Knowledge induction
First, the development of ancient handicraft industry in China
1. Metallurgical industry
(1) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Bronze casting was the main sector of handicraft industry in Shang and Zhou Dynasties; The bronze casting in Shang Dynasty was very large. Bronze products in the Western Zhou Dynasty tend to be life-oriented.
(2) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the people of China created the softening treatment technology of cast iron, which was a great achievement in the history of iron smelting in the world; There has been a new creation in bronze casting technology, and a new technology of gold and silver dislocation has appeared.
(3) Wei and Jin Dynasties: Xiangzhou in the Northern Wei Dynasty was famous for making sabres; Steelmaking technology is quite mature; Invented the method of pouring steel.
(4) During the Tang Dynasty, cutting, grinding and welding were widely used in smelting and casting.
(5) The middle and late Ming Dynasty: the scale of iron smelting production in Foshan, Guangdong Province was expanded.
Tracing thinking
In what ways did China's ancient iron smelting technology lead the world?
2. Textile industry
(1) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Twill jacquard fabric and embroidery appeared.
(2) During the Cao Wei period, there were special weaving institutions in Xiangyi and Luoyang, the centers of textile industry; Wu raised silkworms for eight generations; Shu brocade is famous far and near.
(3) During the Tang Dynasty, silk and linen fabrics spread all over the country. There are many kinds of silk fabrics, such as twill and brocade, and each category is divided into many varieties; Some silk fabrics have also absorbed Persian weaving and pattern styles.
(4) In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, capitalist handicraft workshops appeared in Suzhou silk industry.
Tracing thinking
What are the outstanding performances of textile industry development in China during Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties? What is the new economic phenomenon of silk industry in Ming Dynasty? In 2005, the United States and the European Union imposed restrictions on China's textile exports. Can it be explained that China's textile technology is still at the leading level in the world?
3. Ceramic industry
(1) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: The appearance of primitive porcelain was a leap in the history of China ceramics development.
(2) Wei and Jin Dynasties: Porcelain-making technology became more and more mature. The south is rich in celadon, and the utensils are beautiful in shape; The creation of northern white porcelain has opened up a broad prospect for China porcelain industry.
(3) Tri-color appeared in the Tang Dynasty, which laid the foundation for the emergence of colored porcelain in later generations; There is also a famous secret color porcelain in celadon.
Tracing thinking
Think about it: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, did the ceramic industry make a breakthrough in the mode of production?
4. Shipbuilding industry
In the Tang dynasty, it was able to build the largest seagoing ship in the world at that time, and it was known as the "overlord at sea"; It can also manufacture various types of warships using propellers, which is the earliest ship prototype using mechanical power in the world.
Key tips
The invention of compass in Song Dynasty had an important influence on the development of shipbuilding technology in China. Zheng He's voyages to the West in Ming Dynasty reflected the superb level of China's shipbuilding technology.
5. handicrafts
(1) During the Warring States Period, a handicraft monograph "Copying Gong Ji" appeared, which described the design specifications and manufacturing techniques of various handicrafts in the official camp of Qi State.
(2) Tiangong Kaiwu, written in the late Ming and Song Dynasties, summed up the production technology of agriculture and handicrafts in the Ming Dynasty, and was called "China17th century craft encyclopedia" abroad.
Second, the development of ancient commerce.
1. Shang dynasty commerce
(1) Shang Dynasty attached importance to commerce, and businessmen were good at doing business. Later generations called businessmen "businessmen".
(2) The Shang Dynasty used shellfish as currency.
(3) The capital of Shang Dynasty has become a prosperous commercial city, and it is known as "the wing of Shang Dynasty, the pole of all directions".
2. Commercial cities in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
(1) During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, commodity exchange developed rapidly, commerce developed, and local products were exchanged frequently. You can buy ivory in the south, horses in the north, fish salt in the east and leather in the west in the Central Plains market.
(2) Many cities have become prosperous commercial centers, such as Linzi in Qi, Handan in Zhao and Ying in Chu. The economy is developed and the population is large.
Key tips
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a city was characterized by its political center, mainly the capital of a vassal state.
3. Prosperity of commerce in Sui and Tang Dynasties
(1) The commerce in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was more prosperous than that in the previous generation, and merchants' footprints spread all over the country. There are private shops for merchants on the main road, and there are "post donkeys" for merchants to ride; The canal and merchant ships on the Yangtze River keep going back and forth.
(2) The currency of the Sui Dynasty was five baht; After Tang Gaozu, "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" became a common currency, which was a model of all currencies after the Tang Dynasty.
(3) The market in Sui and Tang Dynasties was more developed than that in the previous generation. There is a fixed trading place in the city-the city, which has shops and cabinets. The cabinet is the earliest prototype of a bank in China, six or seven hundred years earlier than the financial institutions along the Mediterranean coast of Europe. Some prosperous big cities have night markets, and grass markets are held regularly in rural and remote areas.
(4) The Tang government allowed foreign businessmen to trade freely in China, and Hu merchants spread all over major cities.
Key tips
The development of ancient commerce is generally manifested in the increase of commodity types, the expansion of markets, the activity of businessmen, the development of transportation, the types of currencies and the prosperity of cities. Overseas trade is also a manifestation of business development.
Tracing thinking
What are the conditions for commercial prosperity in Sui and Tang Dynasties? What are the specific performances?
4. Commercial prosperity and foreign trade in Ming and Qing Dynasties
(1) The continuous prosperity of commerce in Ming and Qing Dynasties: the domestic market expanded and a large number of agricultural products and handicrafts were put on the market; Cross-regional long-distance trafficking trade has developed rapidly; Beijing and Nanjing are national commercial cities, and there are dozens of larger commercial cities in China. Commodity economy extends to the countryside, and famous industrial and commercial towns in Jiangsu and Zhejiang prosper.
(2) Foreign trade status: the rulers of the Qing Dynasty implemented a closed-door policy, which on the one hand prohibited Chinese people from trading in the sea, on the other hand restricted foreign businessmen from trading in China; China's export commodities only account for about 3% of the total market commodities, and the share of foreign trade in the whole economy is extremely small, which makes it difficult to promote the development of industry and commerce.
Key tips
Foreign trade belongs to both commerce and foreign relations.
Tracing thinking
What are the important manifestations of the development of commodity economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties?
Third, the development of ancient cities in China and the acceleration of urbanization.
1. Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
The capitals of Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties are the political and transportation centers of the country. The capital has gates for residents to enter and leave, and there are neat and wide streets in the city.
2. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
The capitals of vassal States, such as Linzi in Qi, Handan in Zhao and Ying in Chu, have a large population.
3. Prosperity of cities in Sui and Tang Dynasties
Daxing City was built in the Sui Dynasty, and Chang 'an City was expanded in the Tang Dynasty. The overall design of the city is reasonable, and the building scale is grand, which reflects the superb technology of urban architecture. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an and Luoyang were commercial metropolises in China. The commercial cities in the Yangtze River valley are centered on Yangzhou and Chengdu. In the late Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou was the most prosperous industrial and commercial city in China, and its economic status surpassed Chang 'an and Luoyang. The prosperity of the night market was a major feature of Yangzhou at that time.
4. Ming and Qing Dynasties
When the Ming Dynasty was the ancestor, Beijing was built on the basis of the Yuan Dynasty. Beijing and Nanjing are national commercial cities, and there are dozens of large commercial cities in China.
5. Accelerated urbanization process
Urbanization, also known as urbanization, refers to the process and trend of the transformation of population, land use, economy and culture patterns from rural areas to cities, and is one of the important indicators to measure the social and economic development level of a country.
Key tips
Regarding the process of urbanization, we should pay attention to the connection with geography, the rising areas of modern cities in China and the coastal open cities in China.
Before the reform and opening up, the urbanization process in China was very slow.
Since the reform and opening up, with the rapid growth of national economy and the overall progress of society, the urbanization process in China has been accelerating. From 1978 to 2000, the number of towns increased from 193 to 663, the number of small towns increased from 2 173 to 203 12, the total urban population increased from1700,000 to 456 million, and the urbanization level increased from/kloc.
China's urbanization road is diverse. With the in-depth development of rural economic system reform, township enterprises have sprung up and become an important way for farmers to transfer to non-agricultural fields. The number of farmers working and doing business in cities has greatly increased, which has made small towns rise rapidly and played an important role in promoting urbanization.
Since 2 1 century, urbanization in China has entered a stage of rapid development. In 2002, the government proposed to implement an active urbanization strategy, take the diversified urban road of coordinated development of large, medium and small cities and small towns, and gradually form a reasonable urban system.
Tracing thinking
What are the famous cities in ancient China? At present, what are the main factors that accelerate the urbanization process in China?
Fourth, the emergence, development and premature death of capitalism in China.
1. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the seeds of capitalism appeared sparsely in some production departments in some areas of the south of the Yangtze River.
After the mid-Ming dynasty, the textile industry for the purpose of producing goods gradually rose and developed into an independent handicraft workshop in some areas in the south of the Yangtze River. For example, in Suzhou, there are machine operators who take silk weaving as their profession, set up computer rooms and hire mechanics for production. The employment relationship between the owner and the mechanic is capitalist production relationship.
Key tips
The essential characteristics of capitalist relations of production are employment relations and exploitation relations.
2. The seeds of capitalism in Qing Dynasty continued to develop.
By the Qing Dynasty, the seeds of capitalism continued to develop. The scale of handicraft workshops has expanded, the division of labor has been fine, and the number of departments and regions where capitalism is budding has increased.
3. Reasons for the slow development of capitalism.
The germination of capitalism appeared in the middle and late Ming Dynasty to the eve of the Opium War. Although it has grown up, there is no breakthrough, and it is always in its infancy. The whole production failed to enter the workshop handicraft stage, and its strength was far from enough to decompose the feudal mode of production. In the whole country, the self-sufficient feudal economy still dominates. The reason is that the decadent feudal system has seriously hindered the growth of capitalism. This is mainly manifested in the following aspects: First, farmers suffered cruel feudal exploitation and lived in extreme poverty, so they were unable to buy handicraft crystals from the market. Second, landlords and businessmen will use the money they earn to buy many houses and land, which will seriously affect the expansion and reproduction of handicrafts. Third, feudal countries set up numerous barriers, imposed heavy taxes on commodities and strictly restricted the scale of handicraft production. Fourth, the Qing government implemented a closed-door policy and banned overseas trade many times.
4. After the Opium War, the seeds of capitalism in China were destroyed.
After the Opium War, western capitalist countries used the privilege of aggression to dump goods and plunder raw materials in China, and the seeds of capitalism in China were severely damaged. Most of the old manual workshops in China went bankrupt, and few of them really developed from manual workshops into modern enterprises.
Tracing thinking
What is the main symbol of the germination of Chinese capitalism? Why did capitalism sprout slowly in the early Qing Dynasty? Did China's capitalism sprout and grow into a towering tree of modern capitalism?
Thinking expansion
Extension 1: the relationship between ancient agriculture, handicrafts and commerce
The development of agriculture, especially the popularization of cash crops, provides raw materials for the development of handicrafts, and the requirements of agricultural productivity innovation provide markets for the development of handicrafts; The improvement of agricultural and handicraft production technology and the trend of product commercialization laid the foundation for the development of commerce, and the prosperity of commerce in turn stimulated the commodity production of agriculture and handicraft industry. Therefore, although ancient rulers always regarded agriculture as a "primary" industry and restricted industry and commerce as a "final" industry, due to the interactive relationship between agriculture, industry and commerce, ancient industry and commerce developed and even prospered from generation to generation.
Extension 2: Three main management forms of China ancient handicraft industry.
Government-run handicraft industry, private handicraft industry and household handicraft industry have become the three main management forms of handicraft industry in ancient China. Government-run handicrafts are directly operated by the government and produced in large workshops, mainly producing munitions and daily necessities such as weapons for the government and nobles. It uses the power of the state to recruit the best craftsmen, control the best raw materials, and produce at no cost. Most of its products are very beautiful. Private handicrafts are run by private individuals and mainly produce products for private consumption. Cottage industry is a sideline of farmers. The products are mainly used for self-consumption and tax payment, and the rest are sold in the market. In China's long self-sufficient natural economy era, cottage industry occupies a considerable proportion. (quoted from the textbook of the new curriculum standard)
Extension 3: the function of ancient commodity economy in China
In different periods of feudal society, commodity economy played different roles in feudal system and feudal rule, which can be divided into three stages: ① At the beginning of feudal society, the development of commodity economy promoted the formation of feudal landlord class and the strengthening of feudal rule. During the Warring States period, a large part of the emerging landlord class came from wealthy businessmen. Some cities with prosperous commerce became the centers of feudal regime, such as Linzi, Handan, Daliang and Yinghe. (2) In the middle period of feudal society, the development of commodity economy was conducive to the consolidation of feudal regime and the increase of government revenue. Luoyang, Chang 'an and Kaifeng, the capitals of Sui, Tang and Northern Song Dynasties, were all commercial centers at that time. The proportion of commercial tax in the national fiscal revenue has gradually increased. (3) In the late feudal society, the development of commodity economy disintegrated the feudal system. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, with the development of commodity economy, the bud of capitalist production relations-workshop handicraft industry appeared. The emergence and slow development of budding capitalism has disintegrated the feudal system economically, shaken the feudal ruling order politically and impacted the feudal system ideologically. Due to the development of commodity economy and the increasingly decadent feudal system, anti-feudal democratic thoughts have emerged. As a representative of democratic thought, Huang Zongxi lashed out at autocratic monarchy, pointing out that autocratic monarchy is "the great harm in the world".
Extension 4: Evaluation of the ancient policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce.
(1) Agriculture was the decisive production department in ancient China. The policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business is essentially to protect the feudal landlord economy.
(2) To evaluate the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, we should pay attention to its historical stage. In the early feudal society, its implementation played a positive role in promoting social and economic development and consolidating the emerging landlord regime. However, with the development of agriculture and handicraft industry, the circulation and trading of products are inevitable, and the policy of restraining business hinders the circulation of products and the further development of economy. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the negative impact of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business became the main aspect. The rulers of Ming and Qing dynasties opposed commerce and agriculture and took various measures to suppress and restrain the development of capitalism. These practices violate the objective laws of economic development, leading to the backwardness of the country and losing its initial positive role.
Extension 5: Advantages and disadvantages of capitalism in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Advantages: ① Developed agriculture. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the output of crops increased and cash crops were widely planted, which provided sufficient raw materials for the development of handicrafts. ② Developed handicraft production. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, textile, porcelain making, mining and metallurgy industries were large in scale and high in level, and a number of skilled workers were trained. (3) Commercial development. The construction of more than 30 large and medium-sized commercial cities in China, the extensive entry of agricultural products and handicraft products into the market, and the prosperity of foreign trade have all promoted the activity of commodity economy. (4) Adequate monetary conditions. A large number of currencies circulated, and by the middle and late Ming Dynasty, silver had become a common currency. ⑤ The development of traditional science and technology.
Disadvantages: ① The stubbornness and closure of the natural economy make the domestic market narrow. ② Insufficient capital accumulation makes it difficult for handicraft industry to expand reproduction. (3) The bondage of feudal system. Heavy barriers and heavy taxes have inhibited the development of industry and commerce. (4) Turning to the outside world failed to form an overseas commodity market. (5) Due to the influence of traditional ideas and customs, natural science and technology can't make a qualitative change in productivity.
Extension 6: the meaning of urbanization
Urbanization is a natural historical process of the transformation from a traditional backward rural society to a modern advanced urban society in the historical process of human society after the social productive forces have developed to a certain stage. The connotation of urbanization is very rich, including: the transformation from rural population to urban population; The mode of production and lifestyle has changed from rural to urban; The transformation from traditional rural civilization to modern urban civilization. Urbanization is an important symbol reflecting the degree of social economy and social modernization in a country and region.
Urbanization is the foundation of modernization, and modernization is the process of optimizing the whole social, economic and cultural fields with advanced science and technology and highly developed productive forces. There are three main signs of urbanization: the increase of urban population, the increase of the proportion of urban population to the total population and the expansion of urban land use scale.
College entrance examination link
Analysis of College Entrance Examination and Teaching Suggestions
The main content of this topic is the emergence and development of ancient handicraft industry, commerce, city and capitalism in China, and it is related to the current hot spots of urbanization.
The 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system. In recent years, China's commodity economy and market economy have developed rapidly, and the urbanization process is also accelerating. Problems related to commodity economy, market economy and urbanization process have become social hotspots, and they have also attracted much attention in the college entrance examination. In 2004, Guangdong Volume presented a big problem from the comparison between Chang 'an City in Tang Dou and Tokyo City in the Northern Song Dynasty. The topic of the national comprehensive volume "Liu Jiagongfu's Needle Shop" also comes from this hot spot; The title of Shanghai Volume "A glimpse of Xujiahui" also points to the hot spot of urbanization. In 2005, there were many related questions in the national college entrance examination. Yuejuan presents a material analysis problem from the perspective of Yangzhou city merchants.
When reviewing this topic, we should pay attention to the following points: ① Ancient handicraft industry should pay attention to mastering the technological progress of major handicraft departments such as metallurgy, ceramics, textile and paper making, and pay attention to the bankruptcy of traditional handicraft industry after the Opium War and the socialist transformation of rival industries in New China. (2) The development of ancient commerce should pay attention to the performance of each period from the aspects of commodity, market and currency, and also pay attention to the influence of China's economic policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce on commercial development. ③ The content destroyed by the invasion of foreign powers in the late Qing Dynasty should be paid attention to in the budding of capitalism, and it should be comprehensively compared with the related content produced by the budding of capitalism in Europe. ④ The urbanization should pay attention to the relationship among ancient cities, modern cities and coastal open cities, as well as the content of urbanization after the industrial revolution in Europe and America, so as to cultivate students' comprehensive thinking ability.
Solve doubts
1. The position and role of government-run industry and commerce in ancient times
The purpose of government-run industry and commerce in China feudal society is not to expand reproduction, but to meet the consumption demand of rulers and collect wealth for feudal dynasties. In feudal society, the ruling class was the most extravagant consumer. Although all kinds of handicrafts they need can be plundered directly from the people through tribute or tax, a considerable part of them still have to rely on their own workshops to produce handicrafts. There is no doubt that the products produced by government-run handicrafts are basically for the consumption of the upper ruling group, so they belong to the non-commodity nature.
The products of government-run handicrafts often have the highest technical level. The reasons are as follows: first, the royal family, nobles and officials need to enjoy the most advanced handicrafts; Second, government-run workshops often concentrate skilled craftsmen from all over the country and have the conditions to produce these products; Third, because government-run handicrafts are not commodity production, rulers have the characteristics of luxury. Therefore, in production, no matter what the cost, we should not hesitate to waste it.
The official handicraft industry has restrained the development of private industry and commerce. In the feudal society of China, the royal family and bureaucratic groups were the richest classes, and they needed a large number of daily necessities and luxury goods, so they were also the biggest consumers in society. However, because most of the goods it needs are directly provided by government-run handicrafts, private industry and commerce have lost this huge commodity sales market; At the same time, due to its powerful political privileges, the government directly controls the production and sales of several commodities that people need most in their daily lives, such as salt, iron, tea and wine, and prohibits people from operating freely with strict laws, further narrowing the scope of commodity production and circulation, limiting free competition and seriously affecting the development of commodity economy.
2. The rise and fall of traditional handicrafts in China in the late Qing Dynasty.
After the Opium War, the handicraft industry changed significantly. Some handicraft departments have declined, while others have developed to a certain extent.
Handicrafts going into decline mainly have the following departments: ① Handicrafts that directly confront imported foreign goods are impacted by foreign goods and decline. The most severely hit is the most widely distributed farmers' cotton textile industry, followed by indigenous industries such as steelmaking, needle making, candle making and block printing. (2) Although some industries were not impacted by foreign goods, they declined due to natural reasons after the Opium War. These are mainly some handicrafts with local characteristics that have emerged by taking advantage of the unique natural conditions, and their rise and fall change with the changes of natural conditions. For example, the logging industry in Shaanxi declined due to the exhaustion of old forests; Guangdong's iron smelting industry and Yunnan's copper mining industry declined due to the exhaustion of mineral resources. (3) The government handicraft industry has also declined. 19 the peasant war in the fifties and sixties destroyed the official silk weaving institutions in Jiangnan. There are also arms handicrafts and traditional money-making industries, which are gradually replaced by similar machine manufacturing industries.
Some handicrafts have also been developed. (1) Long-term coexistence of foreign countries and handicrafts where products manufactured by machines cannot be completely replaced. For example, the paper industry, despite the impact of foreign paper imports, has not been seriously affected and continues to develop, which is related to the continuous progress of the printing industry, the large demand for paper and some characteristics of domestic paper. (2) Some traditional handicrafts that are less competitive with foreign commodities or have national characteristics continue to develop. ③ Some handicrafts that are attached to the international market and meet the needs of foreign investment have developed rapidly. Such as tea and silk industries, all developed under the stimulation of export trade. The other part, such as copper-tin manufacturing and wrought iron industry, mainly provides spare parts for foreign ships and foreign shipyards, thus expanding the production scale. Most of these developed handicrafts are located in trading ports and nearby areas where handicrafts are concentrated and convenient to contact foreign markets.
Generally speaking, after the Opium War, a few handicrafts declined and most handicrafts developed. However, the development of handicraft industry in the late Qing Dynasty was partly dependent, and its rise and fall changed with the changes in the world market, so its development was extremely unstable and it failed to transform into a modern machine industry on a large scale in the late Qing Dynasty.
3. The causes of mercantilism in the middle and late Ming Dynasty
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, with the emergence of the seeds of capitalism, people's values have changed, mercantilism thoughts have generally appeared, and the resistance struggle between citizens and craftsmen has erupted constantly.
On the issue of foreign trade, the "sea ban" was strictly implemented in the early Ming Dynasty. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there were two completely different opinions within the central government, and the struggle was quite fierce. Zhu Wan faction opposed foreign trade and advocated a policy of severe repression against pirates, which was opposed by the coastal landlord class and eventually failed. This shows that with the development of commercial capital, the social status of businessmen rose, businessmen and landlords had their own spokesmen in the Ming government, and bureaucrats and landlords representing trade interests formed a powerful force in politics.
In the early Ming dynasty, bureaucrats were not allowed to do business, especially officials with more than four grades. Although some bureaucrats, especially those in the southeast coastal areas, secretly engage in commercial activities, they are illegal and dare not disclose them. By the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it was common for bureaucrats to do business. No matter the size of officials, or civilian military attache, even emperors, nobles and consorts are scrambling to do business and set up handicraft workshops.
After the mid-Ming Dynasty, there appeared some politicians and thinkers who paid attention to business, such as Xu Guangqi, Li Zhi and Xu Fuyuan. In Xu Guangqi's thoughts, there are many requirements for protecting the rights and interests of businessmen. Li Zhi insisted that the feudal government cut taxes for "profit". Business "; Xu Fuyuan insists on opposing the "maritime ban" and demands overseas trade.
4. Evolution of modern cities in China.
After the Opium War
(1) Overview: ① After the Opium War, China entered an era of great social change, and the development of the city was also deeply affected. The treaty of nanking stipulates that five trading ports will be opened in the southeast coast: Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai. During this period, the commercial trade between the former commercial center Guangzhou and the emerging Shanghai was the most prosperous. Located at the midpoint of China's coastline, Shanghai is the gateway to and from the Yangtze River basin, with convenient land and water transportation, rich peripheral products, developed commodity economy and broad market. By the 1950s of 19, the trade center gradually moved from Guangzhou to Shanghai. The Tianjin Treaty and the Beijing Treaty stipulate the opening of many trading ports such as Hankou, Jiujiang, Yantai, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Shantou, Qiongzhou and Tianjin. At the same time, businessmen from Britain, the United States, Russia and other countries have opened many docks and factories in Hong Kong, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Hankou, Jiujiang, Fuzhou and Xiamen. /kloc-In the 1990s, treaty of shimonoseki stipulated Shashi, Chongqing, Suzhou and Hangzhou as commercial ports, and the great powers also gained the privilege of setting up factories in the mainland. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, great powers built a large number of railways and established factories and mines in China. ② In the process of the rise and development of national industries, some new changes have taken place in the urban development of China. During the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School set up many military and civilian enterprises in coastal areas, the Yangtze River valley, Shanghai and Tianjin. With the rise and development of capitalist industries in China in 1960s and 1970s, the national bourgeoisie set up many national industries in coastal areas such as Shanghai, Guangdong and Tianjin. At the beginning of the 20th century, national capitalism developed further. At this time, national industries were mainly concentrated in the southeast coastal areas, the Yangtze River Basin and Heping Gold Area. Textile centers have also developed from Shanghai and other places in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to the north and west, and Tianjin, Qingdao and Wuhan have become new textile centers.
(2) Features: ① Mainly distributed in the southeast coast, the Yangtze River basin and Tianjin. Shanghai has become an economically developed city. (3) With the increase of trading ports, inland cities are also developing gradually.
(3) Reasons: ① The convenience of sea and land transportation and the development of railway transportation. ② The gradual disintegration of feudal natural economy and the development of commodity economy. (3) The opening of many trading ports. ④ The continuous development of national industries and the rise of industrial and mining enterprises.
After the founding of new China
(1) Overview: With the industrial construction and the development of towns and industrial and mining areas, the urban population has increased rapidly, with 1953 exceeding 6.6 million and 1949 exceeding 20 million. With the development and utilization of mineral resources and the development of industry and mining industry, a number of emerging cities have emerged in places rich in mineral resources, and a number of emerging cities have emerged along the coast, along the river, along railway trunk lines and highways. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the urban development of China has entered a new stage. The state has designated Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen as special economic zones, and further opened coastal cities such as Tianjin, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangzhou 14. Since then, Hainan Island has become a special economic zone, Shanghai Pudong has become an open area, and many inland provinces and regions have also set up some open cities. At the same time, township enterprises have sprung up, rural small towns have further developed, and some towns have moved towards urbanization, which has effectively promoted the process of urbanization.
(2) Features: ① Mainly distributed in the eastern and coastal areas, and constantly expanding inland. (2) Cities that mainly develop mineral resources are developing rapidly. ③ The construction of small towns in rural areas is developing rapidly, and it is gradually developing in the direction of urbanization.
(3) Reasons: ① Some cities have a good economic foundation. (2) the correct decision of the party and the government, the state implements reform and opening up and establishes a socialist market economic system. ③ The rapid development of transportation.
(2) Tiangong Kaiwu, written in the late Ming and Song Dynasties, summed up the production technology of agriculture and handicrafts in the Ming Dynasty, and was called "China17th century craft encyclopedia" abroad.