Silla people have extensively studied China's politics, history, philosophy, astronomy, calendar and medicine. China's political and economic system has a great influence on Silla. In the mid-8th century, Silla imitated the political system of the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt its own administrative organization. The central government set up a deacon province, which was equivalent to the Shangshu province in the Tang Dynasty. Deacon province consists of three governments and three departments, which is equivalent to six departments in the Tang Dynasty. In the late 8th century, Silla also adopted the imperial examination system to select officials, taking Confucian classics as the examination content. Pyongyang, the capital of Silla, was built in imitation of Chang 'an and Luoyang, and also divided into Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. In 675, Silla began to adopt the calendar of the Tang Dynasty. Silla MD teaches students with China medical books such as Materia Medica Classic. Korean culture also had a certain influence on the Tang Dynasty. Their music is very popular with the people of China. One of the ten pieces of music set by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty is Koryo music.

Xuanzang's journey to the west

Xuanzang (600-664) was born in Luozhou (now Gouzhen, Yanshi, Henan) and became a monk at the age of 13. Later people called him Master Sanzang (Sanzang is the general name of Buddhist classic trilogy-Buddhist scriptures, precepts, explanations and annotations, and monks who are familiar with Sanzang are called Master Sanzang). In the early Tang Dynasty, he studied Buddhist theory in Sichuan and Chang 'an. He felt that there were many sects of Buddhism and many mistakes in the translation of Buddhist scriptures, which made people at a loss. He is determined to study Buddhist scriptures in Tianzhu and study and solve some difficult problems in Buddhist teachings. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), he set out from Chang 'an, mingled with merchants who returned to the Western Regions, and left Yumenguan westward alone. After eight hundred miles of quicksand (that is, the Mohe Yanqi outside Yumenguan), it crossed Xinjiang from Tianshan South Road, crossed the Green Ridge, crossed Central Asia, and reached the northwest of Tianzhu in the late summer of the second year of Zhenguan (628). Then along a route from west to east, he visited the famous Buddhist holy places and many eminent monks in the Ganges Valley. At the end of the fifth year of Zhenguan (63 1), I went to the Mohist Tuoguo and came to Nalanduo Temple.

Nalanduo Temple is the highest institution of Buddhism in Tianzhu. The monk who lives in this temple is an authority on Indian Buddhism. He is 90 years old and has stopped giving lectures. In order to show his friendship with China, he took Xuanzang as a disciple and taught him the most difficult Buddhist sutra-yoga theory. Xuanzang spent five years studying Buddhism theory with excellent results and became one of the top ten exorcists in Nalanduo Temple. Then he went out to study, traveled to the Indian Peninsula, and participated in Buddhist debates many times all the way, which made him famous in Tianzhu. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), he returned to Nalanduo Temple to give lectures. An opponent of the Nalanduo Sect wrote a paper and presented it to the king of the Anti-Japanese War, claiming that no one could refute a word of it. King Jieri handed the paper to Jiexian and decided to hold an academic conference in the capital Qunv City. Xuanzang and 1000 monks attended the meeting on behalf of Nalanduo Temple. King Jerzy received Xuanzang and asked about the music of Emperor Taizong and China. Xuanzang introduced China's politics, economy, culture, art and the achievements of Emperor Taizong. The king of the Anti-Japanese War was very interested in this and immediately sent a special envoy to Chang 'an Hao Tong. In December of the 16th year of Zhenguan (642), the group women's city debate competition began. More than 3000 kings, Buddhists and Brahmins from Tianzhu 18 attended the meeting. Xuanzang served as the main speaker of the conference. He wrote a paper refuting the man in Sanskrit and read it out at the meeting as the theme of the debate. At the same time, I copied a copy and hung it at the door of the venue. According to the usual practice, whoever can refute a sentence according to reason will be beheaded and apologize. But five days later, no one came to argue. The conference lasted 18 days, and everyone was deeply impressed by Xuanzang's incisive remarks. On the day of the conference, King Jieri and King 18 exchanged generous gifts, which were both declined by Xuanzang. Finally, the king of the Anti-Japanese War begged Xuanzang to ride an elephant decorated with beautiful buildings and make a detour to meet the congregation.

In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), Xuanzang refused the repeated detention of the Japanese king and decided to return to China. King Jerzy and the locals sent him dozens of miles away before breaking up in tears. In the first month of the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an with 657 Buddhist scriptures. Emperor Taizong sent Prime Minister Fang and others out of the city to meet the enemy, and thousands of people from Chang 'an went out of the city to meet them. Emperor Taizong summoned him in Luoyang Palace, and he introduced the Western Regions and Tianzhu to Emperor Taizong. He immediately returned to Chang 'an and began to translate Buddhist scriptures. During the period of 19, * * * translated 75 Buddhist scriptures, totaling 1 335 volumes. Because he has a high literacy of China culture and is proficient in Sanskrit, his translation is fluent and beautiful, and some special terms such as "India" and the word "moment" indicating time are all determined by him. Most of these Buddhist scriptures were later lost in India, and the Chinese version became an important document for studying ancient Indian religion, philosophy, literature and science.

Xuanzang also wrote a book "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" based on his own travels, which recorded the situation of 1 10 countries and 28 rumored countries, including the geographical location, roads, territory, cities, population, customs and customs of Xinjiang and Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and other countries and regions. Now, The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang has been translated into many languages and become a world masterpiece.

Academic trends

China's position in the world during the Sui and Tang Dynasties

Sui and Tang Dynasties were a glorious period in Chinese history, and also had an important influence in world history, forming a glorious page in world history. The economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the status of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in world history are now becoming the focus of academic research, and many works have been published. Many scholars believe that: (1) China's system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was in a leading position in the world history. In the history of all advanced countries at that time, no country entered the feudal society earlier than China. When the Sui Dynasty was founded, the feudal system in Western Europe lasted only one century. As the center of feudalism in Europe, France was 700 years behind China in terms of the beginning of feudalism. (2) In terms of social and economic prosperity, Sui and Tang Dynasties were first-class in the world at that time. At that time, the major cities in the world were Chang 'an, Constantinople and Baghdad. Chang 'an had a population of one million, Constantinople had 800,000, and Baghdad was even less. Chang 'an has the largest population, which not only reflects its industrial and commercial development, but also shows that its agricultural production has reached a higher level. (3) The high culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties made China the birthplace of oriental culture, which had an important influence on the civilized development of Asian countries such as Japan and Korea. (4) Sui and Tang Dynasties were the center of economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West at that time. The fact that China's silk products and papermaking were introduced to the eastern and western countries in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and that China's Buddhism, poetry and science and technology were introduced to the eastern countries in large quantities, proves that China in the Sui and Tang Dynasties played a bridge role in the cultural exchange between the east and the west. Therefore, the Sui and Tang Dynasties played a very important role not only in the history of China, but also in the history of the world at that time.

Picture description

Official tribute map

During the Tang Dynasty, many foreign envoys came to China not far from Wan Li to present their rare treasures to Emperor China, which was an important way of communication between China and foreign countries. The Official Tribute Map reflects the vivid scene of remote ethnic groups and foreign envoys paying tribute to the Tang Dynasty. In the picture, the special envoy is riding a big horse, and the guards around him protect him. There were many people behind the envoys, some carrying birdcages, some carrying ivory, some carrying peacock palm fans, and some walking and talking happily with treasures on their heads. The author of this painting is Yan Lide of the Tang Dynasty. This painting is 6 1.3 cm high and 0/91.5 cm wide.

Kaiyuan Bao Tong in Tang Dynasty

Kaiyuan Bao Tong, also known as Kaiyuan Money, was cast in Wude, Tang Gaozu for four years (62 1) and has been circulating for more than 300 years. This coin is 2.46 cm in diameter and weighs 3.6 grams. The word "Kaiyuan" in coin official script means to open up a new era; The word "Bao Tong" means a precious commodity in circulation. The four-character font "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" is solemn and upright, and it is said that it was the calligraphy of Ouyang Xiu, a famous calligrapher at that time.

Japan's unification Council

1970, two altars of Tang Dynasty cultural relics were unearthed in the southern suburbs of Xi 'an, including five Japanese silver coins. According to Guo Moruo's textual research, this coin was minted in 708 (the first year of Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the same year), and was brought to China as a gift by Tang envoys.

Xuanzang

This portrait of Xuanzang is now preserved in the main hall of Dongxing Temple in Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province. It was carved on a stone tablet according to Xuanzang's Journey to the West painted in the Song Dynasty. Because of the war, temples and stone tablets were destroyed. The statue of Xuanzang that we see now is re-carved according to the rubbings of the original stone tablet. Later, according to the contents of the stone carvings, the paintings were enshrined in Xingjiao Temple.

This painting depicts Xuanzang's return from India. Xuanzang dressed up as a monk, with beads hanging from his chest, sandals on his feet and a small bundle around his waist. He holds the scriptures in his left hand, dusts the dust in his right hand (to drive away mosquitoes and flies), and carries a bamboo book box on his back. On the top of the bookcase is an umbrella for shade and rain, and a small oil lamp is hung on the line in front of the umbrella.