After collecting materials, establishing arguments, selecting materials and writing an outline, it enters the writing stage of the thesis. Academic papers can be divided into the following parts.

Thesis title. Some people think that the topic is half of the article. This statement makes sense. Because the title of the paper first catches the reader's eye is a high summary of the content of the paper, and it is often a concentrated expression of the essence of the paper. The titles of academic papers should be concise, concise, eye-catching and appropriate. It is necessary not only to accurately express the content of the paper, but also to properly reflect the scope and depth of the research, attract attention and facilitate classification. In order to better reveal the argument, some papers are accompanied by topics.

Executive summary. As the name implies, it is to write out the most important things in the text, and its function is to let readers know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible. Although it is placed in front of the paper, it is often written after the paper is finished. Abstracts of academic papers should be short, accurate and complete. The writing style should be short and pithy, and the number of words is generally two or three hundred words; The content should be accurate and concise, which can summarize the main contents of the paper; It is a short essay with rigorous structure, strong logic and independence.

Introduction. This is the beginning and introduction of the paper, which explains the purpose of writing and the theoretical and practical significance of studying this topic, and puts forward the central argument of the paper.

This theory. This part is to prove the thesis put forward by the author, and whether the thesis is established depends on this part. Argumentation can not only help readers understand how the conclusion is drawn, but also convince readers that the conclusion is correct. Because this part of the content, often need to use different sequence codes, and sometimes add subtitles to make it clear.

Conclusion. Put forward the topic in the introduction; In this theory, the paper has been demonstrated; The possible results in the future are fully proved in the paper, which is the conclusion. The conclusion is the crystallization of the whole research process, the essence of the whole paper and the author's unique point of view. The contents of the conclusion include: summarize and put forward the prospect. The conclusion should be written with strict words, strict logic and specific words.

Second, how to write high-quality academic papers

1, topic selection and outline preparation

The basic principle of selecting a topic for an academic paper is that the author should have a strong interest in the research topic. The author has a certain foundation for a problem in a certain scientific field and a strong desire for research, which is the premise of choosing a goal. If you are not interested, or lack of foundation, but just want to study, even if you choose a topic, it is difficult to write a quality academic paper.

Secondly, the selected research topic should be closely related to social life and scientific and cultural undertakings. Choosing topics according to social needs can solve this problem or put forward one's own opinions, which will promote social progress.

In addition, you can also choose topics that question traditional views; Choose "frontier" topics in science; Choose blank or controversial topics in the study.

The topic selection of academic papers must be done according to one's ability, and we must consider the realistic possibility of whether we can finish it. At the same time, the existing literature, funds and equipment, the development level of related disciplines and other conditions must also be considered. "A clever woman can't cook without rice." Therefore, we should combine our subjective wishes with the objective needs of society, and whether the research conditions are available.

Novices often make mistakes in writing academic papers because the topics are too wide, too big, inappropriate, unable to cover everything, unable to study in depth, and can only make a fuss about superficial topics without writing anything unique. Pay attention to the topic size is moderate. But the "big" and "small" of the topic are not absolute. Big problems can be smaller, and small problems can be bigger. Beginners had better choose smaller topics. Because the topic is too big, uncontrollable, incompetent and difficult to complete. Even if it is barely completed, the content will be poor and vague. If you can't solve any problems, there will be no level. On the contrary, the topic is small, easy to master and can be completed through hard work. In addition, the topic should be selected on the basis of understanding the "market". That is, knowing what you want to learn. Has anyone studied it before? What is the result of the study? What is its conclusion? Is there anything to add or modify? Are there any remaining problems that need further study? Understanding the market is to see the "end point" of the research topic from a large number of documents, so as to find the "starting point" of the research topic.

Second, establish arguments and collect materials.

The argument of academic paper is the author's new view on the research topic. It comes from the analysis of a large number of materials. The process of establishing an argument is also a process of studying, refining and processing a large number of materials, removing the rough and selecting the fine, removing the false and retaining the true, and from the outside to the inside.

To establish an argument, we must first establish the central argument of the full text, and then establish sub-arguments to explain the central argument. Once the central argument is established, it plays a leading role in all parts of the article. The choice of materials, the arrangement of structure, the way of expression and even the drafting of topics should be considered according to it. The level of a paper depends largely on whether the argument is meaningful, insightful and has a new breakthrough.

The argument of the article comes from the concrete analysis and research of the actual materials, so the materials are the basis of judgment. To correctly select materials, it is necessary to correctly identify materials. Correct identification must be based on a deep understanding of materials. The process of identifying materials is also a process of deeply understanding materials.

Choosing materials is to choose representative materials that can fully explain the problem and profoundly reveal the essence of things. There is not much material, but it is good. Novel materials will make the content of the article lively and vivid, and it will be refreshing after reading; If the materials are out of date, the article will be lifeless.

After selecting the materials, the selected materials should be further sorted out to form an outline of the paper. The process of writing an outline is the process of conceiving and designing the full text. When drafting the outline, we should make overall arrangements for the full text, unify the layout structure, plan the outline of the paper, and show the order and level of the paper. After this step, the ideas and contents of the paper can be echoed, echoed and closely linked, from the shallow to the deep; In this way, each part of the content can be in its proper place, perform its duties and form an organic whole. The outline not only reflects the selection of materials, but also the organizational structure of the full text, and also reflects the coherence, hierarchy and logic of the author's thinking.

3. Establish scientific and novel logic and innovative thinking methods.

After data collection, scientific methods are needed for research. The methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, history and logic in scientific research are all methods and means of dialectical thinking, and they are also ways of thinking to explore new knowledge.

Methods of induction and deduction. Induction is to sum up general conclusions and principles from individual facts; Deduction leads to personal conclusions based on general principles and concepts. Induction is a method from individual to general; Deduction is a method from the general to the individual. The cognitive movement of human beings is a continuous cycle and deepening process from individual to general, and then from general to individual. Both induction and deduction reflect the relationship between individuals and general objective things. Therefore, induction and deduction are two opposing and interrelated cognitive methods in the process of unified understanding.

Methods of analysis and synthesis. Analysis is to divide the whole objective object into various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors. The process of analysis is the process of exposing and understanding contradictions. Any scientific research is inseparable from analytical methods. However, the analysis method also has its limitations. Because we pay attention to the parts of things, it is possible to sum up and separate interrelated things, only the trees can't see the forest. In order to overcome these shortcomings, we must use a comprehensive method, combine analysis and synthesis, and comprehensively grasp the dialectical development process of things.

Historical and logical methods. In order to grasp the essence of things more accurately and profoundly in thinking, we should not only examine the present situation of things, but also the history of their development. Any objective thing has its past, present and future. Without understanding its past, it is impossible to deeply understand its present and scientifically foresee its future. Therefore, in scientific research, besides induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, we must also use historical and logical methods.

In order to guide thinking deeper, we can extend it vertically, horizontally and in many ways. The so-called "vertical innovative thinking" is the historical analysis and traceability of the object of knowledge. Lateral thinking means finding a phenomenon, connecting things with similar and related characteristics, and "grafting" other aspects of thinking and achievements to it.

Multi-directional innovative thinking is good at thinking from different angles. Try to put forward a variety of ideas and answers in front of a question and expand your choices. If thinking in one direction is blocked, immediately turn to the other direction.

4. Unique and professional concept.

Because there are many subjects, and the content of each subject is very extensive, there are countless topics that can be used for research. Only by focusing on one aspect of a certain scientific field can we get a suitable subject. Otherwise, you can't write a decent academic paper if you want to dabble in everything and study everything. If the goal is too broad, it is bound to distract attention while studying the problem in depth. Therefore, whether the topic is suitable or not is directly related to the quality level of academic achievements and the saving of time.