Note: The sentence of inductive argument must be a complete and clear sentence of affirmative judgment. Second, arguments factual arguments (such as real events, historical facts, statistical data, specific figures, etc.). Theoretical argumentation: (including people's recognized principles, formulas, definitions, laws, laws, famous sayings and aphorisms, etc. )
Summarize the main points of the argument: * * people+how to do it (closely related to the argument)+results Note: There may be some specific facts in the quotation, which belong to the factual argument. Third, demonstration methods and their functions: example demonstration (case demonstration), quotation demonstration (reason demonstration), metaphor demonstration and contrast demonstration (positive and negative contrast demonstration).
1, example method (putting facts): a specific and typical argument that has been fully proved. 2. Quote (reasoning): What is quoted to demonstrate an argument and make it convincing.
3. Metaphor (reasoning): Illustrate an argument in an image to make reasoning easier to understand. 4. Contrast method (reasoning): through comparison, highlight an argument and make reasoning more vivid.
Fourth, analyze the argumentative expression 1. The narrative in argumentative essays is often very general, and its function is to prove a point or proposition with facts. 2. Sometimes there are vivid descriptions in argumentative essays. Function: Prove a point more vividly.
3. Lyricism in the discussion will make the discussion more infectious and deeply rooted in people's hearts. 5. Linguistic features of argumentative essays: preciseness and accuracy; Argumentation methods of intransitive verbs: argumentation and refutation; Seven. Argumentation structure: raising questions (introduction)-analyzing questions (papers)-solving problems (conclusions).
The second part describes 1. Common narrative clues 1. Character clue: the feelings or deeds of a character. 2. Item clue: something with special significance. 3. Emotional clues: the ideological and emotional changes of the author or the main characters in the works.
4, event clues: central events 5, time clues 6, location change clues to find clues: 1 article title; (2) things that appear repeatedly in the paragraph; (3) Lyric sentences in the article; ④ The author's thoughts and feelings (changes); ⑤ What a person sees and feels. Function: the orderly combination of the content of the article, the ideological character of the characters, and the ins and outs of the matter.
Second, the narrative order 1, in chronological order: that is, in the order of occurrence, development and ending (in chronological order). Function: Make the article clear, with a beginning and an end, and give people a vivid impression.
2. Flashback: Write what happened later in front, and then describe it in order. Function: avoid straightforward narration, enhance the vividness and fascination of the article.
3. Interpolation: In the narrative process, due to the need of content, interrupt the narrative of the original plot, insert relevant plots or events, and then continue the original narrative. Function (such as recalling the past): supplement and set off the central content (people or events) of the article, enrich the plot and deepen the theme.
Third, the description method of people 1, portrait (appearance) description [including expression description] (describing appearance, clothing, expression, posture, etc. ): Explain the identity, status, situation, experience, mental state and ideological character of the characters. 2. Language (dialogue) description 3. Action (action) description: the image vividly shows the * * psychology (emotion) of the character, and embodies the * * personality characteristics or * * spiritual quality of the character.
Sometimes it also promotes the development of the plot. 4. Psychological description: The image vividly reflects the * * thoughts of the characters and reveals the * * character or * * quality of the characters.
4. Description of environment: Description of natural environment and social environment (description of weather, seasons, mountains, lakes and seas, etc.): Render the atmosphere of environment, set off the emotions of the characters, predict their fate and promote the development of the story. Social environment (describing the social situation or the scenes of people's activities and the layout and furnishings around (indoors)): explain the background of the * * era in which the story took place and render the * * environmental atmosphere.
Meaning analysis of words or sentences in verb (verb's abbreviation) narrative 1 Analyze the meaning of words in combination with specific contexts (that is, specific sentences, paragraphs, articles and contexts). 2. Pay attention to the meaning of words (positive, negative and neutral) and understand the original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and polysemy of words.
3. Pay attention to tone or intonation. 4. The key point is the collocation between words.
5. Pay attention to the size and severity of semantic scope. 6. Pay attention to meaning (for example, dig out the noumenon or symbolic meaning of things in metaphor sentences and express them in easy-to-understand language).
Sixth, the role of the opening sentence of the narrative 1, the opening point * * topic; 2. The full text of the general manager; 3, causing the following, paving the way for the following * *; 4. Set suspense to arouse readers' interest or thinking; 5. Pave the way for the following * * 7. The role of the middle sentence in narrative 1, which is a transitional role between the preceding and the following; 2. The end of the paragraph plays a summary role (summarizing the above; Derived below); 3. Prepare for the next * *; 4, pave the way for the following * * plot; 5. Promoted the development of the plot. Eight, describe the function of the ending sentence 1, and point out the topic at the end of the article; 2. Summarize the full text and deepen the * * center; 3. Echo from beginning to end; 4. Point out the center of * * and sublimate the theme; 5, thought-provoking, inspiring and unforgettable; 6. ask questions; 7. Care before and after; 8. Respond from beginning to end.
Nine, the role of sentences to express feelings 1, rendering * * atmosphere; 2. Contrast the character (emotion) of the character * *; 3. Point out the center of * * (reveal the main idea); 4. Highlight the theme of * * (deepening the center). Ten, summarize the central meaning of the narrative 1, find the title of the article: lyric argumentative sentences at the beginning and end of the paragraph.
2. Coherent the theme of the main paragraphs of the article, summarize them comprehensively, and then point out the thoughts, feelings and attitudes expressed by the author. (especially lyrical.
2. Structure diagram of knowledge points of Chinese examination outline: Suggestions for preparing for the 2008 senior high school entrance examination (1) Learn the examination outline and previous senior high school entrance examination questions, strengthen the sense of goal, and make clear the general idea of review. Before the publication of the examination syllabus of our province in 2008, the school should also review the examination items listed in the examination syllabus in 2007, so that students can get familiar with the basic structure and mode of Chinese examination papers as soon as possible. And guide students to study the nature and proposition law of the test sites for senior high school entrance examination. (2) Overall planning, scientific arrangement, and "three lines" in the review process: the first line is to review knowledge points in the order of test sites in our senior high school entrance examination papers; The second line is writing ability training and reading training; The third line is to strengthen the accumulation of basic knowledge of classical Chinese (focusing on breaking through the knowledge of polysemy, ancient and modern different meanings, flexible use of parts of speech and 120 function words and special sentence patterns that are common in 18 notional words). In the specific operation, the first line is the main part, and the other two acts are the auxiliary parts, so that the writing ability training and reading ability training run through the whole review process. (3) Selected exercises. By analogy, avoid analogies, avoid excesses, avoid excesses, and cleverly avoid bias. Focusing on the intention of topic selection and typical problems, focusing on accurate evaluation, stressing methods, skills and laws, let students have doubts in practice, dispel doubts in lectures, and bring them up in the lectures after since the enlightenment in enlightenment. Pay attention to skills. ▲ Language knowledge and language expression "Basic knowledge of language" should grasp the characteristics of "common use", practice more and accumulate more at ordinary times, constantly consolidate review and deepen impression. The overall strategy of classroom operation and after-class practice in the review stage should focus on cultivating the sensitivity of word scrutiny, and combine a lot of reading and taking notes. Students can also prepare a "wrong book". ▲ Modern literature reading should work hard on overall reading. The first part of modern text reading should give attention to both natural science and social science, and the reading training of expository and argumentative texts. Grasp the whole, read the options carefully, lock the information area in the text, and screen, distinguish and integrate the article information according to the options. In the second part, reading works (literature), some essays with both literary and aesthetic feelings are selected as lesson examples to repeatedly train students' abilities of understanding, interpretation, induction, generalization, appreciation and evaluation. When training, we should pay attention to studying the reference answers and see how the proposer gives the answers according to the article, so that students can find their own thinking deficiencies by comparing with others' ideas, ponder over them repeatedly, overcorrect them and improve their perception. Improve reading ability. ▲ Reading and appreciating ancient poems, students should be trained to find a good breakthrough to solve problems, so that students can master the characteristics of different types of poems, such as lyrical description of scenery, expressing ambitions, frontier battles, nostalgia for ancient history, and feeling the present. In addition, they should master some necessary allusions and idiomatic images. We must systematically and scientifically review the high score module of classical Chinese reading, second only to the composition questions. The examination syllabus requires students to be able to read simple classical Chinese. Censorship is text-based. Accurately grasp the content words and function words required by the examination syllabus, read through the selected basic articles word by word, especially the sentences and typical sentence patterns with concentrated knowledge of classical Chinese in the text, extract them, carefully ponder them, master the requirements and skills of translation, and then repeatedly train and test them with extra-curricular paragraphs to make inferences, understand and apply textbook knowledge by analogy, and break through the translation of classical Chinese sentences. Then use the translation of classical Chinese sentences to screen information, so as to complete the analysis and summary of the article content. When choosing a foreign language section, choose some biographical essays that are loosely related to ancient background knowledge and have few allusions. ▲ The "highlight" in the Chinese volume of the composition test accounts for 40 points, which is also the key to widening the score and improving the discrimination of the Chinese test. It is suggested to guide students to do the following: 1. Pay attention to social hotspots and grasp the pulse of the times. Make full use of the internet, newspapers and television to sort out the latest information every week. Taking media video lessons in time and watching focus interviews, legal reports, news surveys, face-to-face interviews, telling the truth and other interview columns can not only enlighten the mind, but also make the articles rich, fresh and contemporary. 2. Accumulate materials-it is suggested to guide students to accumulate some directional theme composition materials. Accumulate 2-3 famous sayings and aphorisms, 2 anecdotes of celebrities, 2 latest social cases, 2 famous ancient poems and 2 philosophical paragraphs. Even if only twenty or thirty theme materials are accumulated, dozens of similar topics can be radiated. 3. Temper several typical articles and pay attention to the layout of the articles. You can choose typical articles from textbooks or excellent compositions from previous college entrance examinations, carefully consider the layout of these articles, and then peel and cramp. Let the students choose the type that suits them, and practice constantly in the usual writing training, so as to get familiar with it. 4. Design several different topics from different angles, do some writing training of different types of articles with the same materials, and try to write your own highlights under any topic. 5. Give the topic and think about the content-practice the ability to examine the topic and structure the full text.
3. Review of Chinese knowledge in primary schools 1. Overall thinking Because Chinese learning is carried out in stages and classes, each stage and class must be exposed to some new knowledge, and the learned knowledge becomes old knowledge.
There is a connection between old and new knowledge, but there is a gap between them because of the stages of Chinese teaching. In order to make the old and new knowledge communicate with each other, from point to line, from line to surface, thus forming a knowledge network, and achieving the purpose of mastering and applying knowledge, we adopt the method of clearing our minds and reviewing step by step.
Second, the specific practice (1) Review stage of textbook knowledge The purpose of this review stage is to help students master the basic knowledge and skills in textbooks through textbooks. Due to the short review time, we are going to adopt the following methods: boldly choose the review content, break the method of reviewing one book at a time, determine the key books, and then review according to the genre.
When reviewing by genre, determine key units, key texts and Chinese knowledge (of course, it also involves some non-key content), and then let students further clarify their requirements to avoid blind review. At the same time, how to test these contents, what problems will appear and how to deal with them, so that students can master some basic skills and methods.
(II) Classification and review of knowledge points On the basis of textbook knowledge review, the knowledge points required to be mastered in junior high school are reviewed in the following categories: 1, basic knowledge and language use. There are many knowledge points here, but the main requirement is that students use Chinese knowledge to solve problems. That is to say, students are required to imitate sentences, practice their views on couplets according to one sentence, and use concise, coherent and appropriate words.
2, reading training (1) Modern reading Modern reading is a very important part of the review of the senior high school entrance examination. We divide modern writing into three categories, namely, narrative (including prose and novels), expository and argumentative, and each category will give targeted training to students. Through the research on the examination questions of the senior high school entrance examination in recent years, it is found that the reading of modern Chinese in the senior high school entrance examination is diverse in genre, rich in subject matter and profound in meaning, emphasizing the overall sentiment.
Curriculum Standard points out: "Reading evaluation should comprehensively examine students' feelings, experiences, understanding and value orientation in the process of reading. "So, when we review, we must let students cover every type, but we can't cover everything.
We are going to highlight the key points, grasp the difficulties and reward methods in the review. The specific methods are: carefully select reading materials, mainly articles with profound implications, educate students emotionally, and guide students' outlook on life and values; Carefully designed questions, focusing on hierarchy, can examine students' ability to understand and grasp the whole article, pay attention to cultivating students' ability of inquiry reading and creative reading, advocate multi-angle and creative reading, expand thinking space by reading expectation, reading reflection and criticism, and improve reading quality; Pay attention to the guidance of methods. When solving reading problems, we ask students not to care about the answers, but to summarize the knowledge about regularity and the thinking methods of solving problems.
(2) Reading classical Chinese is an important carrier of ancient culture in China and the source of modern Chinese. Learning classical Chinese well is the need of inheriting excellent national culture and learning Chinese well. "Curriculum Standard" points out that the learning goal of classical Chinese is: "Reading simple classical Chinese, you can understand the basic content with the help of notes and reference books.
Recite 80 excellent poems. Classical Chinese reading is an important part of the Chinese test questions in the senior high school entrance examination, but in addition to drawing materials from classical Chinese paragraphs in class, reading paragraphs outside class must be moderately difficult.
The design of test questions pays equal attention to "words" and "texts", that is, it not only examines students' basic knowledge of classical Chinese, but also examines students' understanding and grasp of literary significance. In recent years, classical Chinese reading has begun to pay attention to the examination of the ability to understand, analyze, summarize and evaluate the meaning of the text.
Therefore, we should also develop in this direction in reading training. 3, composition training At this stage, we mainly let students learn narrative, explanatory and argumentative essays, so that students can clearly write each kind of article.
At the same time, let students write in a limited time and develop good writing habits. (III) Comprehensive Intensive Review Stage The purpose of this review stage is to improve students' comprehensive application of knowledge and their ability to analyze and solve problems through training, while reading comprehension and writing questions have good training for students' ability, so we are prepared to focus on training these contents.
1, reading training, review methods have been mentioned earlier, here we just synthesize various methods to improve students. 2. Writing training At this stage, we are prepared to guide students in view of the problems existing in their compositions.
At the same time, strengthen the limited time composition. 3. Select some senior high school entrance examination questions to form several sets of special exercises for intensive training.
4. Select several sets of simulated exam questions for intensive training similar to actual combat, pay attention to finding problems and give timely guidance. At this time, students should be adapted, but the number of times should be controlled to prevent students from getting bored with the exam.
? Who has the final review questions of the seventh volume of primary school Chinese published by Beijing Normal University? See the same topic: Reviewing other answers in primary school Chinese and junior high school * *1How to reform the final exam in primary school Chinese and senior high school has always been a hot issue and an important sub-topic. Since 2000, we have been committed to new.
4. Seek the skills of modern Chinese and classical Chinese, as well as composition. This is some information reprinted in my space. I don't know if they are useful to you ... how to read scientific articles, pay attention to the whole reading, and explain the words that grasp the basic concepts and explain the basic concepts; Argumentative essays grasp the basic ideas and the words that explain them.
Read the first and last paragraphs carefully and repeat each paragraph in your mind. Mark the sentences that reveal the theme and structure of the article, and name pronouns, related words and signs with strokes.
Read the questions and find the areas corresponding to the options. The content and title of the article confirm each other.
The overall problem-solving skill of scientific and technological articles is to turn negative statements into positive statements in the trunk of the problem. If there is a stem of words such as "basis", "evidence" and "reason", there should be a causal relationship between the options and the stem.
Use pronouns instead of pronouns to make pronouns consistent with pronouns. Find out the content area related to the option and compare the option with the content of the article word by word.
Derivation options should be based on the original text, with cause and effect. Pay attention to what happened before, cause and effect, first and then, exaggeration and narrowing, and the difference between parts and the whole.
Normal mistakes include intentional confusion, generalization, making things out of nothing, pretending mistakes, changing concepts, reversing cause and effect, imposing cause and effect, and arbitrarily dividing. 7. Skills of answering conceptual word comprehension questions: Find out the content areas corresponding to the options, underline the corresponding sentences in the article, connect the original meanings of the words and grasp the contextual meaning.
8. Answering skills of sentence comprehension questions: clarify the structural relationship of complex sentences and analyze some sentence components appropriately. Secondly, we should seriously think about modifiers, which is the focus of option comparison.
Find out the corresponding explanation in the text and compare it word for word with the options. Analyze causality.
Clear the order. Check whether the explanation of this option is consistent with the tendency of the whole article or paragraph.
9, information screening questions answering skills: find out the content areas corresponding to the options, and filter them in turn. The original content is consistent with the choice, and the choice and the stem should be able to form a causal relationship.
Skip unimportant information, such as examples and descriptions, and grasp the essential features. Key points: find out the corresponding sentences in the article and grasp the lyric sentences in the article.
The contents of the report should correspond to the original contents one by one. Concepts cannot be expanded or reduced at will, and causality and contextual relations cannot be reversed.
Pay attention to the comparison between branches. If there are conflicting options in the options, there must be a mistake. 10, reasoning imagination answering skills: find out the basis of reasoning.
Pay attention to the transformation of narrative angle and expression. Distinguish between possibility and necessity, necessity and possibility, front and back, full name and proper name.
Inference is not exaggerated, narrow and out of thin air. In short: all judgments must come from the original text, not subjective. It is suggested to read the full text first, mark the paragraphs well, and grasp the meaning of the full text initially.
Do the last multiple-choice question first, and have an overall grasp of the full text before doing the other three multiple-choice questions. Find the position of the sentence in the stem in the original text, look forward and look back, grasp the whole, and use exclusion (especially to express absolute options).
Must be used at the same time Or other signs to remind yourself. (3) Reading classical Chinese (12, 3 points for each small question) We generally have a certain degree of fear of difficulties in classical Chinese.
In fact, as long as you make a little preparation, you will find that there are certain rules in the college entrance examination over the years. The criteria for selecting articles in the college entrance examination are: the articles are not deep and the words are good.
Classical Chinese that meets this requirement mainly includes the following six aspects: biographies of characters in Twenty-four History and famous articles in Zi Tongzhi Jian; Pre-Qin simple classical Chinese represented by Mencius and Han Feizi; Prose works of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties; Notes represented by Shi Shuo Xin Yu; Ancient scientific papers represented by Meng Xi's Bi Tan; China's ancient short stories represented by Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. Judging from the previous selection of essays, although the college entrance examination has avoided social focus and hot issues, advocating and promoting truth, goodness and beauty is an eternal theme of the times. Combined with the current anti-corruption and public opinion, the value judgment of loyal and honest officials will still affect the choice of college entrance examination composition.
How to read the paragraphs in classical Chinese? Do the last multiple-choice question first (often about the idea of the full text), and then do the other three questions after you have a comprehensive grasp of the full text. With who? What did you do? What was the result? Why? Read this article carefully and silently twice.
Pay attention to the comments after the paragraph, which are usually helpful. Personal names, place names, official names, material names and legal names should be excluded as far as possible.
Words and phrases that play a key role in understanding paragraphs should be deduced in connection with the context. Read the last topic about content analysis carefully first and grasp the general idea of the paragraph.
Must be used at the same time Or other signs to remind yourself. 1 1.
Infer interchangeable words from the same pronunciation. Explain the words before and after with intertextuality.
Compare and infer the meaning of words with idioms. Contact the context, give consideration to both before and after, and be consistent.
Understanding of notional words: it is right to bring a given meaning into the original text, and it is wrong to be fluent. The definition of notional words that I haven't heard is often right, just disturbing you.
Skills of answering questions with different meanings in ancient and modern times: bring the present meaning of words into the original text, and the general rules are correct. If not, it would be wrong. 12. Writing skills of function words in classical Chinese: translate this function word in classical Chinese into modern Chinese, and compare it to see if it is translated into the same word.
Understand the function words in the translation first, and then compare the function words in the paragraphs. Connect the overall meaning of the sentence with the meaning of the context, and pay attention to distinguish the relationship between the contexts.
With the help of sentence structure, we can see whether the parts of speech and function words in the two sentences are the same. Comparison of function words: in each group, we use another sentence given by high school to infer the function word usage of the sentence in the text.
13. answering skills of information screening questions: see the requirements of the questions clearly and ponder word by word. Choose one or two sentences that don't match, and exclude some options.
Considering the context, the critical discourse of the general author cannot be used as an option, and the praise of others can be considered. Skills of answering personality expression questions: first find out the options that can't express the required task personality in the questions, and choose them by exclusion.
Pay special attention to whose character. 14. answering skills of content induction questions: find out the options in the paragraph and explain the corresponding sentences, one by one.
A statement that focuses on analysis and discussion. Grasp the meaning of the text roughly.
Narrative or ...
5. The skills of answering questions in extracurricular reading after primary school Chinese 00. 1. The role of one sentence in the first paragraph, the role of one sentence in the middle paragraph and the role of one sentence in the last paragraph.
For this kind of question, we can answer it from two aspects: structurally speaking, it is to write down the topic, point it in the middle of the text chapter, go straight to the topic, always guide the full text, or play the role of guiding the following; In the aspect of internal essence, it is to pave the way for the following, and to pave the way for the description of the internal essence of so-and-so behind. The problem in the middle section has played a role in connecting the past with the future. The function of the last paragraph or sentence is to summarize the full text, which concentrates the main idea of the text chapters, makes people remember deeply and takes care of the title problem.
What kind of thoughts and feelings does the article express?
This answer needs to be answered back and forth according to the specific internal substantive meaning of the article. Common ones are praise, praise, love, love, emotion, happiness, longing, shock, nostalgia, depression, faint sadness, regret, missing (mourning) hometown and relatives, or boredom, hatred, pain, shame, guilt, hatred, sadness, sorrow, regret and so on. Between the lines of the article, we can see the feelings of the general author, some of them may be written deeply, and many of them are straightforward.
Third, summarize the main idea of the comprehensive article.
For this title question, you must read the full text carefully several times before answering, and then you can answer it with such keywords: "Journey … story, praise … expresses the author's thoughts and feelings … and shows the profound principle of …" We can also find from the article that in every paragraph of the article, especially the first or last sentence of the first or last paragraph, the philosophical sentences in the article are often the theme that the author wants to express.
What expressions are used in underlined sentences in the text? What's the role?
When we see the title problem of this product type, we should first look at the expression used in this sentence, which is narrative, description, explanation, discussion and expression, especially the description is divided into character description, scenery description and comprehensive scene description. The description of people can also be subdivided into language description, action description, physiological description, portrait description and detail description. The function of description is to make the article vivid, vivid and touching. The use of expressing your feelings can enhance the appeal of the article. If there are some fairy tales, folklore and descriptions of magical situations in nature, its function is to increase the mystery of the internal substantive meaning of writing and lead to readers' fun.
5. What rhetorical devices are used in a sentence in the text? What's the role?
There are many kinds of rhetoric, including analogy, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, repetition, rhetorical question and rhetorical question. Among them, analogy, personification, exaggeration and parallelism are the most frequently tested. Analogy has three functions: first, it simplifies profound principles and helps people deepen their detailed understanding; The second is to concretize abstract things so that people can take over; The third is to visualize the comprehensive things, giving people a glamorous impression. The role of personification is to make readers not only feel fresh about the expressed material, but also feel the author's strong feelings about the material. Using anthropomorphic ways to express favorite substances can make their images vivid and make people feel kind and natural. A substance that expresses hatred, its ugliness can be completely exposed, giving people a strong sense of disgust. The function of exaggeration is to deeply express the author's emotional position on the glamorous material, which causes readers to have a strong voice; The image rendering of matter through the journey can arouse many people's rich imagination and help highlight the quality and characteristics of matter. The function of parallelism is to highlight the middle of the article, express strong broadmindedness and enhance the arrogance of language; It is an important link to improve the expression effect. There are also overlapping words and short sentences, which make the article full of rhythm, beautiful rhyme and catchy to read.
Another rhetoric is quotation. Sometimes, in reading comprehension, there will be quotations from famous language or poems and stories in famous books, as well as related internal substantive meanings. The question will be "What is the function of the internal substantive meaning quoted in the article?" When answering this title question, pay attention to answering two key words. One is to "contrast the flavor of the narrative object and raise some energy of the protagonist".