The accounting system of small enterprises is different from that of enterprises-excerpts are for reference only. Due to the characteristics and actual situation of small enterprises, the accounting standards and systems for large and medium-sized enterprises are obviously not suitable for implementation in small enterprises. In this regard, the international community has reached a consensus that Britain, Canada, Australia and other countries have successively formulated accounting systems or financial reporting standards specifically suitable for small enterprises. In order to simplify and standardize the accounting of small enterprises, ensure the truthfulness and completeness of accounting information, effectively meet the needs of users of accounting information, and promote the healthy development of small and medium-sized enterprises, on April 27th, 2004, China's Ministry of Finance issued the Accounting System for Small Enterprises, which came into effect on June 27th, 2005. Due to the different accounting subjects, there are many differences between the accounting system of small enterprises and the accounting system of enterprises, and the author makes a comparative analysis of them. By comparing the two, accountants can master the accounting system of small enterprises quickly and efficiently, which is convenient for accounting in the new year. 1. Merged and deleted some accounts, which increased the flexibility of account selection. There are 85 first-class accounting subjects stipulated in the Accounting System for Commercial Enterprises, while there are only 60 first-class accounting subjects stipulated in the Accounting System for Small Enterprises. Many detailed subjects under the first-class subjects have also been simplified and merged, and the total number of subjects has been greatly reduced. For example, "dividends receivable" and "interest receivable" in the Accounting System for Enterprises are merged into "dividends receivable" subjects; The first-level subjects such as goods issued by installments, bonds payable, estimated liabilities, special payables and deferred taxes were cancelled; Delete the three detailed accounts of "cash donation", "equity investment preparation" and "capital transfer" under the account of "capital reserve"; It also reduced the "profit distribution" subject from 12 to seven, and cancelled five detailed subjects used by foreign-funded enterprises and joint stock limited companies. The Accounting System for Small Enterprises also stipulates that small enterprises can add, delete and merge the specified subjects according to the actual situation. This is mainly because there will be many unexpected economic events in the market economy environment, and the system and standards cannot be comprehensive and can not be changed at any time, thus increasing the flexibility of setting up accounting subjects for small enterprises. The second is to narrow the scope of provision for asset impairment and modify some specific methods. The Accounting System for Business Enterprises stipulates that the eight existing assets of an enterprise shall be set aside for impairment. Considering that the recoverable amount of long-term assets is difficult to determine, more professional judgment is needed in the process of drawing impairment reserves for long-term assets. The accounting system for small enterprises only requires drawing impairment reserves for short-term investments, inventories and receivables, and does not require drawing impairment reserves for long-term assets such as fixed assets and intangible assets. 1. With regard to the provision for bad debts, the Accounting System for Business Enterprises clearly stipulates the situation that impairment provision cannot be fully provided and how to determine the provision ratio, but it is not stipulated in the Accounting System for Small Enterprises. 2. For short-term investment provision, both of them stipulate the lower of cost and market price. However, according to the enterprise accounting system, depreciation can be accrued according to the overall investment, investment category or individual investment. However, the accounting system for small enterprises stipulates that depreciation can only be accrued according to the overall investment. 3. With regard to the provision for inventory depreciation, the Accounting System for Business Enterprises clearly stipulates that the provision for depreciation cannot be fully accrued, but the Accounting System for Small Enterprises does not make specific provisions. 3. Adjust inventory accounts and simplify inventory accounting 1. In the subject setting, the enterprise accounting system is divided into raw materials, packaging materials, low-value consumables, self-made semi-finished products, goods issued by stages and other subjects, which respectively reflect various inventories. However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises merges all kinds of materials and packages into the unified accounting of materials, cancels the subjects of "self-made semi-finished products" and "goods delivered by stages", and stipulates in the notes that small enterprises with less low-value consumables can be merged into the material subjects. 2. In terms of accounting methods, the Accounting System for Enterprises clearly stipulates that material accounting can adopt actual cost method or planned cost method, and set up the subjects of "material procurement" and "material cost difference"; However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises stipulates that the actual cost method is generally adopted for material accounting, and the subject of "materials in transit" is set up to calculate the actual cost of materials or commodities that have been paid by small enterprises but have not yet been accepted and put into storage. It is stipulated in the notes that if the planned cost method is used for accounting, the subjects of "material procurement" and "material cost variance" can be added. 3. For the cost carry-forward of the leased or lent package, the Accounting System for Enterprises stipulates that it can be carried forward by stages or at one time according to the amount; The accounting system for small enterprises stipulates that the cost, regardless of the amount, should be carried forward at one time. 4. Simplify the accounting of long-term equity investment and long-term debt investment. In terms of long-term equity investment, both of them stipulate that cost method and equity method can be used for accounting. However, considering that small enterprises invest less, it may be difficult to fully apply the accounting provisions on long-term equity investment in the Accounting System for Enterprises. Therefore, accounting only needs to simplify the method. 1. For cost accounting, the Accounting System for Business Enterprises stipulates that when the investee announces the payment of cash dividends or profits during the shareholding period, the investment income will be recognized, and it will be limited to the distribution of the accumulated net profit generated by the investee after accepting the investment, and the excess will be recovered as the initial investment cost to offset the book value of the investment; However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises only stipulates that "when the invested entity announces to pay cash dividends or profits during the shareholding period, it shall confirm the investment income", and there is no other provision. 2. For equity method accounting, the Accounting System for Enterprises stipulates that detailed subjects such as investment cost, profit and loss adjustment, equity investment reserve and equity investment balance should be set under long-term equity investment; However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises cancels these detailed subjects, and makes no specific provisions on the relevant contents of equity investment preparation and equity investment difference. 3. The Accounting System for Enterprises has made specific provisions on the mutual conversion between cost method and equity method, and between long-term investment and short-term investment, while the Accounting System for Small Enterprises has cancelled this provision. In terms of long-term debt investment, the Accounting System for Enterprises stipulates the handling fee for purchasing long-term bonds. , the larger amount can be included in the "bond expenses" detailed account for amortization, and the smaller amount can be directly included in the "financial expenses" account. The premium or discount of the purchased long-term bonds is amortized when the interest income of the relevant bonds is recognized during the duration of the bonds, and the amortization method can be the effective interest rate method or the straight-line method; However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises stipulates that the cost of purchasing long-term bonds, regardless of the amount, is directly included in the subject of "financial expenses", and the premiums or discounts incurred are amortized when the interest income of related bonds is recognized during the existence of bonds, and can only be amortized by the straight-line method. V. Revise the accounting related to fixed assets 1. The concept of fixed assets and the adjustment of depreciation range. For the concept of fixed assets, the Accounting System for Enterprises follows the standards of industry accounting system, and defines the criteria for determining the value of fixed assets, that is, the unit value is more than 2,000 yuan and the service life is more than 2 years; However, "Accounting System for Small Enterprises" adopts the concept of fixed assets criteria, but does not clearly give the criteria for determining the value of fixed assets. The depreciation range of fixed assets is also different. The enterprise accounting system still follows the standards of industry accounting system, and lists the scope of depreciation that should be accrued and should not be accrued. However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises adopts the standard of fixed assets, which expands the scope of depreciation, that is, all fixed assets should be depreciated except the fully depreciated fixed assets and the land priced separately as fixed assets. 2. Accounting of fixed assets leased by financing. Regarding the recorded value of fixed assets leased by finance, the Accounting System for Business Enterprises stipulates: "The recorded value shall be determined according to the lower of the original book value of the leased assets on the lease start date and the present value of the minimum lease payment. If the ratio of financial lease assets to the total assets of the enterprise is equal to or less than 30%, the enterprise may also take the minimum lease payment as the entry value of the lease start date. " Because the calculation of the minimum lease payment involves difficulties such as professional judgment and discount of future cash flow, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises stipulates that the fixed assets that meet the conditions of financial leasing shall be accounted for according to the price determined in the lease agreement or contract, plus transportation fees, en route insurance fees, installation and debugging fees, as well as the interest expenses and exchange gains and losses incurred before the fixed assets reach the scheduled usable state. 3. Accept the accounting of donated fixed assets. For the recorded value of donated fixed assets, the two are slightly different. The accounting system for small enterprises is less than the accounting system for enterprises by two provisions. First, if the donor fails to provide relevant accounting vouchers and there is no active market, the present value of the estimated future cash flow of donated fixed assets shall be taken as the accounting value; Second, there is no specific provision for accepting donated old fixed assets. The accounting treatment of accepting donated fixed assets is also different. The Accounting System for Enterprises stipulates that donated fixed assets shall be debited to the "fixed assets" subject according to the determined entry value; According to the income tax payable in the future, credit the subject of "deferred tax"; The balance after deducting future income tax according to the determined entry value is credited to the "capital reserve" account; According to the relevant taxes payable, credit "bank deposit" and other subjects. Special provisions have been made for fixed assets and other non-cash assets donated by foreign-invested enterprises, which need to be accounted for through the subject of "value of assets to be transferred"; The Accounting System for Small Enterprises stipulates that fixed assets accepted by small enterprises shall be debited to the subject of "fixed assets" and credited to the subject of "value of assets to be transferred" according to the determined entry value, that is, the accounting of fixed assets accepted by small enterprises is similar to that of foreign-invested enterprises. 4. Other accounting of fixed assets. The detailed account of "engineering materials" is no longer stipulated, and the detailed account of "projects under construction" is also reduced from 6 to 4, and the related accounting is also simplified. The Accounting System for Small Enterprises is simpler in accounting the borrowing costs incurred in purchasing and constructing fixed assets, and requires small enterprises to capitalize the borrowing costs incurred before the construction of fixed assets reaches the scheduled usable state, and count them into the cost of fixed assets, not linked to the amount of assets expenditure. 6. The accounting of production cost and manufacturing cost is also slightly simplified 1. According to the enterprise accounting system, the detailed account of "waste loss" and "shutdown loss" can be set under the detailed account of "basic production cost" of production cost, or can be set as two first-level accounts separately to collect and distribute waste loss and shutdown loss of production workshop. However, the accounting system for small enterprises has not made specific provisions. 2. For the accounting of manufacturing expenses, the Accounting System for Enterprises clearly stipulates that the manufacturing expenses of the basic production workshops of seasonal production enterprises can be allocated according to the planned allocation rate at ordinary times, and then adjusted according to the actual amount at the end of the year. However, the "Accounting System for Small Enterprises" does not make specific provisions on this. Seven. Relevant provisions of financial statements have been revised 1. There are differences in the preparation scope of accounting statements. According to the enterprise accounting system, the accounting statement system includes nine tables, including balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement, asset impairment reserve statement, shareholders' equity change statement, VAT payable statement, profit distribution statement and segment statement. The Accounting System for Small Enterprises stipulates that the accounting statement system includes balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and VAT payable list. The cash flow statement can be compiled at will, and the VAT payable list only needs to be compiled by the general VAT taxpayer. 2. The contents of accounting statements are different. Because the contents of accounting and the setting of accounting subjects are different, the contents of accounting statements are also different. For example, because small enterprises do not need to make provision for impairment of long-term assets, in the balance sheet, the amount of projects such as construction in progress and intangible assets is the ending balance of the subject, without deducting the provision for impairment. 3. The disclosure of the notes to the accounting statements of small enterprises is greatly simplified compared with the Accounting System for Business Enterprises. The Accounting System for Enterprises * * stipulates the items that 13 should be disclosed in the notes to the accounting statements; However, the Accounting System for Small Enterprises only requires disclosure of major accounting policies and accounting estimates and their changes, discounted bills receivable, contingent liabilities and long-term equity investments purchased or disposed of in the current period in the notes to accounting statements. Eight. Other matters with differences 1. Disposal of assets with surplus or deficit. "Accounting System for Enterprises" stipulates that in order to account for assets with inventory gains and losses, the subject of "pending property loss and surplus" should be set up. When inventory gains and losses occur, they should be transferred to the subject of "property loss and surplus to be processed" first, and then processed after approval; However, the accounting system of small enterprises does not set the subject of "pending property loss and surplus", and when inventory gains and losses occur, they are directly included in the current profits and losses. 2. Adjusted the accounting content of profit and loss items. Delete the two subjects of "subsidy income" and "profit and loss adjustment in previous years", incorporate the content of "subsidy income" into the accounting of "non-operating income", and record the subsidy receivable from the fixed subsidy given according to the state regulations into the accounting of "subsidy receivable". 3. Adjustment of accounting treatment methods. For some alternative accounting treatment methods provided in the enterprise accounting system, combined with the reality of small enterprises, choose a method that is more in line with the characteristics of small enterprises. For example, the Accounting System for Business Enterprises stipulates that enterprises can calculate income tax according to the tax payable method or tax impact accounting method, but the Accounting System for Small Enterprises only requires small enterprises to calculate income tax by using the tax payable method. 4. Non-monetary transactions and debt restructuring. The Accounting System for Enterprises has made specific provisions on non-monetary transactions and debt restructuring. However, due to their own characteristics, small enterprises rarely have such a thing. Therefore, the accounting system of small enterprises is only briefly introduced in the general description, and no specific provisions are made. Through the above comparison, we can see that the main feature of the Accounting System for Small Enterprises is simple and easy to understand. It is formulated on the premise of following general accounting principles, drawing lessons from international practices and combining with the actual situation of small enterprises in China. It fully embodies the needs and characteristics of small enterprises themselves and their accounting information users. It can be believed that the accounting system for small enterprises, as an important part of China's new enterprise accounting system, will effectively promote the healthy and sustainable development of small enterprises in China. References: 1. Ministry of Finance. Enterprise accounting system. Economic Science Press, 200 2. Accounting standards research group. Interpretation and operation of specific accounting standards. Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Press, 20023. Meng Xi. On the accounting system of small enterprises. Foreign Trade Accounting, 2004