I study psychology, so I don't have time to help you write a 2000-word paper, not to mention my slow typing. Or surf the Internet in Internet cafes.
I found some information for you, you can have a look,
Imagination is a process in which the human brain processes and transforms the stored images to create new images, and it is an advanced and complex cognitive activity. For example, when people listen to the radio and read novels, all kinds of scenes and characters are presented in their minds; The image of a new product created by an inventor in his mind when designing a new machine; Writers create characters in their works according to their own life experiences. These new images formed in the mind according to other people's oral or written descriptions, or according to their existing knowledge and experience, are all the results of imagination activities.
Imagery and novelty are the basic characteristics of imagination. Imagination is a psychological process of transforming old images and creating new ones on the basis of perception. It is presented in people's minds with an intuitive image, rather than words or symbols. Moreover, the image that appears in the imagination is new, not a simple representation of the representation, but the result of processing and transformation on the basis of the existing representation. For example, when we read Ma Zhiyuan's "Sand Cleaning? Qiu Si, a bleak picture appeared in my mind. Although we have never seen such a scene with our own eyes, we have stored in our minds such images as dead vines, old trees, faint crows, bridges and flowing water, sunset and thin horses, and the human brain has processed and combined these images to form such a picture. Imagination can not only create images of things that people have never felt before, but also create images that cannot exist in reality. For example, the Monkey King, Pig, Monster and so on in Journey to the West. Although these images are bizarre and sometimes absurd, they still come from reality and from the processing of memory representation by the human brain. The Monkey King was created by combining human characteristics with the habits and movements of monkeys. Pig Bajie is the result of processing and reforming some characteristics of people and pigs. An imaginary image can find its prototype in real life. Like other psychological activities, it is a reflection of objective reality.
Although imagination is based on representation, representation belongs to the primary stage of cognition, that is, perceptual cognition stage, while imagination and thinking are closely related, belonging to the advanced stage of cognition, that is, rational cognition stage. When people encounter problems, they often use their imagination to solve them. For example, there is a problem: one morning at sunrise, a monk began to climb the mountain and came to a temple on the top of the mountain along the winding mountain road. The mountain road is only one or two steps wide. Monks climb mountains fast and slow, and stop to have a rest many times along the way. He arrived at the temple shortly before sunset. After staying in the temple for a few days, he began to go down the mountain along the same road. From sunrise, he walked at a changing speed and took many breaks on the road. Of course, he goes down the hill faster than up the hill. Try to prove that monks pass the same place at the same time of the day on their way back and forth.
To solve this problem, you need to use your imagination. You just need to imagine that there are two monks starting at the same time, one climbing from the foot of the mountain and the other walking down from the top of the mountain. No matter how fast they are, they will meet at some time and place on the way. It can be seen that the imagination to solve problems is different from the thinking to solve problems. Thinking is a planned, step-by-step and coherent thinking, while imagination can skip several intermediate steps and reach the idea of solving problems.
Dreams are extreme forms of unintentional imagination. It is an imaginary activity for people to appear while sleeping. Pavlov believes that dreams are images of people's cerebral cortex in an unbalanced inhibitory state during sleep, and the excitement of a few nerve cells activates some representations, which are recombined in unexpected ways due to the lack of conscious regulation and control.
Do people dream when they sleep, and will they dream all the time? According to the study of EEG and eye movement, it is found that there are two stages of human sleep. Rapid eye movement sleep phase and slow eye movement sleep phase are referred to as fast wave phase and slow wave phase for short. When people begin to fall asleep, EEG shows slow waves with large amplitude and low frequency, and people's consciousness disappears, and their heart rate, breathing, body temperature and blood pressure metabolic rate all drop, and they only move their eyes slowly and dream less. This period is called slow wave period. After about 90 minutes, it will turn to the fast wave stage. EEG is a fast wave with low amplitude and high frequency. Blood pressure rises, the heart beats faster, and eye movements are faster, about 50-60 times per second. Dreams usually occur in the fast wave stage. At this time, the stalemate lasted for another 20-30 minutes, and then it turned into a slow-wave phase, so it alternated until awakening, usually 3-5 times. Only in the late stage of sleep, the duration of fast wave phase is prolonged accordingly. This shows that normal people dream about 25% of the time every night, but people sometimes realize it and sometimes don't.
Fantasy and verisimilitude are two characteristics of dreams. In dreams, people will have things that they will never experience in real life, but what happens in dreams is visible and often feels immersive. This is mainly due to the fact that when people are dreaming, the cerebral cortex is in a state of inhibition and lacks the adjustment and control of consciousness, which makes the activated images form a bizarre combination.
Although dreams are unintentional, they are also caused by certain reasons. The causes of dreams generally have the following aspects: First, they are caused by physiological changes. If the calf is sore, it is easy to dream of being bitten by a dog. Second, it is caused by external stimuli. For example, someone once asked his assistant to give different stimuli while sleeping. It turned out that when his assistant scratched his lips and nose, he dreamed that he was tortured and tortured. When his assistant was spraying perfume indoors, he dreamed that he was visiting a flower shop. When his bed suddenly collapsed at the back of his head, he dreamed that he was beheaded. The third is the temporary connection of neural association in cerebral cortex, which is what we usually call "thinking day and night". Some things in daily life cause excessive excitement in the cerebral cortex, making it difficult to suppress these cells, which will constitute a dream scene. He Wei invented the sewing machine with the help of a dream. At that time, his design was stuck in a sewing needle, which was puzzling. One night, he dreamed that the king forced him to make a sewing machine within 24 hours, or he would be stabbed to death with a spear. Suddenly, he was surprised to find that there was a small hole like an eye on the spear tip. This revelation made him realize that the eye of the needle should be close to the tip of the needle, thus solving the problem.
Dreaming is a manifestation of normal brain function, which is not only harmful to health, but also necessary to maintain normal brain function. Studies have shown that if people are artificially deprived of fast-wave sleep for several days, people will have abnormal phenomena such as nervousness, anxiety, inattention, irritability and even hallucinations.
Fantasy is an imagination pointing to the future, which is related to personal wishes. This is a special form of creative imagination. Images in scientific fantasy, religious superstition, myths and fairy tales all belong to fantasy. The image of fantasy is what people hope to place.
Fantasy is not necessarily caused by the description of language symbols, nor does it completely conform to objective laws, nor does it directly point to the creation of material products. Therefore, fantasy is different from recreating imagination and creating imagination. Fantasy points to the future and represents what imagination does not have at present. It is not directly related to the current creative activities, and it may not be realized immediately. It embodies the desire of imagination, and fantasy is something that directly satisfies personal wishes. For example, walking in the clouds, clairvoyance, clairvoyance and the Goddess Chang'e flying to the moon described in ancient books represented people's fantasies at that time. Of course, with the development of science and technology, many past fantasies have gradually become a reality.
According to whether fantasy can be realized, fantasy can be divided into ideal and fantasy. Ideal is based on the development of objective reality, and it is very likely to be realized. For example, the ideal of capitalism, the ideal of the four modernizations, the ideal of building the frontier of the motherland and so on. This yearning for the future conforms to the trend and conforms to the law. As long as we work hard, people's ideals will always come true. Fantasy is completely divorced from the development law of real life, and there is no possibility of realization. Everyone knows the fable of "waiting for the rabbit". A lazy farmer picked up a rabbit that died in a roadside tree and sat under the tree, waiting for another rabbit to die. Naturally, he found nothing. The farmer pinned his hopes on accidents instead of hard work, and his hopes were doomed to fail. Therefore, ideal is a kind of positive imagination, which embodies the objective law of the development of things, has a great incentive effect on people, and is an important spiritual pillar to stimulate people's progress, while fantasy is a kind of negative imagination, which is not based on objective laws, even violates the objective process of the development of things, and plays a role in disintegrating and eroding people's spirit. Therefore, in the process of education and teaching, teachers should pay attention to helping students set up lofty ideals and discover, correct and eliminate students' unrealistic dreams in time.
Thinking is the indirect generalized reflection of the human brain on the essential characteristics and internal regularity of objective things. It, like feeling and perception, is the reflection of the human brain on objective things and belongs to the cognitive process of psychological activities. The difference is that perception is a direct reflection of objective things, and it reflects external characteristics or external connections, which is intuitive and vivid. Thinking is based on perception. Only when people get a lot of perceptual materials can they make all kinds of inferences, make all kinds of assumptions and test these assumptions, and then reveal the essential characteristics and internal laws of things that perceptual can't reveal, which is indirect and general. In addition, sensory perception belongs to the primary stage of cognition, that is, perceptual cognition stage, while thinking belongs to the advanced stage of cognition, that is, rational cognition stage.
The thinking process of solving problems is generally divided into four stages: finding problems, analyzing problems, putting forward hypotheses and testing hypotheses.
Finding problems means recognizing the existence of problems and generating the need and motivation to solve them. Generally speaking, problems exist objectively, but some people are good at finding problems, while others turn a blind eye. People who are good at finding problems are enthusiastic and curious. They can find and ask questions from common phenomena. For example, Newton discovered the gravity of the earth from the phenomenon that "apples fall to the ground instead of flying into the sky". Being good at finding problems is an important symbol of the level of thinking development. Einstein once said, "Finding problems is more important than solving them, because the latter is only the process of methods and experiments, and finding problems is the key to finding problems."
Analyzing a problem is to find out what the requirements of the problem are, what the known conditions are, and what the relationship between the known conditions and requirements is, so as to grasp the essence of the problem and determine the direction of solving the problem, which is the starting point of solving the problem. Whether we can grasp the key in analyzing problems depends not only on the knowledge and experience of people, but also on their analytical ability. When analyzing a problem, we should look at the essence through the phenomenon and analyze the causes of the problem, which will help solve the problem.
Putting forward a hypothesis is to point out the ways, principles and methods to solve the problem, that is, to infer the possible ways to solve the problem by relying on the existing knowledge and experience. Putting forward assumptions is the key stage to solve the problem. Only by putting forward reasonable assumptions and finding the correct methods or answers can the problem be solved. Without reasonable assumptions, the problem cannot be solved.
Testing hypothesis is to determine whether the proposed hypothesis conforms to reality and some principles, principles and formulas through certain methods. There are two main ways to test hypotheses. One is direct testing, that is, the actual operation is carried out through practice, and the test is successful, which shows that the assumption is correct, the test fails, and the assumption is wrong. Then we need to find a new way to solve the problem and put forward the hypothesis again. For example, scientists' new inventions and designs in production must be tested by practice. The other is indirect experience, which is tested by thinking activities. Some assumptions can't be tested immediately in practice, such as battle plans and medical plans. We must rely on the existing knowledge and experience to test the correctness of the hypothesis theoretically and determine the feasibility of the plan through logical reasoning. Of course, it will be tested by practice in the end.
The above are the four stages of problem-solving thinking process, and their division is not absolute. When solving problems, it is difficult to distinguish their boundaries because of the short process. When solving complex problems, these stages often overlap and go back and forth, and they need to be explored in different directions and problem scenarios before they can finally find the correct answer. The experiment of French psychologist Duke confirmed this point. In this experiment, students from the University of Berlin were asked to answer a question: A patient with stomach trouble needed radiotherapy. How to achieve the goal of radiotherapy without harming healthy tissues?
You can only hold so many words, but you can't do the rest. Find it yourself.