Argumentation is one of the important factors in argumentative writing, including factual argument and logical argument. Factual argument refers to the facts that exist objectively in life, including cases and data. For example, the newspaper published an article about the importance of education. In order to demonstrate the viewpoint of "developing economy, education comes first", a series of conclusive data of Japanese education development after the war are listed, which strongly proves the correctness of this viewpoint.
Theoretical arguments include theories in classic works, famous sayings of celebrities, the Party's principles, lines and policies in different periods, scientific axioms, principles, definitions, rules, laws, maxims, proverbs, idioms, and proverbs, as well as the most common truth known and labored by people. The theory chosen as an argument must be proved to be correct by time and still have vitality to the best of its ability. Theories in classic works, such as quoting the original text, should avoid being taken out of context; If you summarize the original intention, you should conform to the basic content of the original text.
While mastering a wealth of arguments, we should also be good at choosing arguments, that is, choosing those that are true, typical, reliable and can fully and forcefully prove the arguments and make them irrefutable. In a word, choose the argument that best meets the needs of the argument and serve it.
First, be good at choosing arguments.
1, coincidence principle
In other words, we should pay attention to the key points between materials, correctly grasp the center of materials, and strive to agree.
The viewpoint that each material can be used to demonstrate can be single-angle or multi-angle When we choose an argument, we should grasp the center of the material and find out its meaning. In particular, there are many materials that can be used to demonstrate the same point of view. After careful understanding, we can find that their emphasis is not the same, but there is actually a big difference between them. Therefore, we must screen and analyze the materials we have mastered and distinguish the nuances of different materials. For example, the following three materials:
Lu You, a patriotic poet, lived in the Song Dynasty when foreigners dismembered him. He longed for the reunification of the motherland and never forgot to revive the Central Plains until his death. He said in the poem "Shizi": "Julian Waghann has set the Central Plains Day in the north, and the family sacrifice does not forget to tell Naiweng." It prominently reflects this patriotic thought.
2 "No one has died since ancient times, leaving a heart to shine." This is a famous sentence in Wen Tianxiang's Crossing the Zero Ding Yang. After Wen Tianxiang was captured, Zhang Hongfan, who had already surrendered to the Yuan Army, repeatedly forced him to write a surrender book, asking him to hand over Zhang Shijie, the general who fought against the Yuan Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang resolutely wrote this poem and gave an answer, showing firm national integrity and lofty spiritual realm.
(3) For the sake of national prosperity and national rejuvenation, Mr. Lu Xun went to Japan to seek the truth of saving the country when he was young. "I sent a message to Han Xing that I would recommend Xuanyuan with my blood", expressing the revolutionary spirit of pledging allegiance to the people of China.
The above three cases all quoted the poems of characters, all of which contained "patriotism", but as an argument, the themes contained in these three materials were slightly different: Example 1 showed patriotic thoughts eager to recover lost ground; Example 2 embodies the lofty national integrity of sacrificing one's life for national interests; Example 3 reveals the revolutionary dedication to contribute to the country and serve the motherland. This difference can be distinguished from the language expression of the quoted poems and materials. Therefore, if articles on patriotism are also discussed, if the arguments put forward focus on the desire to recover the land plundered by the invaders, the application example1; If the emphasis is not afraid of sacrifice, swear to defend the motherland, application example 2; If we focus on how difficult it is to save the motherland and closely link our personal future with the destiny of the motherland, we can apply Example 3. After screening and analysis, it is the most suitable demonstration to make it meet the needs of demonstration. It seems that the argument of "patriotism" has also been demonstrated in perfunctory selection. In fact, the relationship between arguments and arguments is not appropriate and rigorous.
2, the principle of novelty
When choosing arguments, you naturally choose what you are familiar with; Those who feel strange and uncertain are bound to be difficult to control. However, "familiarity" does not mean obsolescence. If the arguments used are all well-known "old millet rotten sesame seeds", although it is not "unfamiliar" at all, the article is not new at all. Therefore, choose the most appropriate arguments, including selecting novel, fresh and time-sensitive materials. To innovate the argument, we should pay attention to the innovation of time, space and angle.
Where do fresh materials come from? One is accumulated from life, and the other is accumulated from reading. For example, the following two examples:
(1) In real life, there are still many people who dare not take the lead, dare not stand out from the crowd, dare not become famous and get married, and are "eager to retreat" after making some achievements, afraid of "shooting the first bird". However, Feng Gensheng, a famous reformer and director of Hangzhou Chinese Medicine Factory, told me that if the conditions in the above proverb were slightly changed, the conclusion would be different. For example, shooting the first bird with a gun only means that the early bird will suffer if it is within the range of the gun. If the bird flies higher and farther, it will fly out of the range of the gun. What can it do?
(2) A country should have a sense of national pride. Exploring the essence of national culture can arouse this great feeling. Li Yanjie once told a story in his speech "The Soul of the Nation": Napoleon, an all-powerful French strategist, spent all his time reading for recreation when he was imprisoned in St. Ellen's Island. One day, he read Sun Tzu's Art of War and was immediately surprised. Then he sighed: "if I had seen this art of war earlier, I wouldn't have failed!" ……"
In both cases, the argument comes from "listening", for example 1 is listening to the dialogue, and for example 2, listening to the speech. The author deserves to be a man of heart in life. He introduced the materials he heard into his own articles as arguments: "Flying Out of Range" and "Napoleon praises Sun Tzu's Art of War", which are fresh and appropriate. Choosing them to prove the argument is not only convincing, but also thought-provoking.
3. Analysis principle
When writing argumentative papers, students often go into the misunderstanding of "viewpoint+material", thinking that with facts, they can naturally prove their opinions, but they are not. With arguments and arguments, it is necessary to demonstrate and explain the internal relationship between arguments and arguments, so that arguments can dominate and arguments can support arguments. Only in this way can your article be harmonious, seamless and more convincing. If there is a lack of argument or insufficient argument, the arguments and arguments of the article will be separated from each other and cannot be convincing. The analysis method is as follows:
(1) Causality analysis method:
In ancient times, there was a poor man who was starving to death. Someone threw him a bowl of rice and said, "Come and eat!" " "(hey, come and eat! The hungry man refused the charity of "ooh", refused to eat this bowl of rice, and then starved to death. The story of not eating is very famous. It has been talked about for thousands of years and has positive significance. The man put on a philanthropist's face and shouted, "Hey, come and have dinner! "It tastes unpleasant. What's the second step after eating this bowl of rice? Obviously, he won't give alms in vain, and he will do things for him after eating his food. That poor man has a backbone: judging from your face and manner, he would rather starve to death than eat your food.
This shows the backbone of China people. They don't eat what they get.
-analyze the reasons why hungry people don't eat "food from nowhere". There are two specific aspects: First, the attitude of the giver, shouting "Hey, come and eat!" " , is so outrageous and indifferent! The other is the purpose of giving. If you eat his food, you must obey him obediently, which shows the despicable purpose! This is a great insult to the personality of the hungry, so the hungry "would rather starve to death" than eat the available food. At this point, the article naturally shows the point: "Not eating food from scratch shows the backbone of China people." Very convincing!
Such an analysis is causal analysis. When we write, we can use causal complex sentences to express it. Related words are "because … so …" and "because …" or simply "because", "so" and so on. For example, in Thinking and Walking, "Human beings can work like this, and they can think while doing it, so culture can make continuous progress."
(2) Conditional analysis method:
"Diligence can make up for mistakes": "It can be seen that a clumsy person can become smart and become a useful talent to society as long as he works hard and achieves' one hundred people can do one thing and a thousand people can do ten things'."
Conditional complex sentences are used in the analysis of its conditions. Its related words are: as long as …… we can also use sentence patterns like "only ………………" and "regardless ………………" to analyze conditions.
(3) Hypothesis analysis method:
There is a passage in Thinking and Doing: "In addition to studying homework and doing various extracurricular activities, we should also combine thinking and doing. For example, meetings, speeches, wall newspapers, class meetings, academic groups, these practical actions, if you rely on enthusiasm and hard work, do not think about how to do these things better and more effectively according to your existing achievements and experience, then the result will often be futile. "
This paragraph is a hypothetical analysis from the perspective of harm. The related words are: if ... then ... then ... then ... then ... then ... then ... then.
(4) Comparative analysis method:
Thinking and Action: "People keep thinking at work, trying to find ways to let themselves know clearly why they want to do it, what's the significance and what's the shortage, and then gradually come up with ways to save labor and improve efficiency. Humans can work like this, and they can do and think at the same time, so culture can continue to progress. Otherwise, today's human beings can only live the most primitive and simple life like humans tens of thousands of years ago. "
This passage makes a positive and negative analysis from two aspects: meaning and harm. Positive uses causal analysis, negative uses hypothetical analysis. It can be seen that a period of analysis can comprehensively use a variety of analytical methods, which can make the analysis more comprehensive, in-depth, speculative and convincing!
4. The principle of sufficiency
(1) Combination of positive and negative examples
A. If the Buddha abandons selfish desires and has a calm personality, he will eventually achieve positive results and benefit all beings; Zhu Gekongming was indifferent to the bright future, quietly, with far-reaching influence, and finally made a name for himself. With selfish desires, you will naturally be unable to calm down, panic when things happen, and be confused when you do things. With his own selfish desires, the overlord drove away his father and Han Xin, and finally got into prison. It was a pity for the ages, and the hero cried on his skirt. After the defeat of the overlord, future generations have sorrow. Future generations mourn, and if they fail to learn from it, they will mourn for future generations.
B. Zhang longs for seclusion, but in the peach blossom water, he doesn't have to go back to the green bamboo hat, green hemp fiber, oblique wind and drizzle; When Lin Daiyu was outside the window, she felt the desolation of relying on others, and felt that the autumn rain was endless, but the wind and rain had to help the desolation; Liu Yuxi is open-minded, and everyone is sad for autumn. However, he tasted poetry from the walking crane and sang "Autumn is better than spring". ...
(2) the combination of different time and space cases
Words such as "running through the long river of history" and "ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign" are often used in the text. You can also use daily phenomena in real life as arguments to strengthen the effect of arguments. Example:
Honesty is a gentle smile when the boss still puts the goods in your hand and you forget to take the money to send you out. Honesty is a warm hand extended by a friend after a series of failures. Honesty is seeing a smile on a stranger's face after showing him the way. Honesty can be a bill of credit for a century-old shop or a credit card in people's hands today.
(3) Detailed case combination
Second, be good at tailoring arguments.
Arguments are divided into factual arguments and theoretical arguments. We use more factual arguments, which can prove different arguments from different angles, so we need to cut them out when using them. Today we will discuss the cutting method of factual arguments in argumentative papers.
(A) understanding the same material can be demonstrated from multiple angles.
Consider the following examples:
Material: "Qi Shi beheaded me. Duke Zhuang is going to fight. The king asked to see Lord Zhuang. Its fellow villagers said,' What does a meat eater have to do with it?' Cao Gui said,' Carnivores are contemptuous, but they can't have foresight. See you then. "("Cao Gui Debate ")
Discussion: What kind of analysis can be drawn from the conversation between Cao Gui and his villagers? From what angles can it be demonstrated? Determine what argument?
Clear: "Please read" and "Read later" in the materials are the results; Cao Gui is talented, courageous, knowledgeable and opinionated, and Lv Zhuang is tolerant. The reason is that the country has an environment for democratic participation in politics. From Cao Gui's point of view, we can confirm two viewpoints: 1, caring about state affairs and having a strong sense of participating in politics. I dare to forget my country at the end of humble position. From the perspective of Duke Zhuang of Lu and the country, we can be sure to actively create an environment for democratic participation in politics. And ask students to read the examples.
(B) clear principles of tailoring
The description of the material in the three paragraphs of the example is different. What are the outstanding places? Why should we highlight this point and omit the others? Why should we highlight this point and omit the others?
Students think and discuss.
Clear: argument 1 highlight "please see"; Argument 2 highlights Lu Zhuanggong's adoption of suggestions; Argument 3 emphasizes that "every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world."
Intercept materials according to the needs of argumentation, highlight relevant contents of argumentation, and discard useless materials. This is the principle of tailoring.
(3) Explore the steps and methods of cutting.
From Lu Zhuanggong's point of view, we should actively create an environment for democratic participation in politics.
Take a look at the example: concerned about state affairs, strong sense of participating in politics.
Example:
Cao Gui in the Spring and Autumn Period was an ordinary person, belonging to the category of "non-meat eaters". In other words, he has no status and no right. However, he cares about the fate of the country. When the Qi army invaded his country, he didn't trust those "meat eaters", so he stepped forward and volunteered to "meet" Duke Zhuang of Lu and explain his views on how to fight.
Thinking and discussion: what is the coincidence point between the selected materials and the arguments in this example? Is this coincidence a cause or a result in the material? How to highlight this point in expression?
Clear: the coincidence point is "Qi Shi cut me. Duke Zhuang is going to fight. Please look at Cao Gui. " This is the result. Highlight it by reasonably expanding the content imagination situation.
See Example 2: We should actively create an environment for democratic participation in politics.
Example:
The Cao Gui debate took place more than 2,000 years ago. At that time, it seemed easy for ordinary people to meet the monarch, say a word and participate in the discussion of state affairs. Cao Gui and his fellow villagers said, "Carnivores are contemptuous and fail to make long-term plans." It was a sharp criticism of the rulers of Lu, but it was not retaliated by "hard work". On the contrary, Duke Zhuang of Lu also sincerely solicited Cao Gui's opinions and issued military orders according to Cao Gui's correct opinions. This is indeed very democratic. It can be seen that Cao Gui can actively participate in politics and express his views not only because of his talent in this field, but also because of a democratic environment that allows him to participate. If Cao Gui came to you rashly, but was kicked out by an army stick, there would be no dispute.
Thinking and discussion: what is the coincidence point between the selected materials and the arguments in this example? Is this coincidence a cause or a result in the material? How to highlight this point in expression?
Clear: The coincidence point is "Cao Gui, please see and be able to enter." Because ... Highlight this coincidence through reasonable imagination and expansion.
Look at example 3 again: I dare to forget my country at the end of my life.
Example:
Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the country. Everyone should care about state affairs, actively participate in and discuss state affairs, and give full play to the spirit of being the master of the country. We can't, like the fellow villagers in Cao Gui in the Spring and Autumn Period, say something like "A carnivore seeks it, why not?" . If we treat the current reform and opening up with the idea of letting a few people "worry about the world" and "why should we participate", we will lose the qualification to be masters of the country.
Thinking and discussion: what is the coincidence point between the selected materials and the arguments in this example? Is this coincidence a cause or a result in the material? How to highlight this point in expression?
Clear: the coincidence point is "Qi Shi cut me. Duke Zhuang is going to fight. Please look at Cao Gui. " This is the result. Expand the content and highlight the coincidence point through reasonable comparison.
The above three cases all use the materials of Cao Gui's dialogue with his fellow villagers as arguments, but because of the different angles of argument, the expressions of the arguments in the article are also different, which is a flexible tailoring of the argument materials. So is there any way to flexibly cut out the demonstration materials?
Clear:
1. Find the coincidence point of materials and arguments.
2. Strengthen and highlight this coincidence point through reasonable imagination and expansion, thus effectively proving the argument.
3. Give up the irrelevant content in the material boldly.
Example training
Once we know this method, we can master and consolidate it through training.
Exercise 1: Modify the case.
Title: Talking about Bole Spirit
Argument: Reward the latecomers and strive to be Bole in the new era.
Material: Mr. Fu Baoshi, a famous painter, once came from a poor family, and in his thirties, he was still teaching for others in a primary school. He likes painting very much. Because of the pressure of life, he often sells his works in the street. By chance, his paintings were discovered by the famous Chinese painting master Xu Beihong, who spoke highly of Fu Baoshi's painting skills. Later, Xu Beihong went to see him in the rain, applied for a study abroad fund for him and sent him to Japan for further study. He finally became a famous painter at home and abroad.
Case:
There are often swift horses, but Bole is not often. This is a sigh that talents are buried. Maxima, can't you regret that you didn't have a chance to make contributions on the battlefield and a talent was buried for no reason? Therefore, contemporary leaders should learn to be bole, strive to be bole, and find and recommend more talents for the cause of socialist construction.
Mr. Fu Baoshi, a famous painter, was born in a poor family in the past, and in his thirties, he was still teaching for others in a primary school. He likes painting very much. Because of the pressure of life, he often sells his works in the street. By chance, his paintings were discovered by the famous Chinese painting master Xu Beihong, who spoke highly of Fu Baoshi's painting skills. Later, Xu Beihong went to see him in the rain, applied for a study abroad fund for him and sent him to Japan for further study. He finally became a famous painter at home and abroad.
Without Xu Beihong, a Bole, Fu Baoshi, a swift horse, would have galloped in the contemporary painting circles in China.
Clear:
Cause: Plagiarism, not tailoring according to the need to prove the argument.
Prescription: find the coincidence point of Xu Beihong's discovery of talents, expand it and outline the irrelevant content.
Show the modified paragraph:
Fu Baoshi, a famous painter, had to sell paintings for a living because he was poor. By chance, his paintings were discovered by Xu Beihong, a famous master of Chinese painting. Just as Bole discovered a swift horse, Xu Beihong's eyes lit up and spoke highly of Fu Baoshi's painting skills. Later, Xu Beihong went to see him in the rain, applied for a study abroad fund for him and sent him to Japan for further study. Maxima finally found the battlefield and a good opportunity to make contributions. Become a famous painter at home and abroad.
Exercise 2: Based on Kong Yiji's story, demonstrate the viewpoint that "persistence may not win".
Show examples:
Persistence may not win.
Have you noticed that Kong Yiji, written by Lu Xun, studied hard at a cold window, suffered from aphtha and cocoon, and was poor for many years. He chanted the phrase "Who cares?" every day and insisted on the imperial examination wholeheartedly. However, the imperial examination did not favor him. "As a result, half a scholar was not caught." He was as poor as a church mouse and died of "broken leg". He failed, and failed miserably! It is really "dying at the end of the examination room first, making future generations burst into tears"! The reason is not difficult to understand: the goal of life is wrong, even if we persist until the seas run dry and the rocks crumble, there is bound to be no hope of victory.
Exercise 3: Please write an argumentative essay based on Cao Gui's debate and Zou Ji's satire on the King of Qi.
Viewpoint: You should also pay attention to the method of speaking.
Requirements: Cut materials by cutting argumentative factual arguments. The number of words is around 800.
Exercise 4: Swedish women's football team is an "amateur team", which only strives for honor, not bonuses.
According to Xinhua News Agency, Sweden, which is dominated by amateurs, lost to Germany in the 4th Women's World Cup and won the second place. However, even if Sweden wins the championship, they won't get a penny. They play for the national team "just for honor".
Sweden is an amateur football player except Ljungberg 10. They have different occupations to make a living, and football is just their same hobby. No.5 bentsen is a parcel postman. She can only participate in the national team training after work every day. No.6 captain Morstrom is the most educated player. Master of Finance is an analyst in a Swedish bank.
Recently, bentsen told us: "The Swedish Football Association just organized us to play football together and didn't have the money to give us bonuses. I like playing football very much, and playing for the national team is just for honor. "
Frida, a member of 18, told me that her whole family likes football. She has been studying football with her parents since she was 4 years old and has been playing football for more than 20 years. Only Ljungberg in Sweden lives by football, and she can get about $500 a month from the Football Association.
(1) Hobbies (interests) can work miracles.
For example, the players of a team that won the second place in the World Cup are all amateurs. Sweden won the silver medal in the 4th Women's World Cup with impressive results. But except Ljungberg 10, all the players in the team are amateurs, and they all have their own careers. For example, Benson No.5 is a parcel postman, and Captain No.6 is a bank analyst. They can only participate in national team training after work, but they have one thing.
Analysis: This argument should emphasize-(1) amateur, (2) difficulty and (3) great success.
Only by emphasizing (1)(2) can we explain the great significance of (3) and the power of interests.
(2) Honor
A team that won the second place in the World Cup, the players actually won the Asian Swedish Women's World Cup without a penny. Except for 10 Ljungberg, who can only receive $500 from the Football Association every month, all the other players have no money. So what do they want? That's stupid! Or No.5 player Benson hit the nail on the head: playing for the national team is just for honor, and honor is above everything else.
Exercise 5: (Deal with the following materials according to different viewpoints)
Bailey grew up in a poor family and couldn't afford a football, so he practiced with plastic boxes, soda bottles and coconut shells. One day, a football coach found that he was very talented and gave him a football. Later, he trained Bailey professionally. After hard work, Bailey finally became the king of a generation.
(1) Adversity makes talents.
Speaking of Bailey, everyone knows, but who knows that the famous Bailey was born in a poor family when he was a child, and he couldn't afford his beloved football. He can only practice with plastic boxes, soda bottles and coconut shells as football. For Pele, the king of the ball, adversity not only did not erode his fighting spirit, but became the driving force of his struggle. It seems that adversity is the cradle of talent growth as long as he has a goal and motivation in mind.
(2) Only Bole can have a swift horse.
Ball king Bailey grew up in a poor family. Although he loves football, he can't even afford his beloved football, so he can only use plastic boxes, soda bottles and coconut shells instead. Later, thanks to a coach who accidentally discovered the talent of the little ball king, he gave him football and advice. Finally, after special training, he was finally made into a generation of ball kings. There are Bole and Maxima in the world. If it's not the coach, maybe Bailey is the horse.