Verb (short for verb)? Studying for a doctorate in Germany
In China, it is not clear whether foreign students can get their doctorate by taking the priority degree exam "Rigorosum" instead of taking the national exam. They think they are all "medical doctors", but there are differences. Only by passing the national examination can you be qualified to obtain a doctor's license and become a doctor in Germany. So, if I go back to Germany now, I am still qualified to be a doctor. In addition, I got the qualification certificate of "Surgical Specialist" in Germany from 1945 to 65438+February, and it was not easy to get it.
From 65438 to 0938, I got a doctoral program at the Institute of Pathology, Medical College of Munich University. The tutor is Professor bost, a world-famous pathologist. The specific tutor is H? Dr. ra's research topic is "Pathological mechanism of hypertrophic appendicitis". The institute received an appendix the size of an adult thumb, which was not a tumor or general inflammation, and the pathological diagnosis was unknown. Therefore, Professor bost thinks that the lesion is caused by low-toxic Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but there is no evidence, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis must be found in the specimen. I have consulted a lot of literature, and there are similar reports, but it is only speculation and has not been confirmed. I did it myself in the Institute of Pathology, and made many sliced specimens. Finally, I found a Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Zechel-Nelson staining with different staining methods. The teacher is very happy that the diagnosis is clear. He asked me to write a thesis and publish it as a doctoral thesis. In fact, this is a case report, but the workload is still quite large. Of course, compared with the current doctoral thesis, it is too simple. But in the period 70 years ago, it was already a doctoral thesis.
Professor Max bost, my doctoral supervisor, is highly respected and knowledgeable. The German government awarded him the title of "Geheimrat". He is not tall and steady, and often wears a red tie. Pathohistology, written by him, is a classic work, which has been translated in many different languages. He loves classical music and is the conductor of a doctor symphony orchestra. Professor bost is cheerful and humorous. Medical students all know that the pathological examination of the national examination is particularly strict, and it takes five pathological lenses to make a diagnosis. This is really difficult for a medical student. Therefore, an open secret in pathological research is to find an old technician before the exam. His figure is a bit like that of Professor bost. If you give him 5 points, you can get 5 shots and diagnosis. The old technician also gave these five shots to Professor bost during the exam. 1938, a classmate who transferred from another city to the medical school of Munich University, also went to the pathological institute to find an old technician before taking the national examination. I happened to meet Professor bost himself in the hall of the college. The student thought he was an old technician, so he gave Professor bost five points, and Professor bost accepted and gave the student five lenses. The next day, when we were in class, Professor bost said at the beginning, which classmate here, I want to pay back the 5 marks he paid me yesterday. This incident caused the students in the whole classroom to knock on the table for a long time; Express joy and praise. I couldn't help laughing when I recalled the scene at that time today. Professor bost died in a car accident on 1946. During 1979' s visit to Germany, I met Professor bost's son, a famous professor of thoracic and cardiac surgery in mhh. Through him, I visited Professor bost's wife, my mistress, and was warmly received by her. Jinyuan's doctoral program is about the function of vitamin C. His tutor is the pioneer of vitamin C. His name is Professor Stepp. It's hard to feed mice through gold dollars every day. His paper score is "I" and mine is "II". On the contrary, my national exam score is "I" and his is "II". In this way, we both have our strengths and weaknesses, but we are actually even.
What needs to be declared here is that the name on my university graduation and doctoral degree certificate is German Pinyin: tjiufa-dsdu；; After returning to China, it was changed to English Pinyin: Chiufa-tsu; After liberation, they all used modern Chinese pinyin: Qiu Fazu. My birthday has also been changed. At that time, I only knew that I was a tiger and was born in winter. According to China's old habit, birthdays are not remembered, but only the zodiac; From birth to the first Spring Festival, that is, my birthday is one year old, so I figured out that I was born in 19 15; I wrote my birthday as191511.0515 for convenience of memory. When I got home, I asked my father. He looked up the yearbook. My real birthday is 19 14 12.6, and the German proofs are all wrong.
In our three years of clinical medical study, what makes me most unhappy is that my classmates think we are Japanese. I remember once, the student union organized a visit to a hot spring area on the outskirts of Munich. At the meeting in the evening, Guo Jinyuan and I entered the venue, and everyone shouted together: Welcome to the Japanese. Of course, I am very unhappy. I got up the courage to walk up the steps and said: We are not Japanese, we are from China, and China people can also go to Munich University to study! At that time, the venue was silent, and then the applause thundered. Today, the motherland is rich and strong, and the people of China have stood up. Only the older generation of international students have such personal experience!
Six, start my surgical career.
1939165438+1In mid-October, Guo Jinyuan and I graduated from the Medical College of Munich University with a doctorate in medicine. We are very happy. We held a small celebration for students in the dining room, bowling in the basement at night, and invited six students studying at Munich University to drink beer and eat pork chops. At that time, at the beginning of World War II, Germany's food supply was still sufficient, and the rationing system had not been implemented, so everyone could still have a big meal and laugh and play late into the night. At that time, we also went to see a movie, the first time in Germany, called Jud Süss, which was an insult and slander to Jews. We went to Berlin, Nuremberg (the city where war criminals were tried in World War II, and I also visited the tomb of the famous painter Diu Lei), Leipzig and Dresden, and returned to Munich in mid-June+February of 65438. During this time, I have been thinking about which medical major I want to specialize in after graduation. After I went to Jinyuan, I decided to be a physician, and I decided to be a surgeon again and again. I have a solid anatomical foundation, and my doctoral thesis is about pathology. From anatomy to pathology, and then from pathology to surgery, I am determined to take this road.
I chose the largest municipal Schwabing hospital at that time, with more than 2,000 beds and complete equipment, and it was also the teaching hospital of the Medical College of Munich University. 1one day in the middle of February, 939, I got up the courage and went to see Professor H. Bronner, the surgical director of Schwabin Hospital, with my diploma and doctor's degree certificate. Professor Bronner is very polite. After asking me some questions, he agreed that I would go to work at once, but I didn't get paid and became a so-called "volunteer doctor".
(Wolong? Rarzt). The surgical department of Schwabin Hospital has six wards, half male and half female, with a total of 300 beds. At that time, it was a major operation and there were many diseases. It's too far away from my residence, which is very inconvenient. I get up at 6: 30 every morning and have to take seven trams to get to the hospital. This situation lasted for about half a year.
The directors of all subjects in German big hospitals have their own wards, which are called "private wards". They are all single rooms with good facilities. The expenses for ward rounds, diagnosis and treatment or operation of these patients are all owned by the department director. The reason for this regulation is to improve the treatment of department directors and work with peace of mind, without going to the hospital for part-time work or surgery. The hospital also provides an assistant to the department director to help handle the diagnosis and treatment of private patients; Professor Bronner is assisted by Dr. Schmidt. The official cost of surgery is very wide, and the price of an appendicitis operation is between 500-5000 marks; The director of the department can set the price according to the patient's financial situation, which may be 1000 mark or 5000 mark. This system still exists in Germany today.
As a personal assistant to Professor Bronner, I was hired as a regular employee in Munich with a monthly salary of 300 marks and personal allowance from Professor Bronner 100 marks, so my financial situation is very good. I had a room in the hospital, and three meals were free, so I moved out of my hometown, and my landlord and hostess were crying. At the same time, I wrote to Humboldt Foundation, thanking the monthly scholarship of 150 mark. This happened in July of 194 1. Professor Bronner is very famous. He is a disciple of the famous surgeon Professor Frey, who is the foot of the famous surgeon Sauerbruch. Therefore, I have the honor to be a biography of Sauerbruch Frey Bronner. Professor Bronner works very hard, and his scholarship is very rigorous and meticulous. I work 10 hours every day, and I am as diligent as he is. I remember once, we hurried from one ward to another, and suddenly he stopped and said, walk slowly, we still have enough time to walk into the grave. We smiled at each other. Although it was very hard, I managed patients, operated and worked night shifts under his guidance, and learned a lot of skills and good medical style. Professor Bronner is extremely responsible and caring for patients, and he is a man with noble medical ethics. He is not only strict with the doctors in his own department, but also strict with himself. Go to the department at 7: 30 every morning to attend the morning meeting and listen to the reports of the attending doctors in six wards. Every Tuesday morning, he led all surgeons to the Institute of Pathology and Anatomy of the hospital to participate in the autopsy discussion of death cases, and strictly examined the correctness of the diagnosis and surgical indications of last week's death cases. Every Thursday night, all doctors must attend the new literature report meeting and exchange the contents of the literature read in the past week. He is very strict with his subordinate doctors. I remember one day a senior doctor was a little drunk before going to work in the morning. He not only forbade the doctor to operate mercilessly, but also dismissed him immediately. He is also very strict with me. It was not until I worked in surgery for a year that I was allowed to have my first appendectomy. When I had my appendectomy for the third time, the patient was a middle-aged woman and died suddenly on the fifth day after the operation. Although the autopsy found no surgical problems, Professor Bronner told me with serious eyes, "She (the deceased) is the mother of four children." This sentence 65 years ago has been deeply imprinted in my memory. During my 65-year surgical career, it has been educating me, urging me and affecting my style and attitude.
1943, Germany began to be defeated and Munich was bombed from time to time. I remember one morning, Professor Bronner was doing hand surgery (radical gastrectomy), and I was the first assistant. Just then, the alarm sounded, the American plane roared over us, and the explosion was heard. At that time, I intuitively felt that there would be danger, so I urged Professor Bronner to stop the operation and drag the operating table and the patient out of the operating room. No sooner had we left than a bomb landed there. What a close call! I still sweat when I think about it. In view of this situation, the hospital built an underground operating room with a reinforced concrete wall of 2 meters thick and complete equipment. We operate in it day and night. When we are bombed, we can feel the operating room shaking in the deep underground, just like a ship shaking in the water. As the building is very strong, it has not suffered any damage.
It is not without difficulties that I work in a hospital, but on the whole it is relatively smooth, mainly because I never talk about politics, just work hard, often give them night shifts and never take vacations. They need me to work and I need to learn as many skills as possible as soon as possible. I have a good relationship with most German colleagues, except a surgeon named Hess, SS(Schutzstaffel). He suggested to the hospital leaders that I was not allowed to examine German female patients. Fortunately, my tutor Professor Bronner pushed him back and helped me through this difficulty. Another night, my German wife and I (she was a medical student at the University of Munich) went to a cafe near Munich City Hall for coffee. Because the German government takes special care of China people and rations several kilograms of rice every month, I asked my wife to buy it and give her food stamps and money. The action was stopped by the secret police. At that time, Germany showed signs of defeat, and there was a power outage at night. When we walked out of the cafe, a big hand suddenly stretched out from the darkness, grabbed my right shoulder and showed me his certificate: secret police. I was shocked and showed my certificate: a surgeon in a university hospital. The next day, another person came to investigate. This time, my tutor Professor Bronner protected me, and I was still safe. Since then, I have been very cautious, and I no longer walk or ride a bike with my wife in public.
Hitler's slogan is that only Aryan Germans are excellent people. He tried his best to exclude Jews, who were inferior people. I have witnessed many phenomena and heard a lot of news: all the shops in Munich, including grocery stores, posted a yellow note "Jude Einstein" on the glass door, and I also posted the same note on the right side of the door of a small bakery in Loeb Street, Flawn. One day, when my wife was walking in the park, an old Jewish woman asked my wife in a low voice, "Girl, can you call me from the phone booth?" But my wife agreed, and even the telephone booth was forbidden to Jews. A large department store run by Jews near Munich City Hall was robbed by SS overnight. I saw Jews walking in the street. Most of them were poor and didn't flee Germany in advance. There is a round yellow sign on their skirts, "Factory (Jew)". One or two years after the start of World War II, I often saw young people marching in line, with shovels on their shoulders, singing "Let's go, let's go, let's fight against Britain" (wir fahren, wir fahren, wir fahren.
Gergen, England. Two years before the end of World War II, I often heard a popular song called "Lily Marilyn", which sang the lyrics of a German soldier standing under the street lamp at the entrance of the military camp and thinking about his lover. This song quickly became popular, and all the soldiers in the army sang it, which greatly reduced the morale of the Germans and was once banned from singing. These bits and pieces of information are all what I have seen and heard personally. 1942- 1943, the Germans began to be defeated across the board. I heard that two events that shocked the world happened in Munich. One was Hitler's speech at Bürger Beer Hall, and the audience was crowded with people. After he left the meeting, a timed explosion suddenly occurred, causing many deaths and injuries. Hitler's murder failed. The other is Scholl, two college students from Munich University, and his brother, and several professors and classmates set up an anti-Nazi "White Rose" organization. Scholl brothers and sisters distributed anti-Hitler leaflets on the roof of Munich University Building and were caught by SS. Soon, all the brothers and sisters and several professors were hanged. I will never hear, ask or say anything about these events. I just do my surgery wholeheartedly to protect my wife and myself.
/kloc-at the beginning of 0/944, Munich was attacked day and night, and the German ground anti-aircraft guns had lost their combat effectiveness and had no strength to fight back. Later, even the alarm system failed, so the little players could only ride bicycles and whistle while shouting, call the police! Call the police! Please enter the air defense tunnel. After each bombing, a large number of wounded people poured into the hospital. Hospital beds are far from enough, and the injured are lying on the ground. In this case, the hospital decided to split in two and move to two towns near Munich, one in Brannenburg and the other in Bad T? Lz, each with 200 beds, mainly surgery; I was appointed as Oberarzt (equivalent to deputy chief physician) and sent to Bad Toelz to take charge of the daily work of surgery, while Professor Bronner checked the ward and performed surgery several days every two weeks. Every week, a group of patients are transferred from Munich to Battoltz for treatment, and another group of patients are cured and then transferred back to Munich. In this way, I worked for another two years (1944-1945). It should be affirmed that surgery in Germany was relatively advanced 60 years ago, and the skills of surgeons trained were relatively comprehensive. Because there were no different specialties in surgery at that time, surgeons in German university teaching hospitals could master common operations from head to toe. There are many kinds of diseases and many opportunities for operation in university teaching hospitals. I often have to do two major operations every day, and I have learned a lot of techniques and accumulated quite rich clinical experience. In this respect, I am lucky.
Write about myself VIII