Discussion on some problems of the sixth national population census
The promulgation and implementation of "Regulations on the National Census" provides a legal guarantee for the authenticity, accuracy, completeness and timeliness of census data. However, if the integrity error and content error can't be controlled in organizational work and specific operation, the final census results will still be biased, even very serious. For example, repeating or omitting registered census objects, such as misunderstanding or coding errors of census items. , will affect the authenticity, accuracy and integrity of the data. In particular, there are nearly 10 million census workers in China. If we can't correctly understand the key concepts of census, it will be difficult to ensure the quality of census data. This paper puts forward some personal opinions on some problems of population census for reference.
First, the census object and the census registration object.
1, Contact: All census registration objects must be census objects; All census objects need census registration, and they must be registered objects.
2. Difference: the census object is used outside the census area, such as the census area and even the whole country, which is overall and absolute; However, the object of registration is only from a certain area (such as census community and census area), which is partial and relative; Furthermore, the census objects are defined from the perspective of natural persons, while the registered objects are explained from the perspective of census forms.
For example, a citizen of China comes to our community temporarily. Although he is the object of census, he is not the registered object of our community. Therefore, for census takers, it does not mean that everyone is registered, nor does it mean that people who have never seen them will not be registered. It is far more important to really understand these meanings in practical work than others.
Second, discuss the concepts of characteristics, architecture, houses, household units and households.
Ground feature is a concept in surveying and mapping, which is a natural or artificial object on the ground, and broadly includes all kinds of tangible things on the ground (such as mountains, rivers, forests, buildings, etc.). ) and intangible things (such as provincial and county boundaries, etc.). ). Objects with relatively fixed earth surface can be divided into natural features (natural features) and artificial features. Such as residential areas, engineering buildings and structures, roads, water systems, independent features, boundaries, pipeline fences, soil and vegetation.
In the plan and detailed rules of the people's master plan and the instructions for filling in the general survey form, the concept of "ground features" is 1 1, the concept of "buildings" is 46, the concept of "houses" is 37, and the concept of "households" is 19. The first two concepts are explained by examples. The latter two concepts do not give any explanation. This phenomenon will bring confusion to practical work and affect the progress and quality of census work and training and learning.
"Ground features" are obvious signs of the boundary of the census area. Except for the four examples given in the detailed rules (features refer to roads, hutongs, rivers, ridges, etc. ), most of them are used casually at work, and most of them are marked with words, because the detailed rules do not stipulate what symbols to use. Perhaps it is time-consuming for the specific staff to guess, because there is no other reason to say. The purpose of marking the boundary of the census area with clear and familiar objects is to ensure that the census objects are not heavy or leaking in the geographical scope, and the "clear familiarity" here is far more important to the census personnel working in this area than the census leaders or researchers at higher levels. It can be a house, a lake, a field, etc. Occupy a certain area, or a pillar, a tree, a boundary marker, a milestone, a chimney, a sentry box and so on. There is no area. It can be a strip extension of mountains, roads, communication lines, pipelines, fences, etc. , it can also be Fiona Fang-style square, so-and-so exit, etc. As long as it is relatively fixed, all features are included.
Buildings are part of artificial ground objects, including houses and other buildings. Architecture is a very important concept in this census, and it is a tool to lock the census objects. It occupies a very important position on both the community map and the household registration book, and is listed as one of the census tables for the first time. However, a simple definition is given in the detailed rules: "Buildings refer to buildings, bungalows, temporary shacks, etc." . Although some "answers to questions" about architecture are given later, the content of "what is architecture" is still not involved. In terms of census work and training, it is still at a loss. In the questionnaire survey of "two members", it is found that for the problem that is difficult to understand, the concept of "plot drawing", "book compilation", "characteristic concept", "architectural concept" and "housing unit concept" are put together, and 22% people actually think that "architectural concept" is the most difficult to understand (there are 6544 people) For the buildings in the workplace, if it is certain that no one lives there and there is no hukou hanging on it, it should also be ignored (if it is clustered, it can be considered in one place, such as the whole garage and the whole factory). After all, we are not a housing census, nor a legal person census, but a natural person census. This can also be called the flexibility and variability of buildings in China census.
However, the concepts of "housing unit" and "household" in the general survey are not exactly defined in the detailed rules, but it is stipulated in the compilation method of the copy that "every housing unit in every house must be given a" house number ". It also says "for non-residential buildings (shopping malls, office buildings, etc.). ), only the occupied housing units are numbered, and several rooms (housing units) are occupied, so several' room numbers' ". It can be recognized that "housing unit" is "house". When explaining "number of households", the detailed rules stipulate that "'number of households' refers to the number of households (family households or collective households) living in each housing unit". From this sentence, we can get two messages: first, the "household" used in the census refers to family households or collective households (note that "family households" and "collective households" here are also different from the concepts of family households and collective households in the household registration management of public security departments). Second, a "housing unit" can have multiple "tenants". The definition of "family household" in the index description part of the census table is: "Family household refers to the population with family members as the main body and living in the same place. Single people who live alone are also regarded as family households. There is no family member relationship between them, and the population living together is a collective household. " It can be seen that even if there are multiple household registration books (household registration books), as long as they meet the definition of family in the census, they can be registered as one household. On the contrary, there is only one household registration book, but if you don't live together and eat together, you can also register according to the census of two households. As for the "collective households" in the census, even if they are both in different household registration books and now live together, they can be registered as "collective households".
Through the above analysis, some concepts used in China's population census are not consistent with those used internationally. Our buildings, houses and households are basically in a one-to-one (multi-) relationship, not the other way around. A building has one or more houses, and a house (housing unit) has one or more census households. The United Nations used the concepts of building, residence, household population and institutional population, and explained that a building can have multiple residences, and a residence can occupy multiple buildings (1). A household can have one or more households, and it is not necessary to have the family relationship as defined by us. When the United Nations explains "household", it can have relatives or no relatives, and points out that a household can occupy multiple housing units. (See Chapter 5 of Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Census compiled by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs above. )。 )
The third is the exploration of "building number", "door number" and "household number"
There are two main purposes for numbering the elements in the census (see table 1, part of "Basic Handbook of Family Names"). First, ensure that the elements are not heavy or missing, and reduce the integrity of the table 1.
Mistakes; Second, it is beneficial to data processing. Therefore, correct numbering is also an important aspect to ensure the quality of census work. It stands to reason that coding should not be a problem after determining the elements such as buildings and houses, but different types of census objects should be treated differently. Judging from the design of this census, although the census unit is based on households, there are different designs for a large number of households with the same nature in the census community. For example, it is aimed at the armed police force, sentenced reeducation-through-labor personnel, and large-scale relocated households. The census needs to be conducted in the virtual community, and there are special regulations on the coding of census elements. For example, there are also different requirements for empty hanging (pasting) households, demolition (moving) households, out-of-home households and renting households. In practical work, these are the most frequently asked questions by grass-roots staff. The following table (Table 2) is a detailed list of business processing methods of census elements.
As shown in Table 2, the technical treatment of empty hanging households (sending hanging households) without rooms is as follows:
(1)' Building' in' Community Map',' Building List' and' House Plan' is blank, that is, no information is filled in; And the number (code) is' 00' in the' base book' and' census table'.
(2) The' house number' in the' general plan',' building list' and' house plan' is blank, that is, no information is filled in; The number (code) in the "basic account book" is "0", and the account is marked as "empty account (entrusted account)" in the remarks column. The "house number" is not marked with any information in the "census form".
(3) "Number of households" in "General Plan", "Building List" and "Plan" does not need information; The number of households must be filled in both the' base book' and the' census form', and both should be consistent, and the number of people should exceed' 600'.
(4) Fill in "0" for "number of rooms" and "building area" in the census form.
(5) Empty hanging households (sending hanging households) do not participate in long-form sampling.
(6) Empty hanging households (sending hanging households) generally belong to normal communities, not virtual communities.
Treatment of poor households (groups) with buildings, houses, houses and areas.
Empty hanging households (sending hanging households) demolition (relocation) households renting outdoor houses, armed police, sentenced to reeducation through labor and demolition.
There is room but no room, room but no room (half a year) and room (half a year). Full rent is considered as no room.
Building plan √ empty √ empty √ no drawings.
Building list √ empty √ empty √ no table.
House floor plan √ empty √ empty √ no table.
Book √ 00 √ 00
Census Form √ 00 √ 00
Floor plan of residential area with house number √ empty √ empty √√ No map.
Building list √ empty √ empty √ no table.
House floor plan √ empty √ empty √ no table.
Book √ Remarks 0 Remarks 0 Remarks √ Remarks √ Remarks √ The room number is not filled in the book.
Household base 600+600+600+Normal 600+Normal 00 1 Start compiling.
Census table corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book corresponding book.
Room number census table 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Part 0
Construction area census table 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 part
Whether to draw a long table, don't draw, don't draw, don't draw for half a year, don't draw for half a year.
Normal cell nature normal cell normal cell normal cell normal cell normal cell normal cell normal cell normal cell normal cell virtual 800.850.900
Note: "√" indicates that the corresponding problem is handled as normal.
Table 2
Fourth, study the calculation of permanent population.
The targets of the sixth national census refer to natural persons in People's Republic of China (PRC) and China citizens who have not settled outside People's Republic of China (PRC), excluding foreigners who have stayed in People's Republic of China (PRC) for a short time. It is completely different from the object of the fifth census (natural persons with China nationality and permanent residence in People's Republic of China (PRC)). And adopt the principle of registration of current residence (five general plans: adopt the principle of registration according to permanent residents). If the household is separated, the corresponding information should also be registered in the household registration place. In other words, although people with separated households are registered once, they must fill in two census forms (residence and household registration). According to the definition of resident population in the fifth census, the calculation table of resident population in the sixth census (see table 4 below) mainly involves four census items (R6, R7, R8 and R9) (see table 3).
Table 3
The first two items are about a person's residence, household registration and mobility, the third item is about the time of separation between households, and the last item is about the reasons for separation between households. This calculation table is viewed horizontally, and the permanent population is ticked in the table. For example, when R6=①, R7=① and R8=①, it is the permanent population, and "√" is marked. When R6=①, R7=③ and R8=②, it is generally a non-registered population, but if R9=⑥ or ⑧ (indicated by "√" in the figure), it is still a permanent population. When R9 = ⑤ R7 = ⑤ R8 = ②, it is generally a permanent population, but at this time, if R9 =⑤or ⑧, then this person does not belong to the permanent population (indicated by a green tick in the figure). In addition, this table uses the last two columns to identify the items corresponding to the census table and the base book, which provides a logical relationship for the audit work. As can be seen from the table, it is impossible to calculate the data of permanent population only with the data of basic books.
Table 4
Discussion on the Inflow and Outflow of verb (abbreviation of verb)
Floating population is the difficulty and focus of the census. The difficulty is that it is difficult to "flow" and it is difficult to lock the census object; The focus refers to one of the ultimate goals of the census, that is, to find out the main problems such as the scale, structure and reasons of the floating population. Population mobility is a phenomenon in the process of population reproduction. Maintaining a certain population flow in a country is a sign of social and economic vitality. Population mobility generally refers to the regional or spatial mobility of people. It is a phenomenon that people leave their place of residence because of certain activities, which is not accompanied by changes in household registration.
All departments and aspects have not given a unified definition. However, the more consistent opinion refers to the population whose current residence is not the place where the household registration is located ("Measures for the Administration of Family Planning Work of Floating Population"), that is, the population with separated households. Judge whether "separation" involves time and space (administrative division). The separation of space is easier to distinguish. According to the requirements of family planning management, you don't need to deliberately consider the flow between villages in your township (town). Generally, it is to judge whether the flow crosses townships, counties, cities and provinces, which are defined as "within the county", "within the city", "within the province" and "across provinces" respectively. Some cities (such as Beijing) do not deliberately consider the population flow between several districts in the city. The discrimination of time is more troublesome. The first is the length, that is, how long it takes for "separation of people and households" to be considered as "floating population". The regulations of different departments are different, from three days (the time limit for the public security department to apply for temporary residence permits for floating population) to six months or even one year; Second, the time for some floating population to leave the domicile is inconsistent with the time to enter the current residence, that is, it takes a long time to leave the domicile, and it takes a short time to arrive at the current residence after several places. The agreement of floating population in public security and family planning administrative departments: refers to those who leave the permanent residence to temporarily stay in other areas. Excluding: business trip, visiting relatives, friends, tourists and medical personnel (see Regulations on the Management of Floating Population in Liaoning Province).
In the sixth national census, the population separated by households should be registered once, but the census form should be filled in twice, that is, once for the current residence and once for the household registration. Moreover, the definition area of "population separation" in the census is smaller, and the separation of people and households between artificial census plots should also be taken into account. Specifically, it includes communities, census areas, rural areas, counties, cities, provinces and other places. It is far greater than the characteristic range of separation of people and households stipulated by the family planning department.
No matter how each department defines the separation of floating population and registered permanent residence, it should be consistent from the perspective of inflow and outflow, that is, from the perspective of household registration, this part of the population is an outflow population, and from the perspective of current residence, this part of the population is an inflow population. This requires us to have a logical grasp of the inflow population and outflow population in a certain area in the census work, that is, theoretically, the inflow population in this area should be equal to the outflow population. In practice, this should be regarded as a key point in the quality control of census data in China (see Table 5). For example, the rural outflow population in the county should be equal to the rural inflow population in the county (that is, the sum of BB values of township units in the county = the sum of BBB values of township units in the county); The outflow population of each census area in a township should be equal to the inflow population of each census area in a township (that is, the sum of AA values of each village-level unit in a township unit = the sum of AAA values of each village-level unit in a township unit).
Table 5
References:
(1) Chapter 5 of Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Census compiled by the Statistics Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.
(2) Census enumerator's manual for the sixth national census.
(3) Handbook of the Sixth National Population Census.
(4) "Questions and Answers" of the Sixth National Census
5] The fifth national census "enumerator's manual"