In study, work and life, everyone is inevitably exposed to papers. The process of writing a thesis is the process that people gain direct experience. So, how to write a paper? The following is a reference to the standard format of English papers I collected. Welcome to share.
English papers are printed by laser printer, and the printed manuscript is black and white, so the color printed manuscript will affect the publishing effect. Editing center: a4 paper, with top and bottom margins of 3.5 cm and left and right margins of 3.25mm ... The width of paper content shall not exceed 14.5cm and the length shall not exceed 22.5cm.
Font and font size: the text, title, contact information of the author and the text in the chart are times new roman 12. You can use bold and italic fonts as needed.
Line spacing: single-line spacing.
Page number: both the text of the paper and the attached examples need to be numbered. Page numbers are Arabic numerals located at the bottom and center of the page.
Style: The article should be grammatically correct and technically accurate. The title should summarize the content of the article in the most concise language. If the title is long, please use the form of the title: subtitle.
Mathematical formula: the mathematical formula in this paper must not be handwritten, but must be printed. If the formula is quoted many times in the text, it should be numbered. There should be a blank line between formulas and between formulas and text. Unit: The unit of measurement used in this paper should be the international unit. Other units can be listed in brackets in the unit correspondence table. Standard practices for using the international system of units can be obtained from asce by telephone 1-800-548-2723. Other relevant reference materials can be obtained from the National Metric Committee of the United States (1735 n Lynn street, suite 950, Arlington, va 22209-2022), such as the American Metric Editor's Guide, 5th edition, 1992.
Chart:
Title description and legend: The inserted charts should be numbered in the order in which they appear (Figure 1, Figure 2, Table 1, Table 2). The description and title of the chart, including its serial number, should be located at the bottom of the chart. The description and title of the form, including the serial number of the form, should be located above the form.
Location: The figure can be inserted in the text or concentrated at the end of the article. If you insert a picture into the text, try to put it at the top or tail of the page. Don't choose the alignment of the text around the graphic, you can choose the up-and-down wrapping method.
Shading: Don't choose shading or shading for illustrations, otherwise it will affect the printing effect.
Photo: If you need to attach a photo to the text, paste a shiny black and white photo where the photo appears, indicating that the text is at the bottom of the photo. The photo will shrink with the text. Please do not provide color photos to avoid affecting the printing effect.
Scan: The printed scan is not as clear as the original. If there is a scanned copy in the text, please provide a gray static code analysis copy.
Contact information of the author: Please separate the text with a horizontal line. Contact information can be for one author or all authors, including the following contents: full name of the author; The society to which it belongs; Academic qualifications or awards; Unit; Mailing address and e-mail address; Telephone and fax.
References: All references are single-spaced and placed at the end of the article in alphabetical order according to the surname of the first author. If the same author has more than two documents, they shall be arranged in the order of publication year. When citing references, the author and publication year should be put in brackets. Because superscripts become smaller and harder to identify after printing, they are not used to mark references in text. The listed references should be cited in this paper. If there are no references in the article, please include references in the additional information section or related materials section at the end of the article.
Extension: English academic paper format
1, title title
Since it is a title, it goes without saying that we should strive to be novel, concise and to the point, such as the following example. Progress in cancer pain control. Semi-quantitative analysis of autoradiography The higher the differentiation rate of autoradiography half-dose analysis, the higher the chance of repeated contact between Tgb molecules of each new ligand and peroxidase sites of the top membrane, and the higher the diffusion rate, the more the chance of newly iodinated TGB molecules contacting with peroxidase sites of the solid membrane.
In some magazines, some authors use subheadings in addition to the main title, which can be seen everywhere in various papers of foreign journals. Subtitles are generally used to supplement and systematically explain the theme when the main title is too simple and general, or to emphasize one aspect or several aspects to attract readers' attention. Ultra-low volume drug delivery: systematic evaluation and data analysis, a series of evaluation and data analysis (supplementary topics). Medical News: Adjuvant chemotherapy is effective for breast cancer with lymph node metastasis. Medical News: Adjuvant chemotherapy is effective for breast cancer with lymph node metastasis. Unsolved question: Do smokers suffer from less lung cancer? Unsolved question: Are smokers less likely to get lung cancer? Remind people that the number of smokers suffering from lung cancer is increasing.
Sometimes abbreviations are used to avoid long titles. Effects of LATS (= long-acting thyroid hormone stimulator -tor) and LATS protectant on HTACA (= human thyroxine adenine cyclase activity) Effects of long-acting thyrotropin and long-acting thyrotropin protectant on human thyroxine cyclase activity. Considering that the article is long, it can be divided into several relatively independent chapters with different subtitles under a unified title. For example, the factors that affect individuals' ability to adapt to chronic diseases (1), and the factors that affect individuals' adaptability to chronic diseases, nursing and health care; (2) technology; (3) Family relationship-ship family relationship; (4) Development level (research standard); (5) Cultural values and beliefs.
2, abstract (SUMMARY) abstract, abstract
This part is a high-level summary or condensation of the whole article, so it should be simple and clear. Commonly used words and sentence patterns are: research (inspection, investigation, determination, discovery, report, interview, measurement, record, consideration, evaluation, observation, etc.). When using these verbs, the tenses used are usually simple past tense and present perfect tense. Passive voice is also very common, such as: this study adopts ex-amine …; Patients with … were followed up for+time; The results show that ...; Come to the conclusion that ...; Get signs of ... etc. The common expressions at the end are: the results show (show, state, suggest, demonstrate, summarize, express …); These findings are of special importance in showing that; These findings are of universal significance because … this possibility is being extended by the observation of …, and so on. Example:
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used to detect anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in normal human serum, cord blood serum and amniotic fluid. The results show that the content in amniotic fluid is the lowest, and the content in cord blood is the highest, which seems to have a certain law. After birth, with the increase of age, the antibody level gradually decreased to normal level. Therefore, the determination of anti-thyroglobulin antibody by ELISA is of certain significance for the diagnosis of cretinism. Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in normal human serum, cord blood serum and amniotic fluid were detected by ELISA. The results showed a certain regularity: the antibody first appeared in the fetus, reached the peak at delivery, and gradually decreased to the normal level with age. Therefore, the determination of this antibody has certain significance for the diagnosis of endemic cretinism.
Step 3 introduce
In addition to the significance of the theme, this project mainly covers the comments on previous studies and the purpose of this study, and the latter two are sometimes listed separately. The content is as follows:
3. 1 Review of previous work
In the past, research reviews also used other topics, such as literature genre reviews, cited documents, previous studies, some past designs, backgrounds and so on. The focus of these citations should be to quote the previous research results related to this paper, otherwise it is a warning. The sentence is often sb. Testing by others (report, give, implement ...; Sbfound (display ...) That ... there are several other different expressions, which are written as follows: Our experts always show that ...; The purpose of this study is to determine …, the data show that …, and our results support …; The assignment has been reported by; Our laboratory has rechecked …: This article (paper) records that … we trace (evidence) … this model expands … our findings prove … we infer …; Effect … to evaluate by …; The current results further add some elements. A recent study analyzed the role of aspirin (ASA) in primary hemostasis of uremia by measuring bleeding time (BT). The results showed that the same dose of ASA had a stronger effect on promoting platelet production in uremic patients than in the control group, suggesting that platelets were more sensitive to the inhibition of ASA. This may be because different pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ASA may be affected by uremia. A recent study analyzed the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the first stage bleeding of uremia and determined the bleeding time. We found that the same dose of ASA can prolong the bleeding time, and there are more uremic patients than the control group. This indicates that uremic platelets are more sensitive to ASA inhibition. This may be due to the different pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of ASA.
3.2. Objectives
This article can also be written as the object of study (the purpose of research). Sometimes the object is not listed in the introduction, but listed as an independent item. Most of them come straight to the point and point out the purpose directly. Common expressions are: the (main, overall, extensive, main …) goal (purpose, goal, purpose …) and (was) of this research (research, article, thesis, project, experiment). This study aims at doing something. Example: The purpose of this paper is to propose that impulsive attack is one of the differential diagnosis methods between early impulsive heart disease and hyperthyroidism. The purpose of this paper is to propose that pulmonary impedance cardiogram is one of the differential diagnosis methods of early cor pulmonale and hyperthyroidism.
4. Methods, equipment and test (experiment) procedures.
The content of this part depends on the type of paper, but as far as the subject is concerned, it is mostly experimental research and technical report. You can also use the following names: test and equipment, materials and methods, experimental procedures, experimental descriptions, or just write procedures and methods. Common sentence patterns are: someone or something is being tested in …. Someone or something participated in the research; Or the equipment used (consistent, built, developed ...) is ... Example: Three groups of sub-objects involved in this study: (a) 18 patients with chronic renal failure with anuria (10 female, with an average age of 46 years, ranging from 24 to 69 years old) ... The test equipment used is a cabinet equipped with temperature measuring sensors and recording equipment. All test equipment consists of a cabinet with temperature sensor and recorder.
5. Results and discussions.
This project is the focus of the full text, accounting for about half or two-thirds of the whole article. It will analyze and discuss the results of research, experiments and observations, including curves, charts and photos. Most of them adopt the method of discussing one by one by topic. Common expressions are: test (experiment) results present (confirm) display (indicate, confirm) ... that ...; It should be noted that ... etc. Example: Our results show that T cell depletion is effective in preventing acute and chronic GVHD. Our results show that T cell deletion is effective to prevent gvhd.
6. Conclusion
Other expressions include: summary and conclusion, and conclusions and suggestions. Common expressions are: from (based on) ... you can (draw, draw) the following conclusions ... or you can (put forward) the following suggestions (sugar-options…… ...). For example, the following suggestions can be made for the improvement of this surgical method …
Thank you.
The common language of this item is: We recognize by ……; This research was supported by …, and we are grateful that … this research was funded by …. Example: We would like to thank Professor F.J. Kezdy for his valuable suggestions and discussions. We also thank Mrs. A. Abram for her assistance at this initial stage. Work and ms, be-better wilkerson typing manual. Usually, thank and support can be used as people and units, the former is mostly used for people and the latter is mostly used for units. Sometimes, there is a line after this item: the relevant should be indicated. Cambridge CB22QH, Hills Road, Medical Research Council Center, S. F MRC Cancer Laboratory Office. This is the place and unit where letters are expressed.
8. Reference
There are many ways to write references, but they all have certain formats. No matter which one is adopted, it should be consistent. As we all know, the purpose of listing references is to check or verify the information related to the narrative or quoted part of the article. The usual method is to number the quotations in the paper in the order in which they appear. References should be arranged in numerical order. Each bibliography should include the following contents: author's name, title, publishing house, year of publication, number of pages, etc. It can also be arranged alphabetically by the author's surname, rather than in citation order, and the publication year is immediately after the first name. Example:
Abstract: Capillary tubes are used in propulsion systems for household reformers, small refrigerators, indoor air conditioners and other applications, usually reaching three-ton systems [1]. Capillary tubes are also used in the central air conditioning system of small houses, small ice makers and small beverage coolers. It is not practical in large commercial systems because it is insensitive to load changes.
As mentioned above, we write references in alphabetical order according to the author's surname: references 1. Altus, A.D. (1978) Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning. In The New Development of Air Conditioning by Michael Wallace and others (editor). Cambridge University Press II. Max Blake (1976) Selected Works of Max Blake on Modern Air Conditioning Engineering (1st Edition). David g Mandelbaum). Oxford University Press 3. Nelson, C.W. (1972a) refrigeration principle. New york: McGra-wHill( 1972) commercial and industrial refrigeration. In Science, May 1972, pp. 52-68, (1972b) same as above, pp. 72-74 Note: (1) If an article is selected from an anthology, the author's name and title should be given first, and then a sentence should be added to indicate the editor's name and anthology name. If you don't start another sentence, use a comma in the middle. Ed and eds are abbreviations for editor and editors respectively. (2) The author's name and title are generally not separated by commas. There is a period between the title of the book and the publishing house. Use commas at the end of each bibliography, or you don't have to. (3) The publication year refers to the printing year of the cited book or article, not the publication year of the first edition. (4)P and PP are abbreviations of page and pages respectively, and ditto means ditto. (5) If the paper leads to the same article for many times, you can write the author's name and the publication year of the article and book at the back of the citation, and indicate the page number and enclose it in brackets, such as (Nelson, 1972, P. 123). If several works of the same author in the same year are cited, a and b… should be added in the printing year to show the difference, such as (Nelson, 1972a, P. 123), (Nelson, 1972b, p.52 ~ 68).
9. Appendix Appendix and Appendix
The project includes a list of symbols and definitions, terms, etc. How to write medical papers in English, the author thinks that for many authors, the most time-consuming thing is not the content of this article, but to study and read English well at ordinary times; Strengthen the study, improvement and renewal of literary literacy and professional knowledge. If these tasks are done well, the problem of writing medical papers in English and writing higher-level papers will be solved.
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