountains and rivers, not afraid of snake cliffs, cold and heat. Sometimes, in order to scientifically measure the medicinal properties of various drugs, he even tasted herbs himself, even if he was poisoned, he was fearless. Li Shizhen devoted his whole life to the research of herbal medicine, and finally achieved great success, writing the Grand Ceremony of Oriental Pharmacy and Compendium of Materia Medica. (129 words)
In order to highlight the perseverance, it needs to be emphasized that it took him 27 years.
Example:
In order to write a scientific book on pharmacology, Li Shizhen visited famous doctors from his youth, crisscrossed Shan Ye, went through hardships and even got poisoned while tasting herbs, but these did not interrupt his research work. After 27 years, Compendium of Materia Medica, a masterpiece of oriental pharmacy, was finally born. Li Shizhen is 6 1 year old this year. (124 words)
★ Writing short examples of argumentative essays
If the selected case is a celebrity, we can also describe the case by arranging the cases.
In argumentative writing, in order to prove the argument, a group of similar factual arguments (usually celebrities) are often needed, because most of these materials are familiar to readers and need not be detailed, and each case can be summarized in one sentence. Use the general enumeration method. Be concise, save pen and ink, and form parallelism. Magnificent momentum can make the argument magnificent. Impeccable; Refutation is overwhelming. This is the way to give a simple parallel example.
If the concrete, vivid and vivid detailed case analysis in the article is "point", those familiar and typical examples are "face". The combination of point and surface can not only make the number of arguments sufficient, but also make the article bloated because of the increase of arguments.
Note: After simply comparing the examples, we should make a general discussion on this series of examples.
Example 1: Tolerance is a kind of wisdom and tolerance. As the English proverb says, "There is no garden without weeds." There is no shortage of gold, no one is perfect, and tolerance for others is based on understanding and understanding of others. Bao Shu Ya's tolerance for Guan Zhong has achieved the feat of "nine in one, conquering the world with one move"; Lin Xiangru's tolerance for Lian Po has made the story of "Harmony but Difference" come true! Li Shimin's tolerance for Wei Zhi made the "rule of chastity" prosperous; The tolerance of the monarchs in the Song Dynasty to scholars ushered in the second climax of ideological emancipation and cultural prosperity in the history of China after the Warring States Period! The meaning of tolerance is not only at the individual level, but also has a great dynamic role in the existence and development of the whole society.
Exodus 2: Yes, how can the world be stable?
"Tolerance is the greatest, righteousness is not the desire", is this the self-cultivation inscription of Lin Zexu, a fighter against smoking? "I laugh at the sky with a horizontal knife", is this the generous song of reform soldier Tan Sitong? "Red clouds are everywhere, and the streets are full of dogs and wolves". Is this the last words of Lin Juemin, an anti-Qing righteous man? "The world is public", is this the lifelong pursuit of revolutionary Sun Yixian? What shall we do? The sages moved forward wave after wave, but the tragic facts declared the failure of these methods of seeking peace.
★ Argumentation and analysis of argumentative case arguments
Argumentative writing is to make sense and convince people of their own truth, so in case argumentative writing, we must summarize the cases and conduct in-depth discussion and analysis, so as to make the article profound and meaningful and better highlight the arguments (that is, "concise cases+in-depth discussion"). But some students often make such mistakes when discussing arguments:
1. Pile up arguments: there is only a list of arguments, and there is no rational thinking.
2. Can't analyze: For example, the analysis is superficial and not deep enough.
3. Oil-water separation: improper argumentation, poor combination of argumentation and argument, or analysis and argumentation divorced from central argumentation.
How can we avoid this mistake and make argumentative writing by going up one flight of stairs? We should master several methods of discussion and analysis, such as causal analysis, conditional analysis, reverse hypothesis analysis, connotation analysis, extended analogy and comprehensive analysis:
First, the causal analysis method
Causality analysis-after summarizing the case, through analyzing the causal relationship between the case (result) and the argument (reason), it is pointed out that the reason leading to the result in the case is the argument of the article. In this way, examples can strongly prove this point.
Analysis example:
Argument: Success requires perseverance.
In order to write a scientific book on pharmacology, Li Shizhen visited famous doctors all over the world since he was a teenager, crisscrossed Shan Ye, went through hardships and even got poisoned while tasting herbs, but all these did not stop his research work. After 27 years, Compendium of Materia Medica, a masterpiece of oriental pharmacy, was finally born. Li Shizhen is 6 1 year old this year. (124 words)
Discussion (causal analysis): point out that the reason for the result in the case is the argument of the article.
Why did it take Li Shizhen 27 years to complete a Compendium of Materia Medica? Because of his persistent spirit (reason-argument), he has always been able to persist in serious research during the long and arduous research process, never slackening off, let alone giving up. It is because of perseverance that Li Shizhen finally wrote high-level medical works, which benefited future generations. (word 1 13)
Another example is an analysis of Einstein and Hua quoted in the article "Breaking through the Burial Pressure with Struggle":
Struggle can break through the pressure of being buried. Many people who have made great achievements have suffered the fate of being buried. Einstein used to be an ordinary clerk in a patent office, but he didn't lose heart. On the contrary, he seized every learning opportunity and finally opened up a new physical world. Hua used to work in a small shop, but he was not depressed. But after the business is done, every minute counts, study hard, devote myself wholeheartedly, and finally become a famous mathematician.
Discussion and analysis: Why didn't they "suffocate" because of "burying" and make achievements? Because they are unwilling to endure the fate of being "buried"; No matter how unfavorable the situation is, they never lose their courage and strength to go up; They firmly believe that a swift horse that never loses its ambition will eventually take off. Therefore, in the case of "burying", they did not complain about others, but worked hard and finally broke through "burying" and stood out.
This passage explains the direct influence of "upward courage and strength" and "hard work" on people by analyzing the reasons why the two men stand out from the crowd, plays an exemplary role, and directly demonstrates the view that "it is necessary to break through the pressure of' burying' by struggle".
Second, the conditional analysis method
Conditional analysis is a method to analyze the successful conditions after citing factual arguments. Prove the correctness of the argument by analyzing the conditions for its existence. Common related words are: only Just ... only. ...
Analysis example:
Example: in today's society, material civilization is progressing rapidly, commodities are extremely rich, cultures are diverse, and various values are pouring in, some are elegant, some are vulgar, some are positive, and some are decadent; Under the stimulation of money, the display of goods and the temptation of eroticism, teenagers are faced with a colorful world, which is complicated. There are not a few people who violate the law and commit crimes, get stuck in the mud and slide into hatred. (word 1 10)
Argument (conditional analysis): Therefore, we need to explain more about good and bad. Only by distinguishing clearly can we not lose the right direction; Only by distinguishing clearly can we maintain the purity and simplicity of nature. In this way, no matter how complicated this society is, we can firmly grasp ourselves. Be the real me, the original me, the pure me. (92 words)
Thirdly, reverse hypothesis analysis method.
The reverse hypothesis analysis method is to give a typical case, assume a situation opposite to the case and discuss it from the opposite direction. If you give a positive example, you assume from the negative, if you give a negative example, you assume from the positive. The conclusion shows the correctness of the argument.
Analysis example 1:
For example, an analysis in Six Kingdoms said: "If you want the Three Kingdoms to love their place, Qi people can't attach themselves to Qin, assassins can't do it, and good generals are still there. Therefore, the number of victories and defeats and the principle of survival should be compared with Qin, or it is not easy to measure."
Another example is the discussion and analysis of "the hardship of life can stimulate creative inspiration";
If Li Bai becomes a big official, enjoys all the splendor and wealth, and doesn't have to wander the rivers and lakes again, then the heroic and refined poet will definitely miss him; If Li Yu has been in front of the emperor, then he will always only make some words of talented people and beautiful women, and will not leave so many eternal songs; If there is no suffering of national destruction and displacement, then Li Qingzhao is just an ordinary feudal woman. The suffering and tempering of life are the source of their creation.
Analysis example 2:
Sima Qian was devastated physically and mentally, and was laughed at by some people after decay, but he did not die. It is the belief in completing the historical records that supports him and gives him the courage and determination to continue to live. This belief supported him and made him finally complete Historical Records.
Discussion and analysis: "If Sima Qian did not have the belief that he must complete the historical records, he would never have such a tenacious will to survive, and Sima Qian would not be known to future generations. Will Historical Records, known as "the swan song of historians and blank poems", have such complete and precious historical materials today? It was faith that supported Sima Qian and made him a great writer and historian.
Analyzing cases in this way can greatly enhance the persuasiveness of the article.
Fourth, the connotation analysis.
Deeply reveal the connotation of the case, so that readers can understand the relationship between the case and the result.
Analysis example:
Example: The dawn of life never flashed before it experienced ups and downs. There is a story that a frustrated young man met an old monk in a mountain temple. The old monk entertained him with precious Longjing. But the first cup of green tea brewed by the old monk made young people feel tasteless after drinking it; After the second brewing, there will be a hint of fragrance;
Discussion and analysis: After brewing for five or six times, the room will be filled with fragrance. Smelling the intoxicating aroma of Longjing, the young people are clear in their hearts: it turns out that tea fragrance comes from the "brewing" of boiling water again and again; The more mellow the tea, the more times it needs to be brewed, so that the essence of tea can be filtered out a little. Then, isn't the dawn of life going through "brewing" again and again before it suddenly appears? If you want the brighter the dawn, don't you have to "brew" more times? As the saying goes, "Heaven will be sent down to Sri Lanka, so we must first suffer from its mind, strain its bones and muscles, and starve its skins", and then we can "get what it can't do"! It turns out that every setback in life is a brewing experience! So the young man's sullen brows relaxed, self-confidence and perseverance reappeared on his face, and he began to work hard from then on.
In the above paragraphs, young people's behavior of "drinking tea" has made a great semantic leap from the final result of "returning home with a full load and working hard". Why do young people "drink tea" and "go home with a full load and make progress"? What kind of psychological activities do young people among them have? If we can make up the explanation of this psychological activity, not only the literary spirit will be penetrated, but also the reasons why young people are depressed and energetic will be revealed. This "reasoning" is thorough and readers are "convinced".
Verb (abbreviation of verb) extended analogy method
It is to extend or analogy the listed examples, connect with reality, and highlight the practical significance of their views.
Example: The British mathematician Dovanville spent more than 30 years calculating the value of pi, accurate to more than 800 decimal places. However, later generations found that he made a mistake when he was ranked 300 th, which means that his efforts for the next 20 years were in vain. Science admits of no carelessness. If Dofanville can always objectively review his own steps and data in the calculation process, he may not leave this regret.
Extended analogy: so is science and so is life? We often hear people regret what they did wrong and what they shouldn't have done. It's no use regretting it afterwards. We should learn from it and better understand the meaning of "going out". (Excellent composition of Life and Life in the College Entrance Examination)
Sixth, comprehensive analysis method.
Sometimes, it is not enough to analyze a case in one way. In order to explore deeply and enrich the content, a case can be analyzed by combining several analysis methods.
Argument: Success requires perseverance.
Analysis example:
In order to write a scientific book on pharmacology, Li Shizhen visited famous doctors all over the world since he was a teenager, crisscrossed Shan Ye, went through hardships and even got poisoned while tasting herbs, but all these did not stop his research work. After 27 years, Compendium of Materia Medica, a masterpiece of oriental pharmacy, was finally born. Li Shizhen is 6 1 year old this year.
Discussion and analysis (comprehensive analysis): Li Shizhen was able to write great pharmaceutical works because of his persistent research (causal analysis) in the past 27 years. If he can't persist in long-term and arduous research and give up, we won't see today's amazing Compendium of Materia Medica (reverse hypothesis analysis). It can be seen that only by perseverance can we succeed in difficulties (conditional analysis). (word 103)
★ Learn to draw inferences from others.
Reasoning is also a kind of discussion, and there is no example that allows us to discuss around the point of view. This is a reasoning argument. We can learn from the above causal analysis, conditional analysis, reverse hypothesis analysis or use these methods comprehensively to discuss.
Examples of reasoning:
Viewpoint: Perseverance is the only way to succeed.
In the absence of examples (assuming that Li Shizhen has no accumulated examples), we can make a reasonable argument:
Life experience tells us that without perseverance, we will not succeed easily; Without perseverance, we will not climb the peak of life; Without perseverance, we will miss many rainbows after the storm (reverse hypothesis analysis, using parallelism). Only with perseverance can we succeed in difficulties (conditional analysis). So we must have the spirit of perseverance (causal analysis). (125 words)
No matter which method is used to demonstrate truth, parallelism can be used to expand truth, enhance reasoning and literary talent, and meet the requirements of writing. As mentioned above, "without perseverance, we will not succeed easily;" Without perseverance, we will not climb the peak of life; Without perseverance, we will miss many rainbows after the storm. " )
Conclusion: Mastering the writing rules will make us take fewer detours and face the composition calmly. As long as we make some efforts and attach importance to writing, then writing will help us easily win half of the country in the college entrance examination!