Graduation thesis writing in higher education self-study examination is an important part of undergraduate course design examination, and it is also a summative homework that candidates must complete. Writing graduation thesis is not only a summary of candidates' basic knowledge and professional knowledge, but also a training for self-taught candidates to use the theory they have learned to conduct scientific research, and a comprehensive test of candidates' ability to comprehensively use the theoretical knowledge and professional skills they have learned and independently analyze and solve practical problems.
Because of the characteristics of higher education self-study exam, self-study students do not have the rigorous and systematic professional theoretical study as full-time students in ordinary colleges and universities, and it is not easy to write a high-quality graduation thesis. Self-taught candidates write their graduation thesis, although there are special teachers to guide them, but the instructors generally only help and guide them from the perspective of professional content, and it is difficult to take into account specific issues in writing, such as research methods, writing skills, and paper specifications. Therefore, this paper introduces the writing steps, methods, requirements and precautions of graduation thesis in principle for your reference.
1. Topic selection
Topic selection refers to the establishment of the topic of the thesis, and the determination of the research goal and main attack direction must be related to the major studied. Candidates should pay attention to the following four points when choosing topics:
(1) Integrate theory with practice and pay attention to practical significance. First of all, we should pay attention to the practical value of the topic, that is, the topic should be closely related to social life and concerned by people, especially the problems that need to be solved urgently in the process of social and economic development. This kind of problem reflects the focus and hotspot of social life in a certain historical period and stage, and is closely related to the interests of the broad masses of the people. It is very meaningful for us to study it with our theoretical knowledge, put forward our own opinions and explore ways to solve the problem. Secondly, we should pay attention to the theoretical value of the topic. We emphasize the practical value of the topic, which does not mean the pragmatism of quick success and instant benefit, nor do we advocate that the topic must have direct benefits.
(2) The difficulty is moderate and the size is moderate. It is very important to grasp the principle of "moderation" in choosing a topic for graduation thesis. First of all, the difficulty of the topic should be moderate. Choosing a topic should not only have the courage and confidence to "advance despite difficulties", but also "do what you can". If it's too difficult, it's beyond your range. Once you start writing blindly, you are likely to fall into a passive position where you can't write in the middle. In the end, you will be forced to start a new stove and change the topic, which will not only waste time and energy, but also make you lose your confidence in writing. Of course, if the topic of the thesis is chosen too easily, it will not reflect your true level. Secondly, the size of the topic should be moderate. Generally speaking, it should be small rather than big, narrow rather than wide. The topic is too big to grasp, it is difficult to consider in depth and carefully, and it is easy to generalize. Of course, the bigger the topic, the better, or the smaller the better. Everyone's situation is different, so it is difficult to generalize. Some candidates have better theoretical literacy, better understanding of the situation and higher writing level. They can also write bigger topics. But overall, the topic is smaller and more specific. Small topics are easy to control, as long as they are written in depth, they are equally valuable.
(3) Know yourself and know what you are doing. The so-called "confidant" is to fully estimate one's knowledge reserve and ability to analyze problems, and at the same time fully consider one's own specialties and interests. The so-called "know yourself and know yourself" is to understand the existing scientific research achievements in this field and what problems others have solved and what problems still exist; Whether there is an argument, and what is the focus of the argument; The research in those fields is relatively weak, and the research in those fields needs to be developed. Only by knowing ourselves and ourselves can we avoid repetition and similarity.
(4) Diligent thinking and deliberate innovation. The quality and value of graduation thesis largely depends on whether the article is innovative or not. The so-called novelty is to express your new ideas, new ideas and new ideas in the paper. With a novel point of view (that is, it can enlighten people in a certain aspect or point), the article has the value of soul and existence. The originality of the article can be seen from the following aspects: First, the viewpoints, topics, materials and argumentation methods are all new. This kind of paper is well written, with high value and great social influence, but it is difficult to write. Second, demonstrate old topics with new materials, so as to put forward new or local new ideas and new views. Third, redo the existing topics with new angles or new research methods, so as to get all or part of new ideas. Fourth, questioning the existing viewpoints, materials and research methods can inspire people to rethink the problem, although they have not put forward their own new viewpoints. The above four aspects are not a complete summary of "novelty", but as long as one of them can be done, we can think that the topic of the article is innovative.
2. Draft the outline of the paper
According to the topic of the paper, information can be widely collected through various channels such as libraries, intelligence agencies and the Internet, and information can also be obtained through field surveys, meetings and interviews. With sufficient materials, it is necessary to sort out, analyze and compare, get rid of the rough and the fine, and get rid of the false and keep the true. Scrutinize and screen the materials, leave convincing materials that can best reflect the essence of the problem, refine and form your own views, that is, arguments, and clearly draw up the outline of the paper. When forming an argument, we should pay attention to: (1) The argument should be clear, not vague, dialectical and not extreme; (2) The argument should be scientific and correct, and do not deviate from common sense and facts; (3) the argument should be accurate, not exaggerated, to prevent bias.
The outline of a paper can be a simple outline or a detailed outline. A simple outline only shows the main points of the paper in general, while a detailed outline lists the main arguments and expanding parts of the paper in detail, so as to complete the writing more smoothly. Outline can be divided into three types: title type, abstract type and chart type. Common heading types are more commonly used. The main points of each part of the paper are summarized in the form of concise titles, which can be directly used as subheadings of each part of the paper.
Write the text
The text is the core part of the paper, occupying the main length of the paper, and is the process of raising and solving problems. It is the concentrated expression of the author's theoretical level and creative ability, which determines the level and quality of the paper. The text of the paper generally includes three parts: introduction, theory and conclusion.
Introduction is the beginning of the paper. Mainly explain the motivation of research, the reason, purpose and significance of writing, ask questions, outline the content, and clarify the central argument. Generally, the language is required to be concise, straightforward and eye-catching. You can also briefly explain the process of topic selection and related background materials, so that readers can better understand the main idea of the full text.
This theory is the main body of the paper, which requires sufficient and powerful materials, clear viewpoints, strict logic and solid and rich content. This theory is the central part of expressing the author's views and research results. It is necessary to expand the topic and analyze the arguments. In this part, candidates must make a positive argument according to the nature of the topic, or refute different views negatively, or solve unsolved problems of others, or discuss new ideas and discoveries. Argumentation is extremely important, which determines the success or failure of the paper. To write this theory well, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) The argument must be clear, novel, profound and serious; (2) The argument must be supported by materials; (3) Reasoning logic should be strict.
The conclusion is a summary of the whole paper, a comprehensive summary of the analysis and argumentation problems in the whole paper, and the essence of the paper. Its content is mainly about what problems the research results have explained, what laws have been drawn, what theoretical or practical problems have been solved, what innovations have been made, what shortcomings and doubts still exist, and so on. You can also look forward to your own or others' research in this area, and thank the relevant people. The conclusion should be complete and clear, not vague or ambiguous; This theory cannot be refuted, but should echo the introduction; The evaluation of achievements should be appropriate, and complacency or belittling others should not be used as an excuse; Language should be concise and neat.
4. Revision and finalization of documents
After the first draft of the text is written, candidates should revise it several times, scrutinize the whole paper line by line, sentence by sentence and paragraph by paragraph, and check whether each specific argument, argument and argument are appropriate and powerful, and whether the expression is logical, so as to leave no doubt. When checking and revising the first draft, we should pay attention to the following points: (1) consistency of arguments and topics; (2) the unity of ideas and materials; (3) The closeness between the paper's structural level and logical thinking; (4) the accuracy of language expression; (5) the correctness of punctuation marks; (6) Whether the data, age, names and place names used are accurate. Then contact the tutor, and you must get the tutor's consent before the final defense.
5. Basic format of the paper
Graduation should be written in Chinese; Generally, it consists of seven parts, namely: (1) cover, (2) Chinese abstracts and keywords, (3) English abstracts and keywords, (4) contents, (5) text, (6) references, (7) descriptions of published papers and participation in scientific research. The specific requirements of each part are as follows:
(1) cover (the cover uniformly stipulated by Shandong Education Admissions Examination Institute).
(2) Chinese abstracts and keywords
The Chinese abstract should concisely express the main points of the paper, about 300~500 words (limited to one page), and the font should be Xiao Si. The content should include the purpose of work, research methods, achievements and conclusions. In order to highlight the innovation of this paper, the language should be refined. In order to facilitate literature retrieval, the key words (3-5) of the paper should be indicated on another line at the bottom of this page.
(3) English abstracts and keywords
The content should be the same as the Chinese abstract. The font is Times
New Roman elementary four.
(4) content
The title should be concise and indicate the page number.
(5) Text
The graduation thesis generally requires no less than 8,000 words, and its contents generally include: domestic and international research status, theoretical analysis and discussion, research results, conclusions and prospects.
(6) References
Only the literature that the author has read directly and cited in the article is listed. References should be placed at the end of the paper, not after each chapter.
(7) Description of published papers and participation in scientific research.
Refers to publishing papers and participating in scientific research during school.
6. Printing format
(1) Paper type, margins and line spacing
The graduation thesis should be printed on international standard A4 paper (297mm×2 10mm, 70g), and the top margin of the thesis is 25mm；; Bottom margin: 25mm；; Left margin: 25mm；; Right margin: 25mm. The line spacing of the first, second and third-level titles is single-line, the spacing before and after paragraphs is set to 0.5 lines (that is, 0.5 lines before and after paragraphs), and the text is 1.5 times the line spacing.
(2) Requirements for the font, font size and punctuation of the paper.
The first-level title is bold No.4.
The second-level title bold number four
Three-level title small four bold
Text and Reference Song Zixiao No.4
Punctuations in the text should be used correctly to avoid misuse and mixing, and punctuation in Chinese and English should be distinguished.
Charts, tables, formulas and page numbers (arranged in Arabic numerals continuously from the table of contents) are written in the middle with No.6.
(3) Title and rank
The title adopts three-level title, and the format is as follows:
1.××××
1. 1 ××××
1. 1. 1××××
(4) Charts and formulas
Figure: A. Be selective and concise, and avoid repetition of tables and text expressions.
Terms, symbols, units, etc. The expression in the attached drawings shall be consistent with the written expression.
C. The order and name of the drawing are centered at the bottom of the drawing.
Table: a. The parameters in the table should be marked with the symbols of quantity and unit.
B. The table order and table name are placed above the table.
Formula: Numbers are enclosed in brackets and written at the end of the right line with no dotted line in the middle.
There should be space between charts, tables, formulas, etc. And text; Figures, tables, notes and formulas in this paper are numbered by Arabic numerals. Such as: Figure 2-5, Table 3-2, Formula (5- 1), etc. If there are any notes in the figure or table, they should be numbered in English lowercase alphabetical order.
(5) References
According to the requirements of "National Journal of Natural Science in Colleges and Universities", the references are written and coded in order, that is, the references are attached to the end of the paper in Chinese citation order. The author only wrote the third place, and the rest wrote "and so on".
The formats of several main reference tables are as follows:
Serial publications: author, title, title, year, number of volumes (number of issues): page numbers from beginning to end.
Monograph (translation): author, title (translator), place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, page number from beginning to end.
On anthology: author, title, editor, anthology name, place of publication: publishing house, year of publication, page number from beginning to end.
Dissertation: author, professional title, doctor (or master's degree thesis), award-winning unit and award-winning year.
Patent: applicant, patent name, country name, patent document type, patent number and authorization date.
Technical standard: publisher, technical standard code, technical standard name, release place: publisher, release date.
Examples are as follows:
[1] Wang Chuanchang, research object of polymer chemistry, Journal of Tianjin University,1997,53 (3):1~ 7.
[2] Li Ming, Physics, Beijing: Science Press, 1977.58~62.
[3] DuPont Company
B. Bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency with acute pancreatitis
Unrelated MLC compatible donors. In: edited by H.J. Smith R. White. minutes of the meeting
The Third Annual Meeting of the International Society of Experimental Science
Hematology. Houston International Airport
Society of experimental hematology, 1997.44~46
[4] Wang Jian, Reliability Analysis of Building Fire Prevention System: [Master's Degree Thesis], Tianjin; Tianjin University 1997
Yao Guangqi, preparation method of zirconia material, China patent, 89 1056088, 1980-07-03.
[6] State Bureau of Technical Supervision of the People's Republic of China GB3 100-3 102, National Standard of People's Republic of China (PRC), Beijing: China Standards Publishing House,1994-1.
(6) Quantity and unit
It is necessary to strictly implement the provisions of GB 3 100-3 102: 93 on quantity and unit (for specific requirements, see Common Quantity and Unit Measurement Press,1996);
The name of the unit can be written in both international symbols and Chinese names, but the full text should be unified and not mixed.
7. Graduation thesis evaluation
(1) The graduation thesis score is based on a 100-point system, with a score of 75 or above being good, and a score below 60 being a failure.
(2) The instructor will write comments and opinions on whether to participate in the graduation thesis defense, and the final score will be determined jointly by the graduation thesis defense team and the instructor.
(3) The papers written by students can use the basic theory and knowledge of their major to solve practical problems, or have their own unique opinions in the academic field, with clear views, rigorous structure, fluent language and standardized format, which can be rated as excellent or good; The paper can integrate theory with practice, analyze the problem with a certain depth, reasonable structure, clear point of view, fluent language, standardized format, or rated as medium or pass; The paper is not enough to integrate theory with practice, the viewpoint is not new, the content is patchy or plagiarized, there is basically no original opinion, or the text is irrelevant, the structural arrangement is unreasonable, the words are not fluent, and the format is not standardized, so it can be rated as failing.
8. graduation thesis defense
(1) Undergraduate graduates can participate in the defense only after they have passed the initial evaluation by the tutor and agreed; Otherwise, no reply is arranged.
(2) The graduation thesis defense committee is specifically responsible for the graduation thesis defense.
(3) Those who failed in the graduation thesis defense and those who have been asked to participate in the defense but failed to participate in the defense need to re-defend.