Question 2: What are the main features of literary language? The linguistic features of literary works actually refer to the genre of literary works. The specific style of literary works refers to the formal categories of various literary works. It is the external expression of the ideological nature of the work and belongs to the formal category of the work. Literary genre is formed by history. In the process of its formation and development, various literary genres have gradually formed their own relatively stable characteristics and laws in terms of expression, image building, structural arrangement and language use, which have become the basis of stylistic classification. The Evolution of Stylistic Classification The stylistic classification in China's history sprouted as early as the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. For example, poems, books, poems and essays appeared in The Analects of Confucius, but the literary works at that time were not strictly different from ordinary academic works. In the Han Dynasty, with the development of pure literature such as Ci and Fu, names such as articles and literature appeared. At that time, the so-called literature, also known as erudition, generally refers to academic works such as classics and history; The so-called articles, also known as literary works, refer to poetic works, including poems, ci fu, historical biographies, memorials and so on. The appearance of such names means that literary works are beginning to be distinguished from general academic works. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the development of literary creation and the increasing diversification of literary genres, the theory of literary classification was gradually formed. Cao Pi's classic theory? The theory that husbands have the same text but different endings can be regarded as the origin of stylistic classification. According to this principle, he divided the works that belonged to literature at that time into four branches: recitation, book theory, inscription and postscript, and poetry. Later, Lu Ji of the Western Jin Dynasty put forward the idea of classifying things according to the forms described in literary works. He divided literary works into ten categories: poetry, ode, monument, obituary, inscription, admonition, ode, argument, performance and speech, and made a concise summary of the characteristics of each category. In the Qi and Liang Dynasties, Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" summed up the experience of stylistic classification in previous dynasties and people's views at that time, and put forward the idea of classifying literary style, that is, the so-called "Wen Xin Diao Long?" General surgery "). This classification focuses on the linguistic characteristics of works, that is, according to the rhyme or non-rhyme of their language, all kinds of works are divided into two categories: verse and prose. This is the dichotomy of China's traditional stylistic classification. It was widely adopted by later generations and became a dominant classification. The Selected Works compiled by Xiao Tong in the Liang Dynasty paid more attention to the boundary between literature and non-literature, and put forward the selection criteria that things are based on meditation and righteousness belongs to Han Dynasty. He classified Confucian classics, sub-books and history books as non-literature, and did not accept them. Instead, he divided the works belonging to literature into 39 orders. This complicated trend of literary classification urges literary critics to comprehensively study and classify many literary variants. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, novels and traditional opera literature have made great progress, but because they are excluded from literature by traditional literary concepts, they have not caused much change in literary classification. Since the late Qing Dynasty, with the introduction of western modern cultural thoughts, including literary thoughts, foreign novels and dramas have been gradually translated and introduced, and the modern novels and dramas created by China have also attracted people's attention, so there was a tendency to classify novels and dramas as independent literary genres in some literary magazines and works at that time. Around the May 4th Movement, with the rise of the literary revolutionary movement, new poems (free poems), new novels (modern vernacular novels) and new dramas (modern dramas) developed rapidly. China's traditional stylistic classification can no longer explain the different ways and characteristics of increasingly diversified and modern literary styles in expressing ideas and shaping images. As a result, the ancient traditional dichotomy was gradually replaced by the modern classification which absorbed the advantages of western classification. Since the May 4th Movement, the popular classification of modern literature has been divided into three parts and four parts, especially the latter is used by people. The May 4th literary revolution also involved the classification theory of literature, and some pioneers at that time, in this respect ... >>
Question 3: What are the deep features of literary language? Children's hobbies are always changing, just like the weather in early spring. These days, he was fascinated by literature and asked the old man about the characteristics of literary language. The old man said, "Everyone has a different understanding of literary language. What I say is not necessarily the same as what your teacher said." Literature pays attention to thinking in images and creates vivid characters through vivid and tortuous storylines. This character embodies the author's ideological interest, ideals and beliefs. Will the different characters portrayed by the author have the same language? The child said, "The language of jy in Li Kui is definitely different from that of Lin Daiyu. Rude people use rude words, and good ladies use reserved words. Otherwise, we will feel unreal. " The old man said, "Yes. This is a major feature of literary language. Mr. Lu Xun once said that there are some places in The Water Margin and A Dream of Red Mansions, and readers can tell people by words. The second characteristic of literary language is that while giving characters personalized language, authors must also show their own unified language style and form distinctive language characteristics among different authors. Moreover, the more obvious the first feature is, the more prominent the second feature is. So sometimes the works of some great writers look very rustic. "The child showed a thoughtful expression.
Question 4: the characteristics of classical literary language;
1) pays attention to simplicity of language and pursues simplicity and beauty.
2) Pay attention to the description of characters' actions, language and details, and show the characters in conflict.
3) Influenced by folklore and the art of "talking", the tradition of telling stories has been formed.
4) Influenced by classical poetry, many poems and rhymes are interspersed in the narrative.
Question 5: the characteristics of literary language and art literature uses language to shape literary images.
Using artistic images to convey aesthetic information is the characteristic of all arts, not unique to literature. Only in this way can we distinguish between art and non-art, but we cannot distinguish between literature and other art categories. In fact, when we talk about artistic image as a feature of literature, there is an implicit premise, that is, language is used as a medium and material to shape artistic image. Now let's start from this aspect and further explore the characteristics of literature.
According to the different materials, media and means used to shape artistic images, art can be divided into plastic arts, performing arts, language arts and comprehensive arts. From this point of view, a remarkable feature that distinguishes literature from other kinds of art is that it uses language as a material to create artistic images. So Gorky said: "The first element of literature is language." "Language fixes all our impressions, feelings and thoughts and is the basic material of literature. Literature is a plastic art expressed in language. " The practice of literary creation shows that language is the only material for writers to embody aesthetic consciousness. His understanding, understanding and evaluation of life depend on language; He thinks artistically and breeds artistic images, but he can't completely leave the language; Finally, when he wants to express his inner aesthetic feelings and experiences, give it a material shell and turn it into an artistic image for others to appreciate, he can only rely on language. Therefore, people often refer to excellent writers as language masters and excellent literary works as treasures of language art.
In these honorifics, besides showing respect for the author, are there some amazing elements behind them? There seems to be. Mr Qian Gurong especially likes the language in Cao Yu's plays. Every time I read Mr. Cao Yu's plays, "there is always a kind and fresh feeling." His bright, beautiful, refined and vivid language often subtly brings me into an artistic world and gives me infinite joy. " Qian Gurong "often thinks that language may be the most magical of all human creations. Can't catch, can't touch, is nothing, but can be transformed into everything. As a Russian proverb says, language is not honey, but it can stick to everything. I'm afraid each of us has experienced a similar sense of surprise to varying degrees. When Mr. Qian read Cao Yu's works, he couldn't help being fascinated by the magic of his language.
How to use language materials to create images and "speak" those "unspeakable" aesthetic feelings has become a key to literary creation. Here, the essence of contradiction is how to express the unique mood, color, artistic conception, verve and artistic conception of personal feelings with words with fixed meaning that everyone has, that is, how to transform social language into personal language, which can be said to be a mystery and principle in the use of literary language.
According to the traditional point of view, the main means for literature to shape artistic images by language is description, that is, using various rhetorical devices to describe the shape and expression of the object as accurately, vividly and concretely as possible, and strive to achieve the degree of vividness, vividness and vividness. However, in fact, literature is not the only way to convey aesthetic feeling. Literature often plays the non-descriptive function of language, not only through words, but also attaches great importance to shaping artistic images with language sense, context and special sentence patterns, especially those with psychological images as the main form, in order to achieve the goal of perfectly expressing the aesthetic implication hidden in the deep heart. The use of language sense, context and special sentence patterns can promote the transformation from social language to personal language, and make the language often used and new. In this sense, it can be said that the existence of individual speech is the fundamental difference between literary language and non-literary language.
Literature can also directly show the inner activities of characters at multiple levels and angles through various artistic means. This is also an important reason why literature can express complex and subtle thoughts and feelings. In the tenth chapter of the novel Heavy Wings, Zhang Jie describes the first encounter between Zheng Yuanyuan and Mo Zheng, which fully shows this feature: "I will come to see you at 7: 30 every night." Zheng Yuanyuan couldn't figure out why he gave orders to people he met for the first time. She is somewhat aware of her willfulness and coquetry. God, why? She has never been willful and coquettish to any boy. This is a bit special, isn't it? This is equivalent to her giving Mo A Zheng a kind of strength, a unique strength. With what? His male self-esteem and reserve? Her > & gt
Question 6: What are the three basic characteristics of literature? Basic features:
One is culture, the other is history, and the third is reality.
In addition, it has the characteristics of humanity, sociality, nationality, people's nature and class nature.
Introduction:
Literature is an art that vividly reflects the objective reality and expresses the author's inner world by using language and characters, including poems, essays, novels, plays, fables and fairy tales. It is an important manifestation of culture, which expresses inner feelings in different forms, that is, genres, and reproduces social life in a certain period and region. As a discipline, literature includes China language and literature, foreign language and literature and journalism and communication.
Literature is one of the humanities, which keeps pace with philosophy, religion, law and politics. It originated from human thinking activities. Oral literature first appeared, usually combined with music to form lyric poems that can be sung. The earliest written documents are China's The Book of Songs, Indian Ramayana and ancient Greek Ilion Ji. China's works written in words in the pre-Qin period were collectively referred to as literature, and literary works were listed separately only after Wei and Jin Dynasties. The classification of European traditional literature theory divides literature into three categories: poetry, prose and drama. Modern literature is usually divided into four categories: poetry, novel, prose and drama.
Literature is the art of language, an important embodiment of social culture and beauty. Literary works are works that writers express their unique spiritual world with unique language art. Without these two unique characteristics, there would be no real literary works. An outstanding writer is a hero in the spiritual world of a nation. Literature represents the art and wisdom of a nation. Literature is a subject that expresses social life and psychological activities in words, and belongs to the category of social ideology.
Meaning:
(1) One of the social ideologies, all books and documents written in words are collectively referred to as literature. Modern art refers to the art of shaping images with language to reflect social life and express thoughts and feelings, so it is also called "language art". During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties in China, literature was divided into two categories: verse and prose. Modern literature is usually divided into poetry, prose, novel, drama, film and television literature and other genres. Various schools have various styles.
(2) One of the four schools of Confucius, The Analects? Advanced: "Literature, Ziyou, Xia Zi."
Xing Bingshu: "If the article has knowledge, there is a child tour and Xia Zi." He also teaches subjects for aristocratic children. Uncle Song? "The Biography of Lei Cizong": "The world attaches great importance to art, which makes Danyang Yin He establish metaphysics, the prince leads He Chengtian to establish history, and Stuart joins the army to thank Yiwen."
(3) refers to the cultivation of the word chapter, Yuan Jie's "Da Tang Fu": "Wen Ruo is not old, who will do it?"
(4) Official, which was placed in states, counties and kingdoms in Han Dynasty, or "literature and history" or "literature and history", originated from later teaching. In order to select talents, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty specially set up the subject of "Xianwen", and all counties recommended talents to take the exam in Beijing. Those who are recommended are called "sages". "Virtue" refers to a person with good moral character and noble morality; "Wen" refers to people who are proficient in Confucian classics. After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it became known as "literary engagement". In the Tang Dynasty, the doctor was placed in Zhou Xian County, which was renamed as "Literature" in Dezong, and the prince and the king were also placed as "Literature". Abolished in Ming and Qing dynasties.
(5) Literature belongs to the category of art and social ideology. When China was in the pre-Qin period, he had two meanings: literature and erudition. Modern refers to an art form that uses language to create images to reflect and act on social life. China generally divides it into four categories: poetry, prose, novel and drama literature.
(6) Literature is humanistic, social, national, people-oriented, class-oriented and authentic.
The development of literature is a complicated process, which is influenced by various internal and external factors of literature. Generally speaking, literature develops with the development of social life. There are three main social functions of literature: one is cognitive function, the other is educational function and the third is aesthetic function. These three functions occur at the same time, which constitutes the social function of literature.
(7) Literature is a product of consciousness and a reflection of life. Literature is an objective thing. After it reaches people's minds, people recombine and assemble what is expressed in words.
(8) There are literatures both at home and abroad, but there are differences between foreign literature and China literature. For example, the classification of foreign novels is different from that of China.
(9) After the Renaissance, the world's definition of literature gradually evolved into: literature is an art based on written language. Because its carrier is language, it is different from music, art and other art forms. Renaissance literature and art are getting rid of "three kinds of pseudo-literature" (stupid lie literature, compromise literature and ... >; & gt
Question 7: How to analyze the language characteristics of literary works and the problem-solving skills of prose reading in the senior high school entrance examination?
First, the characteristics of prose
Content: The author expresses his understanding of life or profound life experience through things, remembering people and writing scenes. The so-called self-perception is to discover and understand the special meaning and beauty of things.
Formally: (1) personal lyricism is the mainstay, combining lyricism, narration and discussion; (2) Starting from the details, seeing the big from the small; (3) Suggest from the side and give full play to the reader's imagination; (4) Freedom of writing and flexible structure.
To sum up the above two points: Prose is characterized by "scattered form and scattered spirit". When reading prose, we should grasp the "spirit" through "form", understand the thoughts and feelings that the author wants to express, grasp the structure and clues (context) of the article, and pay attention to appreciating beautiful language.
Second, the classification of prose.
Narrative: an essay that focuses on remembering people, narrating, describing objects and scenery. This kind of prose also focuses on writing some scenery and scenes. The author does not describe them purely objectively, but combines external things with internal information to express certain thoughts and feelings.
Lyric prose: Lyric prose mainly expresses the author's feelings, * * and wishes about real life. What kind of feelings and how to express them in lyric prose have a lot to do with whether the ideological significance revealed in the article is profound or not.
An article based on discussion. Its reasoning is often carried out with the help of the brief description of the case, image description and emotional expression, which is very literary. Like the general argumentative writing, it requires clear viewpoints, accurate concepts, sufficient reasoning and clear levels to convince people. However, it does not need logical reasoning and rigorous argumentation. Common short and pithy articles such as essays and miscellaneous feelings with strong literariness belong to this category; The author often makes sense by describing ancient and modern stories, flowers, birds, insects and fish, which is interesting and full of emotion.
Third, the clues of prose
The common clues of prose conception are: taking emotion as the clue; Take reason as a clue; Take things as clues; Taking space as a clue; Take behavior as a clue; Take Yan Wen as a clue. Some articles have not only bright lines, but also dark lines. The characteristics of clues are: they run through the whole text in structure, appear and disappear, and have obvious signs (either the title itself or repeated appearances in the text).
Fourth, the language of prose.
Prose has a strong sense of language, euphemism and implication, harmonious tone and strong expressive force. In the analysis, we should pay special attention to its specific meaning in the language environment, and combine the context, the author's thoughts and feelings, the language style of the article, and even rhetoric to understand both the surface meaning and the deep meaning of words.
Fifth, the artistic conception of prose.
Artistic conception is the product of objective life, scenery, subjective thoughts and emotions, and it has implicit and far-reaching beauty. Beautiful prose can be described as "poetry without rhyme", and its artistic conception can be compared with poetry. When reading prose, we should be good at entering the artistic conception described in prose through our own feelings. We can't ignore the thinking of language. We should mobilize our rich imagination, combine our existing knowledge and emotions, and gain subjective experience, so as to achieve the perfection and sublimation of our thoughts.
Sixth, the expression of prose.
The common expression techniques are: symbol, object-to-object expression, contrast, desire to promote first, suppression, lyricism with scenery, comparison with things, association imagination, suspense setting, lyricism with scenery, rendering, rhetoric and so on.
(1) symbol
Prose often uses symbolic writing. Symbolism is a metaphor, that is, expressing a far-reaching meaning through a certain image. The "figuration" here-"thing" is the noumenon, the corresponding thing is the symbol, and "far meaning" is the symbolic meaning. (2) Hold something to express your will.
It is an important way to describe scenery in prose. That is to personify the scenery or scene written and give it people's thoughts, feelings and wishes.
(3) Comparison and contrast
In prose, in order to highlight the object written by the author, the author often uses the method of comparison and contrast.
(4) Want to promote first inhibition
It seems that the article doesn't like peace in the mountains, and the prose pays more attention to the waves. To praise something, first express your dislike of it; If you want to praise a person, you should first say his shortcomings and so on, and then achieve the purpose of praise and praise according to the development of the plot, and make this praise and praise emphasized.
8. Ideological nature of prose
The profound meaning in prose is attached to concrete things and has certain symbolic significance. Writing a person's prose can analyze the relationship between the characters and the environment, and combine the author's attitude and feelings towards the characters to understand the thoughts of the works ...
Question 8: What are the main features of literary language? The linguistic features of literary works actually refer to the genre of literary works. The specific style of literary works refers to the formal categories of various literary works. It is the external expression of the ideological nature of the work and belongs to the formal category of the work. Literary genre is formed by history. In the process of its formation and development, various literary genres have gradually formed their own relatively stable characteristics and laws in terms of expression, image building, structural arrangement and language use, which have become the basis of stylistic classification. The Evolution of Stylistic Classification The stylistic classification in China's history sprouted as early as the Zhou and Qin Dynasties. For example, poems, books, poems and essays appeared in The Analects of Confucius, but the literary works at that time were not strictly different from ordinary academic works. In the Han Dynasty, with the development of pure literature such as Ci and Fu, names such as articles and literature appeared. At that time, the so-called literature, also known as erudition, generally refers to academic works such as classics and history; The so-called articles, also known as literary works, refer to poetic works, including poems, ci fu, historical biographies, memorials and so on. The appearance of such names means that literary works are beginning to be distinguished from general academic works. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, with the development of literary creation and the increasing diversification of literary genres, the theory of literary classification was gradually formed. Cao Pi's classic theory? The theory that husbands have the same text but different endings can be regarded as the origin of stylistic classification. According to this principle, he divided the works that belonged to literature at that time into four branches: recitation, book theory, inscription and postscript, and poetry. Later, Lu Ji of the Western Jin Dynasty put forward the idea of classifying things according to the forms described in literary works. He divided literary works into ten categories: poetry, ode, monument, obituary, inscription, admonition, ode, argument, performance and speech, and made a concise summary of the characteristics of each category. In the Qi and Liang Dynasties, Liu Xie's "Wen Xin Diao Long" summed up the experience of stylistic classification in previous dynasties and people's views at that time, and put forward the idea of classifying literary style, that is, the so-called "Wen Xin Diao Long?" General surgery "). This classification focuses on the linguistic characteristics of works, that is, according to the rhyme or non-rhyme of their language, all kinds of works are divided into two categories: verse and prose. This is the dichotomy of China's traditional stylistic classification. It was widely adopted by later generations and became a dominant classification. The Selected Works compiled by Xiao Tong in the Liang Dynasty paid more attention to the boundary between literature and non-literature, and put forward the selection criteria that things are based on meditation and righteousness belongs to Han Dynasty. He classified Confucian classics, sub-books and history books as non-literature and did not collect them, but divided the works belonging to literature into 39 orders. This complicated trend of literary classification urges literary critics to comprehensively study and classify many literary variants. After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, novels and traditional opera literature have made great progress, but because they were excluded from literature by traditional literary concepts, they did not cause much change in literary classification. Since the late Qing Dynasty, with the introduction of western modern cultural thoughts, including literary thoughts, foreign novels and dramas have been gradually translated and introduced, and the modern novels and dramas created by China have also attracted people's attention, so there was a tendency to classify novels and dramas as independent literary genres in some literary magazines and works at that time. Around the May 4th Movement, with the rise of the literary revolutionary movement, new poems (free poems), new novels (modern vernacular novels) and new dramas (modern dramas) developed rapidly. China's traditional stylistic classification can no longer explain the different ways and characteristics of increasingly diversified and modern literary styles in expressing ideas and shaping images. As a result, the ancient traditional dichotomy was gradually replaced by the modern classification which absorbed the advantages of western classification. Since the May 4th Movement, the popular classification of modern literature has been divided into three parts and four parts, especially the latter is used by people. The May 4th literary revolution also involved the classification theory of literature, and some pioneers at that time, in this respect ... >>
Question 9: What are the basic characteristics of literary language? There are three main characteristics of literary language art: on the one hand, the indirect characteristics of literary language are intentionality and fuzziness; On the second hand, the powerful expressive force of literary language shows complex and subtle characteristics; Thirdly, the freedom of literary language embodies the characteristics of transcending time and space.
Question 10: What are the deep features of literary language? Children's hobbies are always changing, just like the weather in early spring. These days, he was fascinated by literature and asked the old man about the characteristics of literary language. The old man said, "Everyone has a different understanding of literary language. What I say is not necessarily the same as what your teacher said." Literature pays attention to thinking in images and creates vivid characters through vivid and tortuous storylines. This character embodies the author's ideological interest, ideals and beliefs. Will the different characters portrayed by the author have the same language? The child said, "The language of jy in Li Kui is definitely different from that of Lin Daiyu. Rude people use rude words, and good ladies use reserved words. Otherwise, we will feel unreal. " The old man said, "Yes. This is a major feature of literary language. Mr. Lu Xun once said that there are some places in The Water Margin and A Dream of Red Mansions, and readers can tell people by words. The second characteristic of literary language is that while giving characters personalized language, authors must also show their own unified language style and form distinctive language characteristics among different authors. Moreover, the more obvious the first feature is, the more prominent the second feature is. So sometimes the works of some great writers look very rustic. "The child showed a thoughtful expression.