Basic introduction Chinese name: mbth Description: Description; Delineation; Description reading: miáoxi type: Verb detailed explanation, example application, definition, classification, function, characteristics, fine description and sketch, static and dynamic description, character description, environment description, expression description, detailed explanation with the help of description (sketch or drawing) terms in painting, which refers to expressing the image of things in vivid language. Take Mei (Song)' s Talking about Bamboo Flowers with Yang Zhi as an example: "The years are deep in ink, and the flowers are described to warn the world." Shang Zhongxian (Yuan)' s "Liu Yichuan" is the fourth fold: "Draw a pavilion and orchid hall, and describe it with a tassel account. There are countless articles of the stars, all of which are cut into romantic words." Shen Defu (Ming) Song of the Savage and the Mountain Man: "Zhao Xiao is eight years old and Wang also hates it. Because he wrote Song of the Mountain Man, his description of ugliness can be described as a complete song. " Hao Ran's Sunny Day, chapter11:"Jiao wants to describe last night again." Grandpa's white hair shows his vicissitudes, and the wrinkles on his forehead record the hardships of life. Definition description is a vivid and concrete description of the state of an object with bright colors, strong three-dimensional sense and vivid images, giving people a vivid and immersive feeling. It is a kind of expression method with both form and spirit, and it is one of the main expression methods for writing articles about characters, narratives and scenery. What is a description? Description is description, and writing is imitation. Description is to describe the state of people or scenery with vivid language. This is a common expression in general narratives and literary works. Description is a concrete and vivid description of people and things, and its basic feature is to describe images; The performance effect it pursues is to vividly reproduce the "appearance" of objective things in words, so that readers can see people, smell sounds and feel at home. Classification description angle: Describing characters in a positive (direct) and indirect (indirect) way can be divided into language, action, manner, psychology, portrait and so on. Scenery description can be divided into vision, hearing, smell, taste, touch and other methods: static and dynamic combination (writing static and moving), generalization and concrete combination, description from far to near (or from near to far) (lyric). Writing an article with a side (indirect) effect can only be "vivid", "vivid", "vivid" and "vivid" through description. This is because the author uses concrete visual language to write people and things, and makes objective images sound, sound, sound, taste and tangible, so that people have the feeling of being there, seeing people, smelling their voices, smelling their tastes, seeing their colors and experiencing their things. Feature description and line drawing description: use a lot of vivid and appropriate metaphors, gorgeous words and colorful colors, and paint with thick ink.
For example, some paragraphs in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond. Sketch: use simple words to grasp the characteristics of people or things, and outline the image of people or things with a few strokes.
Lu Xun wrote in The Secret of Composition: "There is no secret in sketching. If there is, it is just the opposite of concealment: sincerity, whitewashing, less posturing, and no show off. " (South-to-North Transfer)
For example, this is the description of his father in Zhu Ziqing's Back. It can also be said that line drawing is actually described in a narrative way. Static and dynamic description static description: refers to the plane static description of people or scenery. For example, at the beginning of Midnight, the scenery of the Baidu Bridge outside Suzhou Creek at dusk is described, which is how to express the extraordinary prosperity of old Shanghai in the 1930s. Dynamic description: it refers to describing stillness by personification of movement or things. As written in Zhu Ziqing's "Green", Mei Yuting: "This pavilion stands in the corner of the rock, and there is nothing up and down; Just like an eagle flying in the sky. " Description of characters: Depicting characters is inseparable from description of characters. Ding Ling said: "There are many people we are familiar with. But it takes a lot of skills to draw this figure, let readers know, understand and experience it, and arouse natural love and hate. There are two commonly used methods of character description: frontal description and profile description. Positive description: refers to the direct description of the appearance, psychology and movements of the characters. Profile description: also known as indirect description, is to compare the characters from the side. Appearance description: also called portrait description. It is to describe the appearance characteristics of the characters (including their appearance, clothes, facial expressions, body shape, posture, behavior, etc.). ) in order to reveal their ideological character, express the author's love and hate, deepen the reader's impression of the characters and reflect their personality from the side. Generally use the appearance description: 1, sketch features;
2. Use rhetorical methods;
3. Entrust the author's love and hate;
4, with the help of other people's eyes;
5. Comparison of relevant figures;
6. Several portraits of a person;
7. Combine with other technologies. The requirements of appearance description are: according to the needs, grasp the characteristics, draw vivid shapes, portray personality and express the soul. The key lies in: first, the description of characters should be written according to the needs of plot development, and the portrait of characters cannot be written every time. Some authors don't understand this truth, so his portrait description is sometimes unnecessary. When writing portraits, you can't just grab your eyebrows and beard. Lu Xun told us to "draw eyes". "Drawing eyes" is the key to writing portraits. Lu Xun is very good at "painting eyes" because eyes are the windows of the soul. He wrote 14 times about Lin Sao's eyes in Blessing, and every change of eyes revealed the psychological and personality changes of the characters at that time. It should be emphasized that "drawing eyes" is a concrete expression, which does not mean that you must draw eyes to describe the appearance of characters.
Lu Xun's "eye painting" means that he is good at depicting the most characteristic parts of the characters' appearance carefully and accurately, while abandoning other things that have nothing to do with expressing the characters' personality and mental outlook. Lu Xun wrote Xianglinsao as "painting eyes", but also wrote Xianglinsao's "white hair"; Writing ah q focuses on the scars on his head, but it can show his spiritual victory better than writing eyes; When I wrote about Runtu, I also wrote about Runtu's hand: "That hand is not the red and round hand I remember, but thick, stupid and cracked, like pine bark." It reflects the hardships and pains of life in leap soil. Write about Kong Yiji, but not about eyes, but about his "old robe"
The most important thing in portrait writing is to portray personality and express the soul. Lu Xun is determined to paint the "living soul" of China citizens. In order to write Maslova's soul and outline Maslova's inner world in prison, lev tolstoy revised Maslova's appearance twenty times! Second, the description of appearance should not be formulaic, and plastic surgery should not be done. Generally speaking, "man is man". However, people's heart and appearance are not always the same, and a beautiful appearance is not necessarily a beautiful soul. Moreover, "knowing people knows their faces but not their hearts." Good people written in excellent works are not necessarily beautiful and handsome in appearance; Bad guys are not all pockmarked, blind and lame. For example, the middle-aged gadfly in "The Gadfly" is lame, ugly-looking and riddled with knife wounds. Lei Fensheng, the hero of fadeev's destruction, was short and slightly bent back. All this shows that even if a writer describes his beloved characters, he does not blindly beautify them, but strictly respects the truth of life. When writing critical characters, sometimes the beauty of appearance is often used to contrast the ugliness of the characters' hearts. For example, Medik, the villain in Destruction, is personable, but vacillating and reneging. Xifeng Wang in A Dream of Red Mansions is beautiful and handsome, but ruthless. Psychological description
First, to write about the psychological activities of a character, it is necessary to write about the psychological activities that a specific character will inevitably produce in a specific environment, rather than describing it for psychological description. For example, in snowy and cold days, most people want to keep warm and get out of the sun quickly; This is the normal requirement of human instinct. However, some people in certain circumstances may not think so.
Second, when writing about psychological activities, we should prevent one psychological activity from being left and the other from being right. When key plots, actions and expressions appear, they are accompanied by psychological descriptions. Third, when writing about psychological activities, we should try our best to write about the subtle emotional fluctuations and complex psychological changes of the characters. For example, in the last chapter of Gorky's Mother, Nirovna found the moment of vacillation, fear and inner conflict when spying until she was firm and calm. Action description shows the characters' own actions in the contradictory struggle through language, and shows the description of their personality characteristics and mental outlook. Why do you want to describe the actions of the characters? This is because what people do is the concentrated expression of their thoughts and feelings. In literary works, character action description is the main means to shape characters. In order to shape Song Wu's character, Shi Naian arranged a movie "Jingyanggang Wu Song Beats the Tiger", which was all about how Song Wu "beat" and described Song Wu's heroic qualities and martial arts from the action. It is written in the book that he adopts the strategy of defending first and then attacking, which shows his strategy and wit. It is through the vivid and detailed description of the whole process of fighting tigers in Song Dynasty that the author shows his various personality characteristics. Therefore, Mao Dun said: "A character's character must be expressed through actions and movements." He also said: "Since the actions of the characters (the plot of the works) are the main means to express the character, whether the character is typical depends on whether these actions are typical. When ordering characters to act, the author should try to eliminate those lively and interesting plots that can't show the typical character. Three principles should be mastered in action description: 1. Character should be revealed from one's own actions; Second, the actions of the characters should be chosen to show their character. Therefore, the purpose of describing the actions of characters should be very clear; Third, we should pay attention to the vividness and typicality of characters' actions. The so-called vividness means that the author should write not only what the character is doing, but also how he does it. The so-called typicality means that the author wants to write why the characters do this and not do that. Note: The above-mentioned positive description method is not a mechanical description in writing, whether it is appearance description, psychological description or action description. " People are the sum of social relations. " When describing characters, we should combine these methods and use them flexibly in order to write the characters vividly. Secondly, after studying the positive description, let's take a look at what is the profile description. The so-called profile description refers to the description method that does not describe the characters from the front, but renders the atmosphere and contrasts the characters from the narrative and description of other characters and events. When commenting on The Romance of The Three Kingdoms, Mao Zonggang of A Qing Dynasty thought that novels often used the method of setting off to describe characters. He wrote in the commentary "Heroes Will Be Recruited by Jiang Gan": "There are both positive and negative contrasts. Describing Lu Su's honesty is in sharp contrast to Kong's cleverness. Zhou Yu's clever writing is in sharp contrast with Kong's double cleverness. For example, people who write national colors are beautiful in the form of ugly women, but they are more beautiful if they don't appear in the form of beautiful women; People who write about tiger generals are brave in the form of cowards, not brave in the form of soldiers, but feel braver. "Everything always exists in contradiction. The contrast method is the embodiment and application of dialectical law in artistic creation. Liu Xizai, the author of "Art Outline", said: "The front side does not write the reverse side, and the side side does not write the reverse side. It's wonderful to know the pole by its shadow. "The ancients in China called this method' reverse powder application'. For frontal description and profile description, when describing characters in detail, we should consider whether to use frontal description or profile description or both according to the needs of the theme and the specific circumstances of plot development. Brief introduction of environmental description: environmental description refers to the description of external conditions that are directly related to people-society and nature. Human activities and events are always carried out in a certain social environment and natural environment. " People create the environment, and the environment also creates people. "(Marx and Engels' German Ideology') Therefore, when writing people's notes, it is often necessary to describe the environment. Mao Dun pointed out in "Skills of Art": "If people want to move in a certain environment, they must write about the environment in their works. The environmental description in the works, whether it is social environment or natural environment, is not a dispensable embellishment, but is closely related to the thoughts and actions of the characters. "Scenery description: Scenery description refers to a detailed description of the characteristics of the surrounding scenery itself. Scenery is indispensable in every place. Describing the scenery can play the following four roles: it can explain the background of the story, highlight the characters of key figures, promote the development of the story plot, integrate the scenes and express their feelings by using the scenery; (1) You can borrow things to express your wishes; (2) Things can be used to describe people's natural environment; (1) Description of the natural environment, also known as scenery description, is a description of the natural scenery in which people are active. The main functions of scenery description are: (1) to contrast the emotions of characters by writing scenery; (2) Write down the season and place of scenic spots; (3) Write scenes to show the relationship between characters; (4) Write scenes to express the character. ? When describing scenery, we should pay attention to the following points: l, observe carefully and grasp the description of scenery characteristics. Only by grasping the characteristics to write the scenery can we be "real, so that readers can imagine the scenery you wrote immediately after closing their eyes". ("Chekhov Literature") 2. Choose timing and angle when writing about scenery. Chekhov believes that "landscape description is only appropriate when it is appropriate. When it can convey such feelings to readers like music or recitation accompanied by music, it will not make the situation worse." "3, to reflect the local color. When instructing young writers, Lu Xun put forward: "Now the world environment is different, and there must be local colors in art, so it will not be the same." He added: "Local colors can also increase the beauty and strength of paintings. People who grew up in their own places are used to it, or they don't feel anything, but people in other places seem to feel that they broaden their horizons and increase their knowledge. " 4. Scenery writing should penetrate the feelings of the characters. Scenery should not be a purely objective description of naturalism. Wang Guowei divided the realm into "the realm without me" and "the realm with me" in "Words on Earth". The so-called "my realm" means that "everything is my color", and the thoughts and feelings of the author or characters act on the surrounding scenery and directly penetrate into the author's feelings in the scenery written. 5. Write the scenery by contrast. For example, the landscape atmosphere at the beginning and end of Blessing contrasts Xianglinsao's tragedy with the music scene, which further strengthens the critical power of her works to the old society. 6. Write the scenery with symbolism. Such as Gorky's Haiyan and Mao Dun's Before the Thunderstorm. Description of social environment (II) Description of social environment: In a narrow sense, social environment refers to places, backgrounds, atmosphere, etc. A place where people are active; In a broad sense, it refers to the sum of social life and interpersonal relationships in a certain historical period. If we write about a student, we can't help but write about the social environment in which he studies: the school, the teachers and classmates in the class in the school and their relationship, and sometimes, we will also write about his family, parents, relatives and friends. The description of the social environment must have a distinct color of the times. Just as Wang Yuanjian wrote the works of the Red Army, the social environment of the Seven Matches was different from that of ordinary workers. Taking "poverty" and "the greatness of life and the glory of death" as the themes, writing about the past struggles with the enemy shows the quality of party member, and the description of social environment also has its own characteristics. Contemporary works, on the other hand, have distinct colors of the times. For example, many works show environmental awareness when describing the environment, which was impossible in the past environment. ? To describe the social environment, we should try our best to draw "genre painting". Gorky said: "Don't forget: in addition to landscape painting, there are genre paintings." For example, the rural dinner scene in the south of the Yangtze River at the beginning of Lu Xun's The Tempest is a very distinctive genre painting. Description of Objects In writing, we should not only describe people, but also describe the environment, and also describe objects, that is, all kinds of animals, plants and inanimate objects-objects that exist objectively in nature and objects invented and created by human beings. This kind of object description is also called "object". An object is a description of an object, similar to "sketching" in painting. The purpose of the object is to make readers have an accurate and vivid concrete impression of the described object. The predecessors' requirements for things are: to write God in form, and to have both form and spirit. In other words, the object should work hard from two aspects: "imitation" and "vivid". What is plagiarism? It vividly describes the size, shape, color and texture of an object. In order to present the described object to readers concretely and vividly, we must pay attention to the characteristics of the object, not only the overall characteristics of the object, but also the local characteristics and details of the object. Therefore, it is necessary to observe the object carefully, find out the difference between the object and other objects, and distinguish the differences of various parts of the object. Based on past experience? To be accurate and vivid, we should pay attention to the use of quantifiers and locative words, make comparisons, use metaphors and use dynamic words to describe still life. What is "vividness"? It describes the inner expression of an object, which makes the described object infectious, thus arousing readers' emotion, association or enlightenment. "Vividness" should be combined with "similarity" and cannot be added. It is best to "vividly" in the process of "copying". Of course, you can also use arguments while describing, but it should be appropriate and not too much. Describe the object-things should be done in a certain order. Its order is related to the observation order, the structure of the object itself and the need of theme expression. According to the observation order, it is usually according to people's observation habits, from part to whole, from surface to interior, or from shape and color to position and structure. According to the structure of the object, its order can be from top to bottom, from front to back, from left to right, or from main part to secondary part, or from external structure to internal structure. To express the objects you want to express according to the theme, the order must echo the main contents of the objects to reflect the inner meaning of the objects. Things should pay attention to artistry, and try to be knowledgeable, interesting and attractive. Description of facial expressions, etc.