Second, it is conducive to the echo of the paper. Having an outline can help us to establish the concept of the whole, and test the status and functions of each part from the perspective of the whole, whether there is a logical connection between them, whether the space occupied by each part is commensurate with its status and functions in the overall situation, whether the proportion between each part is appropriate and harmonious, whether every word, sentence, paragraph and part is needed by the overall situation, and whether it is coherent and coordinated into a whole. After such consideration and writing, the structure of the paper can be unified and complete, and it can serve the content of the paper well.
Third, it is conducive to timely adjustment and avoid major rework. In the research and writing process of graduation thesis, the author's thinking activity is very active. Some unremarkable materials, seemingly irrelevant materials, often produce new associations or new viewpoints after being familiar with and thinking. If you don't write an outline carefully, you will be disturbed by this phenomenon, and you will have to keep writing, rethinking and even overturning what you have written. This not only increases the workload, but also greatly affects the writing mood. The outline of graduation thesis is like the blueprint of the project. As long as you carefully consider the outline before you start writing and spend more time and energy to make it solid, you can form a clear and logical paper framework, thus avoiding a lot of unnecessary rework. In addition, if the students who have just started to write a thesis write their own ideas as an outline first, and then ask others for advice, they can understand them at first sight, and it is easier to put forward some suggestions for revision and supplement, so as to get effective guidance.
Question 2: How to write the characteristics of graduation design report? Any specific topics? Or ask roughly ~
Question 3: How to write a summary of the achievement description of graduation thesis?
Abstract: According to the different matrix structures, the commonly used ductile iron includes ferrite ductile iron, ferrite-pearlite ductile iron, pearlite ductile iron and bainite ductile iron. Ferrite ductile iron has good plasticity and toughness, but its strength and hardness are low. Compared with the former, pearlite ductile iron has higher strength and hardness, better wear resistance, but poor plasticity and toughness. The alloying elements change the microstructure and properties of ductile iron, which broadens the application range of ductile iron. The addition process of copper in ductile iron and its influence on microstructure and properties are introduced. The results show that the addition of copper promotes the formation of pearlite, thus improving the tensile strength, elongation and hardness of the material.
Key words: ductile iron; Copper; Influence; perform
Abstract: According to the basic structure, the commonly used ductile iron includes ferrite ductile iron, ferrite-pearlite ductile iron, pearlite ductile iron and bainite ductile iron. Ferritic ductile iron has good plasticity and toughness, and low strength and hardness; Compared with the former, pearlite ductile iron has high strength, hardness and good wear resistance, but poor plasticity and toughness. Adding alloy to nodular cast iron causes the change of its structure and properties, and expands its application scope. The process of adding copper and its influence on the microstructure and properties of nodular cast iron are introduced. The results show that copper improves the tensile strength, elongation and hardness by promoting the production of pearlitic ductile iron.
Key words: ductile iron; Coppper effect; Structure; performance
1 preface
The production status and trend of iron castings in the world is that the proportion of gray iron castings has obviously decreased, but it still dominates. The output of nodular cast iron continues to increase, and vermicular cast iron and special cast iron have also made great progress.
The output of gray cast iron in China is decreasing year by year, but the proportion of high strength cast iron in cast iron is increasing. Strengthening the experimental study of high strength gray cast iron is undoubtedly the development direction of gray cast iron in China.
The total output of malleable cast iron in China ranks among the best in the world, but the demand will increase. Therefore, malleable cast iron in China will develop greatly in the future. At present, the main gap between China's malleable cast iron production and foreign countries is: there are few varieties, only black-hearted malleable cast iron; Poor quality; The zinc plating process is backward; Lack of ideal annealing furnace with low energy consumption, good heat preservation and little pollution.
With the decrease of cast iron output, the proportion of ductile iron in iron castings is still increasing. In western developed countries, ductile iron castings are usually used to replace some gray iron castings and malleable iron castings. The output of ductile iron castings in China is relatively low, and its proportion is much lower than that in developed countries. In addition, there is a big gap between the quality and production stability of ductile iron castings in China. Output of nodular cast iron in China >>
Question 4: How to write the graduation design report? The final report is the final stage of research, and its quality affects the display and promotion of research results. This paper briefly introduces the format and requirements of the conclusion report, and puts forward some points for attention: first, we should pay attention to science, authenticity and novelty; Second, we should combine quantitative and qualitative methods; Third, the length of the report should be appropriate.
Keywords inquiry learning; Closing report; Format; Matters needing attention
Research report is an article used to conduct scientific research and describe scientific research achievements, which can promote the development of science and technology, economic construction and social progress. For middle school students, after a period of hard research, it is an important link to write a research report. Because the research report is the explicit form of your thoughts. On the one hand, by writing research reports, we can systematically sort out our ideas; On the other hand, you can know what you have done through the report, thus supporting your point of view.
The format of the research report depends on the content of the research results. The research results are different due to different disciplines, different topics, different properties, different research methods, different experimental processes, different logical reasoning and different results forms. However, different research results also have a similar pattern in writing, that is, "title, signature, preface, text and conclusion". For middle school students, it is more likely to be a small paper-based research report.
First, summarize the general format of the report.
There are four common research reports: experimental report, reading report, investigation report and design report. But the basic format is similar, and the general format of specific writing includes the following parts:
(1) title
The title is a high summary of the research report and a concentrated expression of the research results. A verb-object phrase is often used to express it. The basic requirements are accuracy, conciseness, striking and avoiding similarities. The title of the research report can directly reveal the argument and also indicate the scope of discussion. Titles can be judgmental, declarative or interrogative. Generally, the title should not exceed 15 words. If the title is too long, you can add subtitles. The idea of the topic is very important. A good title can be fascinating and make people grasp the central topic of the research report.
(2) Signature
The purpose of signature is threefold: first, it shows that the author has paid a hard labor price; The second is that the author should be responsible for the article; Third, it is convenient for peers or readers to contact the author. To sign an article, only the actual author can sign it. It was written by a person with his name; It is the result of the collective, and the name of the collective can also be assigned to the individual names of the participants in the name of the collective.
(3) Unit
Units include the author's unit, the author's native place and the postal code of the author's unit. Put brackets under the signature, the writer's unit in brackets, the writer's native place every other word, and then the postal code where the writer's unit is located every other word.
(4) Abstract
It is the epitome of the basic idea of the research report, a brief introduction of the research report and condensed intelligence information, with the purpose of giving others a general understanding of the full text.
(5) Keywords
Keywords refer to the most critical and decisive words in the article. It is the sign and hint of the content, viewpoint, related problems and categories of the article. The number of keywords in an article can vary according to the content of the article, generally 3-8 is appropriate.
(6) Preface
Preface, also known as introduction, introduction, preface or introduction, is the beginning of the research report, that is, the preface. The main content is to ask questions, clarify the central argument or explain the reasons, purposes and methods of the research, or introduce the background, scope and significance of the research, so that others can have a general understanding of the content of the discussion first.
(7) Text
The text, also called this theory, is the core part of the research report. It is the central part of starting a topic, analyzing and demonstrating arguments, and expressing one's own views and research results, accounting for the vast majority of research reports. The content of the text generally includes experimental methods, theoretical basis, experimental results, analysis and discussion. A report can't be without ideas and opinions. Only through scientific and rigorous argumentation can we confirm the rationality and authenticity of our views and convince others. Therefore, it is extremely important to demonstrate the theme of the report.
(8) Conclusion
The conclusion is the end of the research report, that is, the part to solve the problem, which plays an important role ...
Question 5: How to write a compilation of innovative achievements in China's educational graduation design? The outline of pedagogy (Chinese) graduation thesis "Practice and research on improving students' comprehensive learning quality with Chinese long homework as the starting point" is in full swing. Now, most teachers are committed to classroom teaching reform. Chinese classroom teaching is full of flowers and colorful, which brings a lot of freshness, curiosity and excitement to students' Chinese learning. However, when you walk into the classmates around you, you will find that most of them like Chinese classes, but they don't like Chinese learning. Why? I once made a questionnaire survey on "Me and Chinese Learning" among the students in our school. The results show that in Chinese learning, 84% students like Chinese classes, 58% students worry about homework, 76% students put Chinese homework last, and 32% students don't like Chinese homework assigned, so writing less compositions and diaries is their best hope for Chinese teachers. It can be seen that traditional Chinese homework (such as reading, reciting, copying, writing, practicing, etc. ) has become the culprit of annihilating students' interest in Chinese learning to some extent. Looking at our curriculum reform, we pay too much attention to classroom teaching and often ignore the important part of Chinese teaching-Chinese homework. Backward Chinese homework without cameras has been difficult to adapt to the current Chinese teaching. First, the origin of the research 1, the deviation of homework orientation under the traditional teaching background; second, the new curriculum standard puts forward higher requirements for Chinese homework; third, the development of school-based curriculum and the school culture of research-based learning provide a base for practice; second, the content of research (1) the types of long homework; second, the implementation (design and layout) of long homework; third, the evaluation of long homework.
Question 6: How to write a graduation thesis summarizing the research results (1) in combination with work practice?
The topic selection should be combined with China's administrative practice (especially its own work practice), and it is advocated to choose topics with strong application, especially to encourage research combined with practical problems that need to be solved urgently in current social practice. It is suggested that the topic selection should be based on local or even unit work. When choosing a topic, you can consider choosing some topics related to your own work, combining theory with practice closely, upgrading your practical work experience to theory, or analyzing and solving some practical work problems with the theory you have mastered through college study.
(2) Appropriate topic selection
The so-called proper topic selection is how to master the breadth and depth of the topic.
(3) the topic should be new.
To be innovative, we should be good at discovering new problems according to our theoretical knowledge and predecessors' research results, and dare to ask questions that have not been raised by predecessors, or problems that have been raised but have not been finalized or completely solved. As long as my thesis is correct and clear, the materials are true and sufficient, and the arguments are profound and powerful, it may also fill the gaps in some aspects of theoretical research in China, or supplement, deepen and correct the shortcomings of previous theories. Therefore, this paper is innovative and original.
Topic selection skills: skills-selecting topics according to academic direction. The value of thesis writing is that it can solve specific problems in specific industries, especially academic papers. Therefore, one of the skills of choosing and refining the topic of the thesis is to choose and refine it according to its academic value.
Tip 2: Choose a topic according to your hobbies. The second skill of selecting and refining the topic of the paper is to start from the author's hobbies. Only when the topic conforms to the author's interests and hobbies can the materials accumulated by the author be effective and the language application can be practiced.
Tip 3: Choose a topic according to the literature. Literature is the basis of supporting and enriching the thesis, and it can also better reflect the research direction and viewpoint of the thesis. Therefore, the author starts from the existing literature, selects the topic and refines the title, which becomes the third skill.
Tip 4: Choose a topic from an early age. The so-called specialization from an early age means that when selecting rules and refining titles, soft writers should start from professional points and break through from small points, bearing in mind that everything is not specialized, big and empty. [3]
Question 7: What is filled in the graduation thesis achievement form is a certain type of graduation design (thesis).
Such as engineering design and engineering technology research graduation thesis (design)
Question 8: How to write the graduation design achievement of hypertension? I know how to do.
Question 9: How to write the abstract of graduation project? Hello!
Please refer to:
Writing methods and skills of graduation thesis abstract
1. The role of abstraction
Abstract is an indispensable part of the paper. Is an independent paper with its own characteristics. Based on the summary of the paper, it summarizes the full text in simple, easy-to-understand and incisive language, leaves the trunk to the branches and leaves, and extracts the main information of the paper. The paper should reflect the author's viewpoint, the main contents of the paper, the research results and original opinions. A good abstract is easy to index and search, easy to be included in a large database and provide information for others. Therefore, abstract plays a vital role in information exchange.
2. Basic norms and principles of writing abstracts
(1) Thesis abstracts are divided into Chinese abstracts and foreign (usually English) abstracts. Different schools and institutions have different requirements for space restrictions. Generally, Chinese abstracts should not exceed 300 words, English abstracts should not exceed 250 substantive words, and Chinese and English abstracts should be consistent. The length of the abstract of graduation thesis can be appropriately increased.
(2) Abstract is a complete essay, which is independent and can be used alone. Even if you don't read the full text of the paper, you can still understand the main content of the paper, the author's new ideas and viewpoints, the purpose of the project, the methods adopted, the results and conclusions of the research.
(3) The narrative is complete, the logic is highlighted, and the structure of the essay is reasonable.
(4) The text should be concise and to the point, without unnecessary words, important contents should be extracted, details such as preface and background should be eliminated, and old conclusions and original materials should be eliminated without comments and annotations. Use direct expression to delete unnecessary literary embellishments. The author's future plans and irrelevant contents should not be included, and the most information should be provided with the least words.
(5) The abstract does not use special characters, charts, chemical structures, and mathematical expressions composed of special characters, and does not list examples.
Gong 3. Four elements of abstraction
Purpose, method, result and conclusion are called the four elements of an abstract.
(1) Purpose: To point out the scope, purpose, importance, tasks and preconditions of the research, rather than simply repeating the theme.
(2) Methods: Briefly describe the work flow of the project, what main contents have been studied and what work has been done in this process, including objects, principles, conditions, procedures and means.
(3) Achievements: State the important new discoveries, achievements and values after the research, including the data and results obtained through investigation, experiment and observation, and analyze its unsatisfactory limitations.
(4) Conclusion: Through the study of this topic, the important conclusions, including the correct views confirmed from it, are analyzed and studied, and the significance of its application in real life and the value of integrating theory with practice are compared and predicted.
4. Writing steps
As a special narrative, its writing steps are different from ordinary articles. The writing time is usually after the completion of the paper, but it can also be written in advance, and then the abstract can be revised while writing the paper. First of all, from the four elements of the abstract, read through the full text of the paper, carefully list the important contents of the paper one by one, especially the summary of each paragraph and the topic sentence at the end of the paper, keep the outline and essence, and extract the key information used to write the abstract. Then, see if these materials can completely and accurately answer the questions involved in the four elements of the abstract, and ask for concise sentences. If answering these questions is not enough, reread the paper and extract the corresponding content to supplement it. Finally, these scattered information are combined into complete sentences that conform to grammatical rules and logical rules, and then a smooth essay is formed. Read through this passage and revise it repeatedly to meet the requirements of the abstract.
5. About English abstracts
(1) The writing methods of English abstracts should be based on recognized writing norms.
(2) Use simple sentences as much as possible to avoid monotonous sentence patterns and accurate and complete expression requirements.
(3) Use items correctly.
(4) Write in standard English, avoid using spoken English, use common words that are easy to understand, and don't use uncommon words.
(5) The author uses the past tense in his work and the present tense in his conclusion.
(6) Use active voice more.
6. Keywords
For the purpose of document indexing, words are selected from reports and papers to express the subject content information of the full text. Choose 3-8 words as keywords for each report and paper, and start a new line with prominent characters, which are arranged on the left side of the abstract. If possible, try using ... >>
Question 10: How to write the graduation thesis "Achievement in Learning" and what graduation thesis can you write?
Hello, classmate, which direction did the teacher ask you to write the opening report?
What are the requirements for the opening report?
How many words does the opening report need?
You can tell me the specific typesetting format requirements. I hope I can help you and wish the topic selection of the opening report success.
1, research background
The research background is to ask questions and explain the reasons for studying this topic. The research background includes theoretical background and practical needs. It is also necessary to summarize the research status of similar topics at home and abroad: ① What are people studying and to what extent? (2) Find out what you want to learn but others haven't done yet. (3) What others have done, you think it is not enough (or defective), and put forward perfect ideas or measures. Others have done it, so you have to do another experiment to verify it.
2. Purpose and significance
Purpose meaning refers to what problems will be solved (or what conclusions will be drawn) through this research, and what is the significance of solving this problem (or drawing conclusions). Sometimes the research background and purpose are combined into one.
3. Division of labor among members
Members' division of labor should refer to the specific responsibilities of the members of the research group in the research process, and everyone should have something to do and take responsibility. The team leader is responsible for coordination and organization.
4. Implementation plan
The implementation plan is the core part of the project, which mainly includes the research content, research methods and time arrangement. Research content refers to something that can be operated, generally including several levels: (1) research direction. (2) subtitle (quantity and title). (3) The contents related to the research plan, that is, through what, what purpose is achieved, etc. Should the research method clearly indicate whether it is literature research or experimental investigation? If the survey is a general survey or a spot check? If it is an experimental study, please indicate whether there are controlled experiments and repeated experiments. The implementation plan shall specify the schedule, location, tasks and objectives of each stage and the responsible person. If you go out to investigate, you should list the investigators, subjects, contents, means of transportation, investigation tools, etc. If it is an experimental study, you need to write down the experimental content, experimental location and equipment. The more specific the implementation, the easier it is to operate.
5. Feasibility demonstration
Feasibility demonstration refers to the conditions needed for research, that is, materials, experimental equipment, research funds, students' knowledge and skills and teachers' guiding ability. In addition, what work has been done, what difficulties and problems still exist, and what help schools and teachers need to provide.
6. Expected results and their manifestations
The expected results usually appear in the form of papers or investigation (experiment) reports. The results are expressed in words, pictures, objects, multimedia and so on.