Second, according to the requirements of abbreviation, shorten the length of the original text or remove some descriptive sentences, or summarize some minor events, or delete irrelevant introductions. How short it will be depends on the requirements of the topic.
Third, we should connect with nature and make the article a whole.
The specific practice of abbreviation is:
1, first summarize the central idea of the full text and the general idea of each paragraph;
2. Find out the main events and materials around the center, and delete the minor plots and materials;
3. Abbreviate the language and turn specific descriptive sentences into concise ones; Finally, it depends on whether the connection is natural.
2. How to write an abbreviated composition A form of abbreviated composition, as the name implies, is to arrange and compress a long article according to certain requirements, and express the ideological content of the original text with concise sentences. The most basic methods are: press, delete and link.
Abbreviation note:
(1) Before abbreviation, you must read the article several times to understand the content and grasp the main points. Only by understanding and grasping the center of the article can we do the abbreviation without deviating from the theme.
(2) Abbreviation cannot change the central idea of the original text. Abbreviated articles are more concise than the original, but they must not modify the central idea of the original, or even set up another center.
(3) Grasp the main content of the original text. Read the original text carefully before abbreviation, and on the basis of a preliminary understanding of the full text, summarize the main contents of the article with concise sentences, distinguish between primary and secondary, and highlight the key points. Write the main content in detail, and briefly write the secondary content.
(4) Keep the main plot of the original text. Abbreviations must make the original story very clear.
(5) Section by section
Model essay 1: abbreviation "grass boat borrows arrows."
Zhou Yu was very jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent.
One day, when Zhou Yu was discussing military affairs, he suggested Zhuge Liang to make 654.38 million arrows and said not to turn them away. Zhuge Liang said that he was entrusted by the viceroy to do it, promised to build it within three days, and issued a military order. Zhuge Liang borrowed a boat, a sergeant and a straw handle from Lu Su afterwards.
On the third day, Zhuge Liang asked Lu Su to fetch the arrow together. On this day, it was foggy all over the sky, and the people across the street could not be seen clearly. Before dawn, Zhuge Liang ordered the ship to sail and let the soldiers beat drums and shout. Cao Cao ordered that the fog was heavy and the truth could not be seen clearly. Don't go out easily. Tell the crossbowman to shoot an arrow at the approaching ship. The sun has come out and the fog has not dispersed. The sides of the boat were covered with arrows. Zhuge Liang ordered Li to return to Li, but Cao Cao chased him too late.
65438+100000 arrows were "borrowed". Zhou Yu sighed after learning the story of borrowing an arrow: I'm really not as good as him!
Mode 2: Abbreviation "the little scribe"
Liu Chang, Class 4, Grade 6, Han Shi Primary School, Hanzhong City, Shaanxi Province
Souriau is a fifth-grade primary school student, aged 12. His father is a railway worker, and his family lives in poverty. Recently, souriau learned that his father had written a letter for the magazine. Sulio wanted to write behind his back, but his father didn't agree.
One night, after his father fell asleep, Sulio quietly wrote a label for his father. The next day, my father happily earned more money, and Sulio was also very happy after listening. Since then, Syrio has to get up every night to help his father copy labels, which leads to his lack of sleep and fatigue in doing homework. Dad was angry with him from the constant reminder to the end, but Syrio couldn't help getting up every night to help dad copy.
Once, souriau helped his father copy the label and accidentally dropped a book on the ground. His father followed Sulio silently, filled with regret and love. He hugged his son's head and said, "I see, everything is clear!" " "
Model essay 3: The abbreviation Xiaojie Rain is coming.
There is a village in Lu Hua in the north of the Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei border region, where Yulai, who is 12 years old, lives. Yulai likes swimming very much, and her swimming skills are superb.
Rain comes to night school, and the teacher teaches students to read "We are from China, and we love our motherland."
One day, the devils came to "mop up" and dad went to that area to gather. Later, mom went out, too. Suddenly, Uncle Li, a traffic policeman, came in, removed the half-full chaff jar and hid it. When the rain came, he immediately moved the jar back to its original place. The devil came in, and the rain immediately ran to the backyard, and finally ran to the backyard, and was finally caught.
The devil took out a lollipop and a gold ring and asked the rain to tell him where Uncle Li was, even if it was to die. The devil was angry, stretched out a pair of talons-like hands and twisted the rain's ears to both sides. The rain staggered on the cupboard, and blood dripped from the nose on a few lines of the textbook: "We are from China, and we love our motherland." Even so, the rain gritted his teeth and said, "I didn't see it!" " "The devil was so angry that he said he would shoot rain.
Gunshots rang out on the river on the way back, and everyone thought the rain was coming to die. Uncle Li didn't see the rain coming to move the jar, so he went out through another passage. I just know that the rain is going to die! But there is a small head beside the reed, and the rain is still alive!
Fan Wen 4: abbreviation of Yang Haofan's Five Strong Men of Langya Mountain.
194 1 year, after more than a month of war, the Seventh Company and the Japanese aggressors prepared to move from Langya Mountain to Longwang Temple, and handed over the task of protecting the masses and transferring the company to Class Six.
Five soldiers led the enemy to Langya Mountain and used dangerous terrain to knock him down again and again. All five brave men were absorbed in the battle.
They successfully completed the cover task, but did not catch up with the company, but climbed to the chessboard mound, where there were cliffs on three sides, and they wanted to lead the enemy to a dead end.
Five brave men shot while climbing the mountain. When they reached Qipaituo, they continued shooting. When there were no bullets, they were stoned, and many enemies fell into the mountain stream.
A group of enemies jumped up again. The monitor threw the last Grenade at the enemy and the enemy group exploded. When the companions left, five brave people jumped off the cliff one by one. Their heroic slogan resounded through Langya Mountain:
"Down with Japanese imperialism!"
"Long live the China * * * production party!"
This is the unyielding voice of the heroic people of China, which is earth-shattering and magnificent. Abbreviations.
3. composition guidance: how to abbreviate a novel is to rewrite a literary work, and compress the length of a long article into a concise short article without changing the center, theme, genre and order of the original text.
Abbreviations Under the premise of grasping the center tightly, keep the trunk and cut off the branches and leaves. Keeping the trunk is a training form to compress words as needed without changing the basic content.
There are many forms of abbreviations, such as summaries and abstracts. We often see article abstracts, film briefs, novel outlines and so on. All of them are abbreviations, which are common types of abbreviations in daily life. No matter what form of abbreviation, we should keep the original style. We should firmly grasp the center of the original text and try to use the language in the original text, but remember not to copy the original text in large paragraphs.
It must be a well-structured composition, but be careful not to be top-heavy and choose the right materials, instead of picking one sentence from the east and copying another from the west. You should pay attention to training your ability to choose materials quickly. When the original text is deleted and incoherent, it should be combined with necessary words to make the text coherent and smooth.
Practicing abbreviations frequently can not only improve students' reading ability, grasp the center and focus of the article more accurately, understand the content of the article, but also improve students' ability to use words and develop the habit of being concise. It is helpful to examine students' generalization ability, language expression ability and understanding ability.
How to abbreviate? First of all, it should be noted that abbreviations simplify long articles into short articles on the basis of maintaining the original genre, center, main figures, major events and paragraph levels. Second, we should grasp the center of the full text and the meaning of each paragraph.
Look at the beginning of the original text, how the story unfolds and ends, how the paragraphs transition and connect, clarify the ideas of the article, and grasp the center and meaning of the article. Only in this way, the main plot of the article is not easy to miss, and the center can be consistent with the original.
Otherwise, the article will go out of shape. The third is to grasp the main materials of major events and delete secondary events and secondary materials.
When compressing and refining, you can write the dialogue of characters in a narrative way, deleting the description of details, scenery and appearance, leaving only the backbone of the story. Only in this way can we reach the reserved number of words stipulated in the abbreviation.
Fourth, we should clarify our thinking, how to start, how to end, how to unfold the story and so on when abbreviating. All these should be carefully thought over before writing. After the abbreviation, read it from beginning to end to see if there is any inconsistency, or if there is something in front, but it is ignored, omitted or unclear; Let's see if the connection between paragraphs is natural.
Pay attention to abbreviations, the article must not be fragmented. Abbreviation should be a good article.
4. The abbreviation of the composition in the second volume of the fifth grade should not exceed 400 words. Please help me now. Zhou Yu was jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent. One day, Zhou Yu consulted Zhuge Liang about military affairs. Zhou Yu asked Zhuge Liang to build 100,000 arrows in ten days, and Zhuge Liang said that it only took three days. So Zhuge Liang made a military order. Zhou Yu asked Lu Su to inquire about Zhuge Liang's plan. Lu Su has seen him. There are 30 sergeants on each ship. The boat is covered with a green curtain, and there are more than 1000 straw handles arranged on both sides of the boat, which requires Zhou Yu not to know. At four o'clock on the third day, Zhuge Liang secretly invited Lu Su aboard. At this time, it was foggy, and even the other side of the river could not be seen clearly. Zhuge Liang ordered the bow to face west and the stern to face east, and told the sergeant on board to beat drums and shout. He ordered the crossbowman to shoot an arrow at the river. Zhuge Liang also ordered the boat to be turned over, with the bow facing east and the stern facing west. He was still beating drums and shouting, and was shot by an arrow as he approached the water village in Cao Jun. It was almost dawn, and the straw handles on both sides of the boat were covered with arrows. Zhuge Liang told twenty ships to sail back to the south bank. Each ship has about five or six thousand arrows, and there are more than 100,000 ships in total. Zhou Yu sighed when he saw this. .
5. A brief composition of 300 words "clouds break the moon and flowers shadow", flowers know how to enjoy spring best. In the sunny spring, the heart dried by the cold wind began to wake up lazily, colorful and blooming.
"Birds are messengers of spring", accompanied by the melody of spring dance, birds play a cheerful movement; Green hills, flowing water and tinkling streams are intertwined and rotate accordingly. In the thin morning fog, the light reflected by the sun dances like wings. The dance is gentle and sincere, gentle and moving.
I can't tell whether we have added vitality to this warm spring or whether the vitality of spring has infected us. In a word, everything has become so fresh and brand-new.
Putting aside the noise and troubles of the world, this is a once-in-a-lifetime thing between heaven and earth. Enjoy the sunshine and gentle breeze, and run and sing in the endless green fields. Feel the fun of "wind blowing grass and lowering cattle and sheep"
On a spring night, please close your eyes and listen carefully. Those beautiful Wan Ru songs hidden in the night are singing in a low voice. The moon's gentle eyes have just come out of the ice and snow, and some Leng Yan are gorgeous, staring at the little creatures in the world. The grass fell asleep in the moonlight. Walk gently across the path. Shh! Never wake them up. Pure dewdrops condense on the Ye Er, emitting thousands of brilliance like stained glass. Touch it gently with your fingers, then run into your palm and smile happily at it. Walking through the clear water, she has the charm of early morning. A thin layer of clear fog floats, like a veil, gently covering her graceful figure, tempting us to open it. Water is very aura. When it flows all the way, it always brings some stories. Gently put your feet into the cool river, causing ripples, as if the river is smiling at you and blaming you for waking her up in her sleep. I think, at this moment, the Qinhuai River, which was condensed by the gold powder of the Six Dynasties, will also be washed away by the spring water and restored to its original appearance. If Zhu Ziqing once again ripples in the shadow of Qinhuai River, he should have another experience! I think there must be ...
The spring rain is lingering, and I walk under this blue sky with an umbrella, listening to the quiet rain, like crying and complaining, like resentment and longing. Take away your umbrella, drizzle kisses your face happily, condenses into dew in your hair, and becomes sweet in your mouth. Oblique and dense rain seems to drip into your heart, open your eyes, and the drizzle weaves two rivers in your eyes. Maybe the legend of the ancient great god Nu Wa is true. When mud meets water, people become soft when it meets rain, and walking seems to enter Dai Wangshu's elegant rain lane. If there is an opportunity, I would like to ask Mr. Shu, was it March when I thought about this poem?
I sat in the room with no light on, listening to the rain falling, and the endless darkness hugged me gently, without lights. I can imagine the hazy beauty of the rain outside the window, dark and gentle as the deep sea. My feelings have gone with the wind but not gone with the wind. The sky close to me has become a dark blue novel, seemingly flat and within reach. The green vine wrapped around the old wall was washed clean by water and rain. As time passed, I seemed to hear the clear sound of raindrops.
In spring, there is the quiet beauty of Jiang Lu Xiao Yue; There is the softness of Guitong's thin shadow; There is the magnificence of the sky. Spring-a beautiful messenger. It is better to put aside the secular and travel in the spring.
6. Abbreviate the composition as 1. Keep your original intention. (The theme remains the same)
2. The number of words should meet the requirements.
Don't disturb the order of the original content.
4. Don't modify the paragraph.
5. Keep only the main content and remove the decorative components.
6. Clear the theme and delete the content irrelevant to the theme.
7. Make clear the time, place, cause, process and result of human events.
For example:
Abbreviation for borrowing arrows from grass boats
Zhou Yu was jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent and designed to build 100 thousand arrows in ten days to frame him. Zhuge Liang followed suit, issued a military order and made 100 thousand arrows in three days.
Zhou Yu sent Lu Su to inquire about the news, but Lu Su pulled out 20 boats privately. According to Zhuge Liang's request, more than 1000 straw handles were arranged on both sides, covered with green curtains. And promised to keep Zhou Yu secret.
On the first day, he didn't make any moves. The next day, he still didn't make any action. On the third day, at four o'clock, it was foggy all over the sky. Zhuge Liang invited Lu Su to come and get the arrow. He connected twenty ships with ropes and sailed north. When approaching the water village in Cao Jun, he ordered the bow to face the west and the stern to face the east. The sergeants beat drums and shouted loudly. When the river was foggy, Cao Jun dared not send troops, so he let the crossbowman shoot arrows. Zhuge Liang ordered him to turn and take the arrow. The arrow was full and he sailed back with the wind. Cao Cao knew that he had been cheated, but it was too late to recover.
The arrow was "made" as scheduled, and Zhou Yu sighed:' Zhuge Liang's strategy is brilliant, and I really can't compare with him.
7. Abbreviation of writing essentials is a kind of writing training that compresses and refines long articles into shorter articles according to certain requirements under the condition that the central idea and main content remain unchanged.
Abbreviation is not only a training form to cultivate writing ability, but also a good way to cultivate reading ability, analytical ability and generalization ability. Let's explain several specific problems of abbreviations: (1) Basic requirements for abbreviations ① Abbreviations should be in the original order.
(2) Abbreviations should be detailed, key parts should be detailed, and minor parts should be abbreviated. ③ Abbreviations should keep the integrity of the article.
Abbreviations are different from modifying articles and removing redundant parts, and they are also different from excerpts. Instead, it should be condensed into the required articles according to different purposes and requirements. Specifically, we should be faithful to the central meaning of the original text and not deviate from the theme; Be faithful to the genre and structure of the original text and maintain its basic style; We should grasp the key points and extract the essence from the rough; Language should be concise and fluent.
(2) General Steps of Abbreviation ① Abbreviation should strive to make the central idea and main content of the abbreviated article consistent with the original text. To do this, we should read the original text carefully before abbreviation, clarify the structure of the article, grasp the main points of the content and grasp the central idea of the article.
Specifically, I know the cause, development and ending of the events recorded in the original text like the back of my hand; Understand the character, words and deeds, status and role in the event; The detailed arrangement of the original text and the hierarchical order of paragraphs should be very clear. (2) According to the central idea of the article, determine what to keep, and what to merge and delete.
Because some places cannot be directly connected after deletion, it is necessary to reconsider the connection between the preceding and following sentences. Abbreviation is more important than narration and generalization. We should summarize the specific content, such as the dialogue and psychological activities of the characters, into several narratives, keep the main plot and keywords of the original text, or delete the secondary content, or make a general narrative.
For example, modified, restrictive statements and transitional statements can be compressed or deleted; The description of non-key parts and the dialogue of non-main characters can be deleted, or only briefly described; You can merge or delete sketched parts without affecting the development of the story and explaining the plot. ③ When abbreviating, try to quote the original sentences, especially the key words and accurate and vivid words in the original; After deletion, some sentences are rewritten according to whether the tones are connected and whether the logical relationship between sentences is close.
(4) Compare the abbreviation with the original to see whether the main content is retained, whether the meaning is accurate and complete, whether the sentence is fluent, and whether the tone and semantics are connected. (3) Abbreviation methods and skills Abbreviation should do two things: First, shorten the length; The second is to make appropriate rewriting.
Some key contents can be properly retained, some can be rewritten, some can be summarized, some can be deleted, and some can be ignored. The specific methods are as follows: ① Extraction method.
Grasp the center and main points of the original text, mainly extract the important sentences of the original text, appropriately increase the cohesive language and link them into words. Abbreviated narrative can extract important sentences about time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.
Concise argumentation can extract the central argument and sub-argument of the original text and retain the main argument. Secondary examples, quotations, etc. , some can be omitted, and some can be extracted from it.
Abbreviation can extract more parts that can best explain the main characteristics of things, and minor problems and parts that have little to do with the essential characteristics of things can be extracted or not recorded. ② deletion method.
The basic principle of deletion is to delete the secondary part and keep the main part. Read through the original text before abbreviation, grasp the center, prioritize and grasp the key points, and consider what to delete and what to leave as a benchmark.
Sentence abbreviation, single sentence deletion to retain the main components; Delete clauses that are still emphasized in complex sentences. Paragraph abbreviations keep central sentences and key sentences.
Narrative, you can delete minor characters, minor plots, non-key details, as well as some descriptive and rendering languages. Explanatory words can delete some repetitive examples, descriptions and argumentative words, delete those decorative languages, narratives and minor details that do not directly affect the explanatory object, and retain the characteristics and essence of things; Repeated analysis, minor cases and critical papers can be deleted from argumentative papers. ③ Generalization method.
Through induction and summary, the relevant paragraphs about explanation and narration in the original text are connected into several concise sentences or even one sentence. For example, the specific description in the narrative is changed into a general description, and the detailed description is compressed into a general description; Specific quotations in argumentative essays are reduced to general quotations, and factual arguments are changed from specific narratives to summaries.
You can also shrink paragraphs into sentences, long sentences into short sentences, and lyric sentences into general declarative sentences. The above methods can be used in combination. It is necessary to keep the wonderful sentences, sentences reflecting opinions or central sentences in the original text as much as possible in the abbreviated article, so as to achieve complete structure, clear center and fluent language, especially to make the reserved parts and the changed parts naturally match.
You can't change the genre of the original text, disrupt the order of the original text, reorganize the material, and you can't play it at will. Please abbreviate it into a short essay with a self-made title.
The number of words is around 500. During the summer vacation, the newspaper delivery to my family was replaced by a boy of seventeen or eighteen.
My family lives on the sixth floor. Every morning after 8 o'clock, there are soft footsteps coming from upstairs. Rain or shine, he will come on time.
When the door was not open, he gently stuffed the newspaper into the newspaper tube. With the door left unlocked, he would politely shout, "Teacher Wan, here comes the newspaper!" " "I once chatted with him and learned that he got up at 5 o'clock every morning and delivered newspapers to more than 200 families every day, all of whom were building residents. He climbs 18000 steps every day.
The sun is like fire, and the newspaper delivery boy rides his bike across the street sweating every day. Early in the morning, his short-sleeved shirt was soaked to a great extent, but his bell was playing happily. Xiao Yuan's face shone with big clear eyes, and he smiled shyly at everyone. His life seems carefree. One day in late July, when the teenager delivered the newspaper, he said to me, "Today's newspaper published the college entrance examination scores!" " I said thank you.
The boy went downstairs. At this time, the son jumped out of bed when he heard the voice, took the newspaper and flipped through it in a hurry, and said happily.