1. Type of photography: painting photography.
Painting photography is a popular art school in the field of photography at the beginning of the 20th century, which originated in England in the middle of19th century.
Is this school of photographers pursuing the effect of painting in their creation, or? Poetic? Field. It has gone through three stages: imitation stage; An elegant stage; Art stage.
The painter suggested it? Raphael for photography and Tizan for photography should be produced. ?
Painting photography has experienced a long period of development. The first photographic disc for painting was a British Chinese painter Shiloh (1802- 1870), who was good at portrait photography, and his works were well-structured and elegant. 185 1 to 1853 is the growth period of painting photography. 1869, British photographer HP Robinson (1830-1901) published a book about the picturesque effect of photography. He proposed that a photographer must have rich emotions and deep artistic understanding if he wants to be an excellent photographer. There is no doubt that the continuous improvement and invention of photography has inspired higher goals, because photography itself, no matter how exquisite and complete, is only a way to higher goals. ? It laid a theoretical foundation for this school.
1857, Og Relander (18 13- 1875) created a Renaissance-style work composed of more than 30 negatives: two lifestyles, which marked the maturity of painting and photography.
Most of the works in this period are full of religious colors and contain certain metaphors. When shooting, make a sketch in advance, then use models and props to organize and arrange the scene, and deal with it through the darkroom. Pursue the painting effect of the photo screen.
Subsequently, the content of painting photography has been expanded, but the style still advocates classicism, and the modeling and composition still have academic rules, so it is implicit, heavy and elegant.
When the genre develops to the painting stage, it is still characterized by the pursuit of emotional beauty, artistic conception beauty and formal beauty.
Because painters emphasize artistic accomplishment: In order to make photography have a place in art, photographers must first cultivate their own aesthetic ability and artistic accomplishment. ? Therefore, its historical achievement is to guide photography from the initial mechanical imitation object to the field of plastic arts, which promotes the development of photography art.
Because the creation of painting is mostly divorced from real life, coupled with the improvement of photographic equipment and the continuous development of people's aesthetic taste, it is very important for? Naturalism? Be hit. Nevertheless, it still occupies a place in today's photography art hall.
The main photographers and works of this genre are: Pledge (? -1896) Baron's banquet, Robinson Crusoe, pagoda scene; Robin Hood's "At the end of the day, autumn, two little girls, dying, Juliet with poison bottles, dawn and sunset"; Relander the Baptist, the leader of Sunglow Covenant, Evy, Virginia, You Dite and Holofernes; Thomas Carlyle and Nida (1820- 19 10) of Mrs. Cameron (15-1897) are dying.
2. Types of photography: Impressionist photography
From 65438 to 0899, the first exhibition of French impressionist painting was held in England. Under the influence of the painter Robinson, he proposed? Soft light photography is more beautiful than sharp light photography? Aesthetic standards, advocating? Soft tunes? Photography. This school is the reflection of painting impressionism in the field of photography.
At first, they shot with a soft-focus lens, developed and printed with woven paper, and pursued a vague artistic expression effect. With what? Silver bromide washing method? As well as the emergence of the method of developing photographic paper by mixing dichromate glue and pigment, impressionist works have developed from the control of lens imaging to darkroom processing. They proposed? Make the work look completely unlike a photo? Think about it. Without painting, there is no real photography. ?
Under the guidance of this theory, impressionist photographers also use brushes, pencils and erasers to process pictures, deliberately changing their original light and shade changes and pursuing? Painting? This effect is like 1900 La Croia's The Park Cleaner, like a charcoal pen drawn on a canvas. Impressionist photographers have completely lost their photographic characteristics, so some people call it? Imitation school? . It can be said to be a branch of painting photography.
The artistic features of this genre are gloomy tone, rough shadow lines and rich decoration, but lack of sense of space. Its famous photographer is Du Masi (? -1937), Puyue (1857- 1933), Qiu En (1866- 1944), Watsek (1848-/) 187 1- 1937), Durkheim (1848- 1965438), Evre (1874-1998)
3 photography type: realistic photography
Realistic photography is a school of photography with a long history, which continues to this day and is still the basis and main school of photography. It is the embodiment of realistic creation method in the field of photography art.
Photographers of this genre insist on the documentary characteristics of photography in their creation. In their view, what should photography have? Equal to nature itself? Loyalty, every detail in the picture, only by? Mathematical accuracy? His works can bring into play the appeal and persuasiveness that his artistic media does not have. Answer? Stiglitz once said: Only discussing loyalty is our mission. ? On the other hand, they reflect objects coldly and objectively like objective mirrors, and advocate that creation should be selective, and artists should have their own aesthetic judgment on what they reflect. Famous realistic photographer Lewis? Heine once said such a famous saying: I want to expose what should be corrected; At the same time, we should also reflect on what should be praised. ? It can be seen that they advocate art should? Reflect life? The point of view. They dare to face up to reality, and most of their creative themes are taken from social life. The artistic style is unpretentious, but it has strong witness and prompt power.
The earliest hobby of realistic photography was created by British photographer Philip? Those collodion documentaries shot by Delamotte in 1853. Later, it was Ross? Fenton's battlefield photography and William in the late 1960s? Jackson's wonders of Yellowstone National Park. After 1870, realistic photography gradually matured and began to turn its lens to society and life. For example, Dr. Barnardo, a photographer at that time, photographed the tragic situation of street children, which was shocking.
Subsequently, a large number of realistic photographers emerged, and their works were famous for their strong authenticity and profundity in the history of photography. For example, British Brandt's "Coal Miner"; American r? French women who collaborated with Kappa were shaved and paraded in the streets; French Weiss's "Girl" and so on, too numerous to mention.
4. Types of photography: naturalistic photography
1899, photographer Peter? Henry. Aiming at the weakness of painting creation, Emerson published a paper called Naturalistic Photography, criticizing painting photography as fragmented photography, and advocating photographers to return to nature and seek creative inspiration. He believes that nature is the starting point and end point of art, and only the art that is closest to and most like nature is the highest art. He said that there is no art that reflects nature more accurately, meticulously and faithfully than photography. Emotionally and psychologically, the effect of photography hobby lies in the unadorned lens scenes recorded by photosensitive materials. ? Do you want to send another ace? l？ Pacho said more clearly: art should be entrusted to artists. As far as our photography is concerned, there is nothing to rely on art, so we should create independently. ?
It can be seen that this artistic concept is a reaction to painting, which urges people to liberate photography from the shackles of academic school and promote the full play of their own characteristics.
The creative themes of this school are mostly natural scenery and social life.
Because naturalistic photography is satisfied with describing the surface truth of reality and the "absolute" truth of details, it ignores the excavation of the essence of reality and the refinement of surface objects. In short, it does not pay attention to the typicality of artistic creation and artistic image. So it is essentially the vulgarization of realism. Sometimes it leads to a distortion of reality.
The famous photographers in this school are Dwieson (1856- 1930), Wilkinson (1857- 192 1), Geer (? -1906), scratch music (1856-? ), Sutcliffe (1859-1940), etc.
5. The type of photography: pure photography
Pure photography is a genre of photographic art, which matured in the early 20th century. Its founder is American photographer Stie Grize (1864- 1946). They advocate that photography should give full play to its own characteristics and expression, get rid of the influence of painting, and pursue the unique aesthetic effect of photography with pure photography technology-high definition, rich tone levels, subtle changes in light and shadow, pure black and white tones, meticulous texture expression and accurate image depiction. In short, photographers should deliberately pursue the so-called? Photography quality? Accurately, directly, skillfully and naturally express the light, color, line, shape, grain and quality of the subject, without any other media of plastic arts.
Overlooking new york exhibited in class 19 13 is a masterpiece of pure academic school. The photographer overlooks a square in new york from a height. Although there is no processing and decoration, the novel composition and unique shape are refreshing. Another example is frank K Sandberg of E. He used the method of multiple exposures to avoid the limitation of space and time in a single work, and depicted the poet's emotional transformation, the combination of colors and the change of composition in one picture, which was very rhythmic.
To some extent, some ideas and creations of purists are formalistic and naturalistic? Half-breed? , and later evolved into? New objectivism? . However, this genre has promoted people's exploration and research on the characteristics and performance skills of photography to a certain extent.
The famous photographer of this genre is strand (1890-? ) and F64 group photographers, such as Adams and Cunningham.
In the late period of Pure School, the works developed to the abstraction of lines, patterns and distorted images, and its influential photographers were Yabo, Steiner, Steven and Evans.
6. New objectivism photography.
Neo-objectivism photography is also called. Dominate photography? 、? New realistic photography? . It is a school of photography art that appeared in the 1920s.
The artistic feature of this genre is seeking vulgarity? Beautiful? . Shoot the subject as a whole with close-ups and close-ups Separation? Come out, highlight a detail of the object, accurately and truly describe its surface structure, so as to achieve dazzling visual effects. It does not think that the essence of art lies in the essence of objects, so its aesthetic thought belongs to naturalism. For example, in 1923, photographer Pacho took a close-up shot of the locomotive shaft, showing the state of the locomotive shaft in operation, which gave the audience a strong visual impression because the picture abandoned other details.
The theoretical pioneer of neo-objectivism is strand, who made the following provisions on the artistic characteristics of objectivism: neo-objectivism is the essence of photography, and it is also the product and boundary of photography. ? He thought, photography? Life is very expressive, so we need to observe the vision of things. Therefore, it is not based on perfunctory processes and operating methods, but must use pure photography. ? The pioneers of neo-objectivism photography are Ajie and Steichen. The actual founder is Pacho mentioned above.
The achievement of neo-objectivism photographers is to urge people to study and explore the characteristics of photography itself and bring photography back to real life from the illusory world of aesthetics. However, due to over-emphasis on the description of the surface structure of detailed materials, it provided a germination soil for later abstract photography.
Around 1925, due to the appearance of large-caliber small cameras, the performance field of neo-objectivism has made new development, resulting in many portrait works and works reflecting social life and natural scenery.
Famous photographers of neo-objectivism are Sander (1876- 1964), Lasky (1871-956) and Haig (1893-/kloc-). Hoppe (1878-? ), Eft (1874- 1948), Weston? Adams (? -1902), etc.
7. Photography genre: surrealist photography.
Surrealism photography is a school that appeared in the field of photography art during the decline of Dadaism, and it rose in the 1930s.
This school has strict art courses and theories. They believe that it is a task that classical artists have already completed to express the real world with realistic creative methods, while the mission of modern artists is to explore new and unexplored parts of mankind? Mind world? . Therefore, people's subconscious activities, accidental inspiration, psychopathy and dreams have become the objects of surrealist photographers' deliberate performance.
Surrealism in photography, like Dada photographer, uses scissors, paste and darkroom technology as the main modeling means to create a surrealism between reality and fantasy, concreteness and abstraction? Artistic realm? . So the effect is strange, absurd and mysterious.
The founders of this genre are British photographer Winston and American Bruggaier (1880- 1945). The real finisher is British stage photographer Kyle Bing (1905-? ), in his own creation, he combined the virtual reality of "surrealism" with the real reality, creating a realm that is both illusory and real. For example, Kyle Bing's Self-Portrait, written by him in 1946, is a typical surrealist work, with four exposures-one front, two sides and one eye.
Famous photographers of this genre include Paerhan, a painter engaged in surrealist highlights; Deformed human photographer Brent; Portrait and publicity photographers Carson, Blumenthal, Lorraine, Halsman, Lion, etc.
8. Type of photography: abstract photography
Abstract photography is a school of photography art that appeared after the First World War.
Photographers of this school deny that plastic arts reflect life and express artists' aesthetic feelings with observable artistic images, and claim that photography should be "liberated from photography".
Omitted with bottomless amplification at the beginning? Theme? Detail texture and rich hue, only show its shape? Lighting pictures? . Later, it was developed to use light, or edit highlights, or intermediate exposure, or shake the camera to blur the image of the subject in the negative during shooting, or make it ghosted after repeated exposure, until the surface structure of the picture was changed, and the original shape and spatial structure of the subject were changed, trying to use the so-called form, tone (color) and material. Absolute abstract language? , so that the subject is transformed into an unrecognizable combination of lines, points and shapes. To show the so-called most authentic and essential subconscious world of human beings that artists of this genre regard as the standard. In the works, the subject is just borrowed by the artist to express his imagination and personality at will? Melody? Notes.
The originator of abstract photography is Talbot (1800- 1877). At the beginning, the picture of the work still maintained a certain degree of identifiability. By 19 17, photographers were trained (1882-? ) Bordeaux Pictorial, shot with sawdust and transparent glass fragments, is beyond recognition. 1922, Hungarian abstract painter Moholinaki (1895-? ) in Manrui (1890-? ) and others, and established in theory. Subsequently, abstract painters Kandinsky and Koehler introduced microphotography and X-ray photography, which greatly expanded the expression range of abstract photography, enriched the language of photography art, and established their own artistic system, which was popular in Europe and America.
In addition to those mentioned in the article, there are other representatives of this school, such as Scott, Fenninger, Anzhen Rand, Freitay, Winkler, Grimport, Friedrich Hirth and Bruggaier.
9. Type of photography: comparable photography.
Kanpai photography is the main photography school that opposed painting photography after the First World War.
This school of photographers advocates respecting the characteristics of photography, emphasizing truth and nature, advocating that the subject should not be manipulated or interfered when shooting, and that the instantaneous modality of the subject should be grasped in the natural state. Famous in France? Not bad? Send photographer Henry? Kadir? Bresson said: For me, photography is to record the meaning of an event and the precise organizational form that can accurately express it in an instant. ? Therefore, the artistic characteristics of this school are objective, true, natural, cordial, casual, unpretentious, vivid and full of life.
? Not bad? As far as their aesthetic thoughts and creative tendencies are concerned, the situation of photographers in schools is more complicated. Although they advocate the expression of human nature, most of them are engaged in news photography, but there are also naturalists and realists.
The work that gave birth to this genre is1photographer Alfred in 893. Stiglitz's Winter on the Fifth Street in new york, and the real finisher is German photographer ehrlich? Dr Solomon. He shot a Rome political conference with a small camera at the end of a night meeting in Germany and France, which became a classic of this genre in the history of photography because of its vividness, truthfulness, simplicity and naturalness.
What do they think of photography aesthetics? Photographs based on the basic characteristics of photography cannot be imitated by painters or etchers. It has its own inseparable self, its own special expressive force, and even its own characteristics that other media can't show? . Secondly, for the expression of objective things, they attach importance to and emphasize originality, and think: (Photographers should see the world through their own eyes, not through other people's eyes, which is the standard to distinguish whether a photo is mediocre or brilliant, valuable or worthless. ?
The famous photographer in this school is Thomas of America? Dowell. Maiawoy is from Harriet, England? Modal; The winner of France? Hoffman; Where's Louis Dahl. Wolf, Peter? Starkpile？ Bruvik, wait.
10. The genre of photography:? Dada? Take pictures of ...
? Dada? It is a literary trend of thought that appeared in Europe during World War I. ? Dada? , originally in French children's language? Pony? Or? Toy horse? Incoherent words. Because Dadaism artists deny rationality and traditional culture in their creation, claim that art and aesthetics are out of touch, and advocate? Abandon painting and all aesthetic requirements? Advocating nothingness makes creation almost playful, so people call it art school? Dada? .
Since Dadaism's photographic works don't meet people's general aesthetic tastes and requirements, since 1924, it has been gradually impacted by the surrealist art school with clear and complete artistic tofu and schemes. But its influence can still be seen in the later modernist photography art.
Famous Dadaism photographers include Philip Halsman, Morgan, Laszlo Molina Feng Jingen and Listsky.
1 1. Type of photography: subjectivist photography.
Subjective photography is a kind of photography formed after World War II, more than abstract photography? Abstract? Photography art school, so it's also called? Postwar faction? .
It is the reflection of existentialism philosophy in the field of photography. Its founder is German photographer Otto? Stanett. He believes that photography is a vast field, it has the ability to play its role, and it also has a high degree of subjective initiative. But now it's a kind of mechanical realism? . So I brought it up? Subjective artistic proposition of photography. It is strongly advocated that the ultimate of photography art should be to remind the photographer of some vague concepts and express his unspeakable inner state and subconscious activities. ? Subjective photography is personalized and personalized photography. This is the art program of this school. Subjective photography artists attach great importance to their creative personality and despise all existing artistic rules and aesthetic standards. The theorists of this school publicly declare? Subjective photography is not only an experimental image art, but also a free and unrestricted creative art. We can use technology to create photos at will. ?
The evolution of western body photography in the history of world art, there was a glorious period of body art in the Renaissance of Greece and Europe. After experiencing the initial reappearance of objective reality with shocking artistic expression, photographers with exploration spirit and creativity began to make a breakthrough in the field of human photography. 1857, Swedish photographer Radalan, who later lived in Britain, took photos of two life paths, which is a classic in the history of photography. This picture is rich in plot and scenes, and uses a lot of human works. The theme is to observe good and punish evil, with emphasis on the elderly with white temples. The two groups of characters on both sides embody two different moral concepts, life ideal and life process. But it was also attacked by a few people, saying that it used so many naked women, and its posture was rude and obscene, which was pornographic. Visible, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign, body art, no matter how positive its ideological significance, how clever its artistic handling, will be criticized and attacked by some people, which has probably become a routine response.
The development trend of western body photography is very obvious. While developing conventional traditional human body photography, it is also popular to express strong subjective feelings, modern photography language, create works of various genres, and even appear deformed, cut, reorganized, mysterious, absurd and ugly artistic conception. Like Jerry? Youseman's symbolic body photography, Roger? Martin's casual body, Todd? Volcker original giant body photography, Robert? Qin Xuanxuan and Su Qide? Okhama et al. The Cutting and Reorganization of Human Photography, Li? Kronos, body photography and the absurd significance of Nida and Corodoni? Mitchell and other sexy body photography.